diff --git a/util/Color.cc b/util/Color.cc
index ca358f1..92904ac 100644
--- a/util/Color.cc
+++ b/util/Color.cc
@@ -10,109 +10,6 @@ const Color Color::yellow = Color(1, 1, 0);
 const Color Color::cyan = Color(0, 1, 1);
 const Color Color::magenta = Color(1, 0, 1);
 
-Color::Color()
-{
-    r = g = b = 0.0;
-}
-
-Color::Color(double r, double g, double b)
-{
-    this->r = r;
-    this->g = g;
-    this->b = b;
-}
-
-Color::Color(const Vector & v)
-{
-    r = v[0];
-    g = v[1];
-    b = v[2];
-}
-
-Color::Color(refptr<Vector> v)
-{
-    r = (*v)[0];
-    g = (*v)[1];
-    b = (*v)[2];
-}
-
-Color Color::operator*(const Color & other) const
-{
-    Color result;
-    result.r = r * other.r;
-    result.g = g * other.g;
-    result.b = b * other.b;
-    return result;
-}
-
-Color Color::operator*(double scale) const
-{
-    return Color(r * scale, g * scale, b * scale);
-}
-
-Color Color::operator/(double scale) const
-{
-    return Color(r / scale, g / scale, b / scale);
-}
-
-Color & Color::operator+=(const Color & other)
-{
-    r += other.r;
-    g += other.g;
-    b += other.b;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-Color & Color::operator-=(const Color & other)
-{
-    r += other.r;
-    g += other.g;
-    b += other.b;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-Color & Color::operator*=(double scale)
-{
-    r *= scale;
-    g *= scale;
-    b *= scale;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-Color & Color::operator*=(const Color & other)
-{
-    r *= other.r;
-    g *= other.g;
-    b *= other.b;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-Color & Color::operator/=(double scale)
-{
-    r /= scale;
-    g /= scale;
-    b /= scale;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-Color & Color::operator/=(const Color & other)
-{
-    r /= other.r;
-    g /= other.g;
-    b /= other.b;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-Color operator+(const Color & c1, const Color & c2)
-{
-    return Color(c1.r + c2.r, c1.g + c2.g, c1.b + c2.b);
-}
-
-Color operator-(const Color & c1, const Color & c2)
-{
-    return Color(c1.r - c2.r, c1.g - c2.g, c1.b - c2.b);
-}
-
 std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, const Color & color)
 {
     out << "[" << color.r << ", " << color.g << ", " << color.b << "]";
diff --git a/util/Color.h b/util/Color.h
index 8524f07..fccdb53 100644
--- a/util/Color.h
+++ b/util/Color.h
@@ -11,20 +11,108 @@ class Color
     public:
         double r, g, b;
 
-        Color();
-        Color(double r, double g, double b);
-        Color(const Vector & v);
-        Color(refptr<Vector> v);
+        Color()
+        {
+            r = g = b = 0.0;
+        }
 
-        Color operator*(const Color & other) const;
-        Color operator*(double scale) const;
-        Color operator/(double scale) const;
-        Color & operator+=(const Color & other);
-        Color & operator-=(const Color & other);
-        Color & operator*=(double scale);
-        Color & operator*=(const Color & other);
-        Color & operator/=(double scale);
-        Color & operator/=(const Color & other);
+        Color(double r, double g, double b)
+        {
+            this->r = r;
+            this->g = g;
+            this->b = b;
+        }
+
+        Color(const Vector & v)
+        {
+            r = v[0];
+            g = v[1];
+            b = v[2];
+        }
+
+        Color(refptr<Vector> v)
+        {
+            r = (*v)[0];
+            g = (*v)[1];
+            b = (*v)[2];
+        }
+
+        Color operator*(const Color & other) const
+        {
+            Color result;
+            result.r = r * other.r;
+            result.g = g * other.g;
+            result.b = b * other.b;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        Color operator*(double scale) const
+        {
+            return Color(r * scale, g * scale, b * scale);
+        }
+
+        Color operator/(double scale) const
+        {
+            return Color(r / scale, g / scale, b / scale);
+        }
+
+        Color & operator+=(const Color & other)
+        {
+            r += other.r;
+            g += other.g;
+            b += other.b;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Color & operator-=(const Color & other)
+        {
+            r += other.r;
+            g += other.g;
+            b += other.b;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Color & operator*=(double scale)
+        {
+            r *= scale;
+            g *= scale;
+            b *= scale;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Color & operator*=(const Color & other)
+        {
+            r *= other.r;
+            g *= other.g;
+            b *= other.b;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Color & operator/=(double scale)
+        {
+            r /= scale;
+            g /= scale;
+            b /= scale;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Color & operator/=(const Color & other)
+        {
+            r /= other.r;
+            g /= other.g;
+            b /= other.b;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        Color operator+(const Color & c2)
+        {
+            return Color(r + c2.r, g + c2.g, b + c2.b);
+        }
+
+        Color operator-(const Color & c2)
+        {
+            return Color(r - c2.r, g - c2.g, b - c2.b);
+        }
 
         static const Color black;
         static const Color white;
@@ -36,8 +124,6 @@ class Color
         static const Color magenta;
 };
 
-Color operator+(const Color & c1, const Color & c2);
-Color operator-(const Color & c1, const Color & c2);
 static inline Color operator*(double d, const Color & c) { return c * d; }
 static inline Color operator/(double d, const Color & c) { return c / d; }
 std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, const Color & color);
diff --git a/util/Ray.cc b/util/Ray.cc
index ff4e0b9..fe1a509 100644
--- a/util/Ray.cc
+++ b/util/Ray.cc
@@ -5,42 +5,13 @@
 
 #include "Ray.h"
 
-Ray::Ray()
-{
-}
-
-Ray::Ray(const Vector & origin, const Vector & direction)
-{
-    m_origin = origin;
-    m_direction = direction;
-    m_direction.normalize();
-}
-
 Ray Ray::randomRay()
 {
     return Ray(Vector(0, 0, 0), Vector::randomVector());
 }
 
-/*
- * return a vector for the point at distance dist
- * from the ray's origin point, along its direction.
- */
-Vector Ray::getPositionAt(double dist) const
-{
-    Vector v;
-    v[0] = m_origin[0] + dist * m_direction[0];
-    v[1] = m_origin[1] + dist * m_direction[1];
-    v[2] = m_origin[2] + dist * m_direction[2];
-    return v;
-}
-
 std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, const Ray & r)
 {
     out << "(" << r.getOrigin() << " -> " << r.getDirection() << ")";
     return out;
 }
-
-Ray Ray::shift(double amt)
-{
-    return Ray(getPositionAt(amt), m_direction);
-}
diff --git a/util/Ray.h b/util/Ray.h
index 146d7a9..b0a175d 100644
--- a/util/Ray.h
+++ b/util/Ray.h
@@ -8,16 +8,47 @@
 class Ray
 {
     public:
-        Ray();
-        Ray(const Vector & origin, const Vector & direction);
-        static Ray randomRay();
+        Ray()
+        {
+        }
+
+        Ray(const Vector & origin, const Vector & direction)
+            : m_origin(origin), m_direction(direction)
+        {
+            m_direction.normalize();
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * return a vector for the point at distance dist
+         * from the ray's origin point, along its direction.
+         */
+        Vector getPositionAt(double dist) const
+        {
+            Vector v;
+            v[0] = m_origin[0] + dist * m_direction[0];
+            v[1] = m_origin[1] + dist * m_direction[1];
+            v[2] = m_origin[2] + dist * m_direction[2];
+            return v;
+        }
+
+        Ray shift(double amt)
+        {
+            return Ray(getPositionAt(amt), m_direction, false);
+        }
+
         const Vector & getOrigin() const { return m_origin; }
         const Vector & getDirection() const { return m_direction; }
-        Vector getPositionAt(double dist) const;
+
+        static Ray randomRay();
         Vector operator[](double dist) const { return getPositionAt(dist); }
-        Ray shift(double amt);
 
     protected:
+        Ray(const Vector & origin, const Vector & direction, bool no_norm)
+            : m_origin(origin), m_direction(direction)
+        {
+            /* no normalize version */
+        }
+
         Vector  m_origin;
         Vector  m_direction;
 };