diff --git a/asmfuncs.asm b/asmfuncs.asm
index 02f4bc1..10bf6aa 100644
--- a/asmfuncs.asm
+++ b/asmfuncs.asm
@@ -40,84 +40,6 @@ _read_cr3:
 	ret
 
 
-;copies 32bpp video buffer memory to LFB
-;extern dword video_copyBuffer32(dword src, dword dest, dword pixelcount);
-[global _video_copyBuffer32]
-_video_copyBuffer32:
-	push	ebp
-	mov	ebp, esp
-	push	esi
-	push	edi
-	push	ecx
-	mov	esi, [ebp+8]
-	mov	edi, [ebp+12]
-	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
-	rep	movsd
-	pop	ecx
-	pop	edi
-	pop	esi
-	pop	ebp
-	ret
-
-
-;copies 24bpp video buffer memory to LFB
-;extern dword video_copyBuffer24(dword src, dword dest, dword pixelcount);
-[global _video_copyBuffer24]
-_video_copyBuffer24:
-	push	ebp
-	mov	ebp, esp
-	push	esi
-	push	edi
-	push	ecx
-	mov	esi, [ebp+8]
-	mov	edi, [ebp+12]
-	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
-_video_copyBuffer24_loop:
-	movsd
-	dec	edi
-	loop	_video_copyBuffer24_loop
-	pop	ecx
-	pop	edi
-	pop	esi
-	pop	ebp
-	ret
-
-
-;copies 16bpp video buffer memory to LFB
-;extern dword video_copyBuffer16(dword src, dword dest, dword pixelcount);
-[global _video_copyBuffer16]
-_video_copyBuffer16:
-	push	ebp
-	mov	ebp, esp
-	push	esi
-	push	edi
-	push	ecx
-	push	ebx
-	mov	esi, [ebp+8]
-	mov	edi, [ebp+12]
-	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
-_video_copyBuffer16_loop:
-	lodsd			;eax = 32bpp color
-	shr	eax, 3
-	mov	ebx, eax
-	and	ebx, 0x1F
-	shr	eax, 2
-	and	eax, 0xFFFFFFE0
-	or	ebx, eax
-	and	ebx, 0x7FF
-	shr	eax, 3
-	and	eax, 0xF800
-	or	ebx, eax
-	mov	eax, ebx
-	stosw			;store ax
-	loop	_video_copyBuffer16_loop
-	pop	ebx
-	pop	ecx
-	pop	edi
-	pop	esi
-	pop	ebp
-	ret
-
 
 
 
diff --git a/bootdef.inc b/bootdef.inc
index 94ed1e2..274136b 100644
--- a/bootdef.inc
+++ b/bootdef.inc
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-%define VERSION		"0.1.2"			;HOS version
+%define VERSION		"0.12"			;HOS version
 
 %define BOOT_FAT_SEG	0x07E0			;right after boot sector
 %define BOOT_ROOT_SEG	0x0900			;right after FAT
diff --git a/kernel.c b/kernel.c
index 4ec8f99..58c631e 100644
--- a/kernel.c
+++ b/kernel.c
@@ -58,29 +58,13 @@ void k_init()
 	
 	printf("HOS 0.12 - Kernel Size: %d kb\n", kernel_size()/1024);
 	printf("Memory available to OS: %d MB (Bytes: %d)\n", mm_totalmem/0x100000, mm_totalmem);
-	printf("Freem memory: %d bytes\n", mm_freemem());
-
-/*	int fx;
-	int fy = 30;
-	int fc;
-	int fr;
-	word *vidmem = (word *)0xB8000;
-	for (fr = 0; fr < 25; fr++)
-	{
-		fx = 300;
-		for (fc = 0; fc < 80; fc++)
-		{
-			video_renderChar(fx, fy, (char)vidmem[fr*80+fc], 0xFFFFFF);
-			fx += 8;
-		}
-		fy += 10;
-	}            */
+	printf("Free memory: %d bytes\n", mm_freemem());
 
 	dword key = 0;
 	for (;;)
 	{
 		key = kbdWaitKey();
-		if (((key & 0xFF00) >> 8) != 2)	//key is not a control key
+//		if (((key & 0xFF00) >> 8) != 2)	//key is not a control key
 			putc(key);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/mm.c b/mm.c
index a462e2b..466e35a 100644
--- a/mm.c
+++ b/mm.c
@@ -4,10 +4,15 @@
 // 0x368000 is first available byte (this is right after the kernel @ 1mb and the initrd @ 2mb, 1440kb.
 
 
+//Pointer to the first pageblock in the linked list
 pageblock *first_pageblock = (pageblock *) 0;
+//The total amount of physical memory available (bytes)
 dword	mm_totalmem = 0x100000;				//start counting from 1mb
+//The highest physical address
 dword	mm_highestAddress = 0;
 
+//This function initializes the memory manager's linked list, filling it with the
+// memory areas returned by bios interrupt 0x8E20
 void	mm_init()
 {
 	dword	*memmap_entries = (dword *) 0x9040A;
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@ void	mm_init()
 
 
 
-
+//This function initializes a pageblock to be full of empty pointers
 void	mm_init_pageblockpage(pageblock *pbp)
 {
 	int a;
@@ -83,6 +88,10 @@ void	mm_init_pageblockpage(pageblock *pbp)
 }
 
 
+//This function allocates a certain number of physical pages for a particular process
+//Returns:
+// 0 - no free mem, invalied PID
+// void* - physical address of allocated pages
 void   *mm_palloc(dword numpages, dword proc_pid)
 {
  	if (proc_pid < PID_KERNEL)
@@ -119,6 +128,7 @@ void   *mm_palloc(dword numpages, dword proc_pid)
 }
 
 
+//This method returns the number of free pageblock entries at the end of the linked list
 dword	mm_freeentries()
 {
 	pageblock *pb = first_pageblock;
@@ -134,6 +144,10 @@ dword	mm_freeentries()
 }
 
 
+//This method creates a new page used to hold more pageblock entries at the end of the linked list
+//Returns:
+// 0 - no free pages
+// pageblock* - address of pageblock page
 pageblock *mm_new_pageblock_page()  	//as of 09/26/03 this method leaks 4kb main memory per call, unrecoverable
 {
 	pageblock *pb = first_pageblock;
@@ -155,6 +169,11 @@ pageblock *mm_new_pageblock_page()  	//as of 09/26/03 this method leaks 4kb main
 }
 
 
+//This method frees a physical page
+//Returns:
+// 2 - pointer to free was a null pointer
+// 1 - address not found
+// 0 - all went well
 int	mm_pfree(void *ptr)
 {
  	if (ptr == 0)
@@ -176,6 +195,7 @@ int	mm_pfree(void *ptr)
 }
 
 
+//This method returns a pointer to the last pageblock in the linked list
 pageblock *mm_lastpageblockentry()
 {
 	pageblock *pb = first_pageblock;
@@ -188,6 +208,8 @@ pageblock *mm_lastpageblockentry()
 }
 
 
+//This method returns the next available-for-use pageblock entry
+// or 0, if they are all used
 pageblock *mm_nextpageblockentry()
 {
 	pageblock *pb = first_pageblock;
@@ -202,6 +224,7 @@ pageblock *mm_nextpageblockentry()
 }
 
 
+//This method returns the amount of free physical RAM
 dword mm_freemem()
 {
 	dword amount = 0;
@@ -217,6 +240,8 @@ dword mm_freemem()
 }
 
 
+//This method "walks" through the linked list of pageblock entries and
+// combines any two entries that are adjacent and of the same type
 void	mm_coalesce(pageblock *pb)
 {
 	pageblock *pbc = first_pageblock;
diff --git a/mouse.c b/mouse.c
index 6d04ae8..80ef5d3 100644
--- a/mouse.c
+++ b/mouse.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // Author: Josh Holtrop
 
 
+//This method initializes the ps/2 mouse
 void mouse_init()
 {
 	outportb(0x64, 0x20);		//tell keyboard controller we are going to read keyboard controller command byte
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ void mouse_init()
 }
 
 
-
+//This method is called when a mouse interrupt occurs
 void isr_mouse()
 {
 	byte inb = inportb(0x60);	//read mouse byte
@@ -50,15 +51,14 @@ void isr_mouse()
 			mouse_y = video_mode.YResolution - 1;
 		if (mouse_inbuffer[0] & 0x01)	//left button
 		{
-			video_pset(mouse_x, mouse_y, 0x00FFFFFF);
+			video_pset(mouse_x, mouse_y, 0x00FF8800);
 			printf("X: %d, Y: %d\n", mouse_x, mouse_y);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			video_pset(mouse_x, mouse_y, 0x00000000);
+			video_pset(mouse_x, mouse_y, 0x00FFFFFF);
 			printf("X: %d, Y: %d\n", mouse_x, mouse_y);
 		}
-		video_copyBuffer();
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/stage1.asm b/stage1.asm
index 6f526fc..8cd3c99 100644
--- a/stage1.asm
+++ b/stage1.asm
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ brFSID          DB      'FAT12   '      ; 0036h - File System ID
 ;------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 start:
-	jmp	0:jmphere		;ensure that cs=0 and ip=0x7c...
+	jmp	0:jmphere		;ensure that cs=0 and ip=0x7c00...
 jmphere:
 	;dl=drive number, save it!
 	xor	ax, ax
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ unreal:
 	pop	es		;segments back, with 4gb limits!
 	sti
 
-;now lets read in the FAT and root directory so we can search for the kernel file...
+;now lets read in the FAT and root directory so we can search for the stage2 file...
 	mov	ax, 0x0209		;FAT1
 	mov	cx, 0x0002
 	xor	dh, dh
diff --git a/video.c b/video.c
index ec7f5a5..26ffd3c 100644
--- a/video.c
+++ b/video.c
@@ -8,70 +8,20 @@ void video_init(ModeInfoBlock *mib)
 {
 	video_mode = *mib;
 
-	//Get a buffer region in memory for double-buffering video memory in 32bpp
-	vid_Buffer = mm_palloc((4*video_mode.XResolution*video_mode.YResolution)/4096+1, PID_KERNEL);
-	if ((dword)vid_Buffer == 0)
+	switch(video_mode.BitsPerPixel)
 	{
-		printf("ERROR - COULD NOT ALLOCATE MEMORY FOR VIDEO DOUBLE-BUFFER!!\n");
-		halt();
+	case 16:
+		vid_ptr16 = (word *) video_mode.PhysBasePtr;
+		video_psetp = &video_psetp16;
+		break;
+	case 24:
+		vid_ptr24 = (byte *) video_mode.PhysBasePtr;
+		video_psetp = &video_psetp24;
+		break;
+	case 32:
+		video_psetp = &video_psetp32;
+		vid_ptr32 = (dword *) video_mode.PhysBasePtr;
 	}
-	dword tot = ((video_mode.XResolution) * (video_mode.YResolution));
-	int a;
-	for (a = 0; a < tot; a++)
-	{
-		if (a < (tot / 4))
-			vid_Buffer[a] = 0x00FF0000;
-		else if (a < (tot / 2))
-			vid_Buffer[a] = 0x0000FF00;
-		else if (a < ((tot * 3) / 4))
-			vid_Buffer[a] = 0x000000FF;
-		else
-			vid_Buffer[a] = 0x00FFFFFF;
-	}
-
-	int VXR = video_mode.XResolution;
-	int VYR = video_mode.YResolution;
-
-	video_rectf(VXR*3/11, 0, VXR*4/11, VYR-1, 0x00000088);      		//test rectangles, draws "HOS"
-	video_rectf(VXR*7/11, 0, VXR*8/11, VYR-1, 0x00000088);
-	video_rectf(VXR/11, 0, VXR*2/11, VYR*2/5, 0x00000088);
-	video_rectf(VXR/11, VYR*3/5, VXR*2/11, VYR-1, 0x00000088);
-	video_rectf(VXR*5/11, VYR/5, VXR*6/11, VYR*4/5, 0x00000088);
-	video_rectf(VXR*9/11, VYR/5, VXR-1, VYR*2/5, 0x00000088);
-	video_rectf(VXR*8/11, VYR*3/5, VXR*10/11, VYR*4/5, 0x00000088);
-
-	
-	int b;
-	for (a = 0; a < 256; a++)
-	{
-		for (b = 0; b < 256; b++)
-		{
-			video_pset(a+5, b+30, (a<<16)|(b<<8));
-			video_pset(a+270, b+30, (a<<8)|(b));
-			video_pset(a+535, b+30, (a<<16)|(b));
-
-			video_pset(a+5, b+290, (a<<16)|(b<<8)|0x000000ff);
-			video_pset(a+270, b+290, (a<<8)|(b)|0x00ff0000);
-			video_pset(a+535, b+290, (a<<16)|(b)|0x0000ff00);
-		}
-	}
-	
-	int fx;
-	int fy = 25;
-	int fc;
-	int fr;
-	for (fr = 0; fr < 16; fr++)
-	{
-		fx = 15;
-		for (fc = 0; fc < 16; fc++)
-		{
-			video_renderChar(fx, fy, fr*16+fc, 0xFFFFFF);
-			fx += 8;
-		}
-		fy += 10;
-	}
-
-	video_copyBuffer();
 }
 
 //Renders a character using stdfont[] as a bitmask
@@ -110,7 +60,7 @@ void video_horiz(int y, int x1, int x2, dword color)
 	int pixel = y*video_mode.XResolution+x1;
 	for (; x1 <= x2; x1++)
 	{
-		vid_Buffer[pixel++] = color;
+		video_psetp(pixel++, color);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -134,7 +84,7 @@ void video_vert(int x, int y1, int y2, dword color)
 	int pixel = y1*video_mode.XResolution+x;
 	for (; y1 <= y2; y1++)
 	{
-		vid_Buffer[pixel] = color;
+		video_psetp(pixel, color);
 		pixel+=video_mode.XResolution;
 	}
 }
@@ -166,48 +116,28 @@ inline void video_pset(int x, int y, dword color)
 {
 	if ((x < 0) || (x > video_mode.XResolution) || (y < 0) || (y > video_mode.YResolution))
 		return;
-	vid_Buffer[y*video_mode.XResolution+x] = color;
+	video_psetp(y*video_mode.XResolution+x, color);
 }
 
-//Copies double-buffer to VESA Linear Frame Buffer
-void video_copyBuffer()
+//Draws a pixel at the specified pixel position
+void video_psetp16(int pixel, dword color)
 {
- 	switch (video_mode.BitsPerPixel)
-	{
-		case 32:
-			video_copyBuffer32((dword)vid_Buffer, video_mode.PhysBasePtr, video_mode.XResolution*video_mode.YResolution);
-			break;
-		case 24:
-			video_copyBuffer24((dword)vid_Buffer, video_mode.PhysBasePtr, video_mode.XResolution*video_mode.YResolution);
-			break;
-		case 16:
-			video_copyBuffer16((dword)vid_Buffer, video_mode.PhysBasePtr, video_mode.XResolution*video_mode.YResolution);
-			break;
-	}
- 	/*int pixel;
- 	dword color;
- 	for (pixel = 0; pixel < video_mode.XResolution*video_mode.YResolution; pixel++)
- 	{
-		switch(video_mode.BitsPerPixel)
-		{
-		case 16:
-			color = vid_Buffer[pixel];
-			((word *)video_mode.PhysBasePtr)[pixel] = ((color&0xFF)>>3) | ((((color>>8)&0xFF)>>2)<<5) | ((((color>>16)&0xFF)>>3)<<11);
-			//vid_ptr16[pixel] = ((color&0xFF)>>3) | ((((color>>8)&0xFF)>>3)<<5) | ((((color>>16)&0xFF)>>3)<<10); //15 bit mode?
-			break;
-		case 24:
-			color = vid_Buffer[pixel];
-			((byte *)video_mode.PhysBasePtr)[pixel*3] = color & 0xFF;
-			((byte *)video_mode.PhysBasePtr)[pixel*3+1] = (color>>8) & 0xFF;
-			((byte *)video_mode.PhysBasePtr)[pixel*3+2] = (color>>16) & 0xFF;
-			break;
-		case 32:
-			color = vid_Buffer[pixel];
-			((dword *)video_mode.PhysBasePtr)[pixel] = color;
-		}
-	 }    */
+	vid_ptr16[pixel] = ((color&0xFF)>>3) | ((((color>>8)&0xFF)>>2)<<5) | ((((color>>16)&0xFF)>>3)<<11);
+}
+
+//Draws a pixel at the specified pixel position
+void video_psetp24(int pixel, dword color)
+{
+	vid_ptr24[pixel*3] = color & 0xFF;
+	vid_ptr24[pixel*3+1] = (color>>8) & 0xFF;
+	vid_ptr24[pixel*3+2] = (color>>16) & 0xFF;
+}
+
+//Draws a pixel at the specified pixel position
+void video_psetp32(int pixel, dword color)
+{
+	vid_ptr32[pixel] = color;
 }
 
 
 
-
diff --git a/video.h b/video.h
index bf4812c..2c4a088 100644
--- a/video.h
+++ b/video.h
@@ -8,14 +8,11 @@ void video_vert(int x, int y1, int y2, dword color);
 void video_rect(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, dword color);
 void video_rectf(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, dword color);
 inline void video_pset(int x, int y, dword color);
-void video_psetp(int pixel, dword color);
-void video_copyBuffer();
+void video_psetp16(int pixel, dword color);
+void video_psetp24(int pixel, dword color);
+void video_psetp32(int pixel, dword color);
 void video_renderChar(int x, int y, int character, dword color);
 
-extern dword video_copyBuffer16(dword src, dword dest, dword pixelcount);
-extern dword video_copyBuffer24(dword src, dword dest, dword pixelcount);
-extern dword video_copyBuffer32(dword src, dword dest, dword pixelcount);
-
 typedef struct{
 	word	ModeAttributes;
 	byte	WinAAttributes;
@@ -56,7 +53,10 @@ typedef struct{
 } ModeInfoBlock;
 
 ModeInfoBlock	video_mode;
-dword	*vid_Buffer;
+byte	*vid_ptr24;
+word	*vid_ptr16;
+dword	*vid_ptr32;
+void (*video_psetp)(int, dword);	//function pointer to set a pixel