143 changed files with 12671 additions and 1761 deletions
--- a/.bochsrc
+++ b/.bochsrc
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# configuration file generated by Bochs
+config_interface: textconfig
+display_library: x
+megs: 32
+romimage: file=/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-latest, address=0xf0000
+vgaromimage: /usr/share/bochs/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest
+boot: floppy
+floppya: 1_44="hos.flp", status=inserted
+# no floppyb
+ata0: enabled=1, ioaddr1=0x1f0, ioaddr2=0x3f0, irq=14
+ata1: enabled=0
+ata2: enabled=0
+ata3: enabled=0
+parport1: enabled=1, file="parallel.out"
+com1: enabled=1, dev=""
+usb1: enabled=1, ioaddr=0xff80, irq=10
+# no sb16
+floppy_bootsig_check: disabled=0
+vga_update_interval: 30000
+keyboard_serial_delay: 20000
+keyboard_paste_delay: 100000
+floppy_command_delay: 50000
+ips: 500000
+text_snapshot_check: 0
+mouse: enabled=0
+private_colormap: enabled=0
+i440fxsupport: enabled=1
+clock: sync=realtime, time0=local
+# no ne2k
+#newharddrivesupport: enabled=1
+# no loader
+log: -
+logprefix: %t%e%d
+debugger_log: -
+panic: action=ask
+error: action=report
+info: action=report
+debug: action=ignore
+pass: action=fatal
+keyboard_mapping: enabled=0, map=
+keyboard_type: mf
+user_shortcut: keys=ctrlaltdel
+# no cmosimage
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-.rscons*
-/i686-elf-gcc/
-/build/
--- a/88
+++ b/88
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# Makefile for HOS
+# Josh Holtrop
+# Created: 07/09/04
+
+FLOPPY=/dev/fd0
+FLOPPY_IMAGE=hos.flp
+FLOPPY_MOUNT=./mnt_flp
+GRUB_IMAGE=grub.flp
+INITRD=hos_initrd
+INITRD_DIR=initrd
+INITRD_MOUNT=./mnt_initrd
+INITRD_SIZE=100			#initrd size in kb
+MOUNT=sudo mount
+UMOUNT=sudo umount
+
+# Do not print "Entering directory ..."
+MAKEFLAGS += --no-print-directory
+
+.PHONY:	all clean initrd apps grub_image install install_img depend copy_image bochs bochsq
+
+all:
+	make -C kernel
+	make -C rmmod
+
+clean:
+	-make -C kernel clean
+	-make -C rmmod clean
+	-rm -f *~ *.out hos.flp \#* hos_initrd hos_initrd.gz
+
+apps:
+	make -C apps
+
+grub_image:
+	dd if=/dev/zero of=$(GRUB_IMAGE) bs=1024 seek=1440 count=0
+	-mkdir $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	mke2fs -F $(GRUB_IMAGE)
+	$(MOUNT) -t ext2 -o loop $(GRUB_IMAGE) $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	-mkdir -p $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)/boot/grub
+	-cp /boot/grub/stage1 /boot/grub/stage2 /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)/boot/grub
+	$(UMOUNT) $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	-rmdir $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	echo "(fd0) $(GRUB_IMAGE)" > grub_image_device.map.tmp
+	echo "root (fd0)" > grub_commands.tmp
+	echo "setup (fd0)" >> grub_commands.tmp
+	echo "quit" >> grub_commands.tmp
+	grub --device-map grub_image_device.map.tmp < grub_commands.tmp
+	rm grub_commands.tmp
+	rm grub_image_device.map.tmp
+
+copy_image:
+	cp $(GRUB_IMAGE) $(FLOPPY_IMAGE)
+
+install:	FDEV=$(FLOPPY)
+install_img:	FDEV=$(FLOPPY_IMAGE)
+install_img:	MOUNT_FLAGS=-o loop
+install_img: copy_image
+install install_img:
+	-mkdir $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	$(MOUNT) -t ext2 $(MOUNT_FLAGS) $(FDEV) $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	-cp kernel/kernel.bin $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	-cp rmmod/rmmod.bin $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	-cp menu.lst $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)/boot/grub
+	-cp $(INITRD).gz $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)/$(INITRD).gz
+	$(UMOUNT) $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+	-rmdir $(FLOPPY_MOUNT)
+
+initrd:
+	dd if=/dev/zero of=$(INITRD) bs=1024 count=$(INITRD_SIZE)
+	mke2fs -Fv -m0 -r0 -i1024 $(INITRD)
+	-mkdir $(INITRD_MOUNT)
+	$(MOUNT) -t ext2 -o loop $(INITRD) $(INITRD_MOUNT)
+	cp -Pr $(INITRD_DIR)/* $(INITRD_MOUNT)
+	$(UMOUNT) $(INITRD_MOUNT)
+	rm -rf $(INITRD_MOUNT)
+	gzip -c $(INITRD) > $(INITRD).gz
+
+depend:
+	make -C kernel depend
+
+bochs:
+	bochs
+
+bochsq:
+	echo 'c' | bochs -q
+
+wordcount:
+	find . -regex '\(.*\.[ch]\)\|\(.*\.asm\)\|\(.*\.inc\)\|\(.*\.cpp\)' | xargs cat | wc
+
--- a/166
+++ b/166
@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
-path_prepend "i686-elf-gcc/bin"
-
-configure do
-  rscons "i686-elf-gcc.rb", "-b", "#{build_dir}/i686-elf-gcc"
-  check_c_compiler "i686-elf-gcc"
-  check_program "genext2fs"
-  check_program "grub-mkstandalone"
-  check_program "mformat", on_fail: "Install the mtools package"
-  check_program "xorriso"
-  check_cfg package: "freetype2", on_fail: "Install libfreetype-dev", use: "freetype"
-end
-
-require "tmpdir"
-
-# EFI (w/ GRUB) partition size (MiB)
-EFI_PART_SIZE = 8
-# HOS partition size (MiB)
-HOS_PART_SIZE = 4
-# Kernel default font size
-KFONT_SIZE = 15
-
-class BiosImage < Builder
-  def run(options)
-    unless @cache.up_to_date?(@target, nil, @sources, @env)
-      print_run_message("Generating BIOS boot image #{@target}", nil)
-      Dir.mktmpdir do |tmpdir|
-        # Create iso directory.
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p("#{tmpdir}/iso/boot/grub")
-        File.open("#{tmpdir}/iso/boot/grub/grub.cfg", "wb") do |fh|
-          fh.write(<<EOF)
-set default="0"
-set timeout=1
-menuentry "HOS" {
-insmod multiboot2
-multiboot2 /hos.elf
-}
-EOF
-        end
-        @sources.each do |source|
-          FileUtils.cp(source, "#{tmpdir}/iso")
-        end
-        # Build bootable GRUB image.
-        system(*%W[grub-mkrescue -o #{@target} #{tmpdir}/iso], err: "#{@env.build_root}/grub-mkrescue.log")
-      end
-      @cache.register_build(@target, nil, @sources, @env)
-    end
-    true
-  end
-end
-
-class EfiImage < Builder
-  def run(options)
-    unless @cache.up_to_date?(@target, nil, @sources, @env)
-      print_run_message("Generating EFI boot image #{@target}", nil)
-      Dir.mktmpdir do |tmpdir|
-        # Build a standalone GRUB.
-        File.open("#{tmpdir}/grub.cfg", "wb") do |fh|
-          fh.write(<<EOF)
-insmod part_gpt
-configfile (hd0,gpt2)/grub.cfg
-EOF
-        end
-        system(*%W[grub-mkstandalone -O x86_64-efi -o #{tmpdir}/BOOTX64.EFI boot/grub/grub.cfg=#{tmpdir}/grub.cfg])
-        # Create EFI partition.
-        system(*%W[dd if=/dev/zero of=#{tmpdir}/efi.part bs=1M count=#{EFI_PART_SIZE}], err: "/dev/null")
-        system(*%W[mformat -i #{tmpdir}/efi.part ::])
-        system(*%W[mmd -i #{tmpdir}/efi.part ::/EFI])
-        system(*%W[mmd -i #{tmpdir}/efi.part ::/EFI/BOOT])
-        system(*%W[mcopy -i #{tmpdir}/efi.part #{tmpdir}/BOOTX64.EFI ::/EFI/BOOT])
-        # Create ext2 HOS partition.
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p("#{tmpdir}/ext2")
-        @sources.each do |source|
-          FileUtils.cp(source, "#{tmpdir}/ext2")
-        end
-        File.open("#{tmpdir}/ext2/grub.cfg", "wb") do |fh|
-          fh.write(<<EOF)
-set default="0"
-set timeout=1
-menuentry "HOS" {
-insmod part_gpt
-insmod multiboot2
-set root=(hd0,gpt2)
-multiboot2 /hos.elf
-}
-EOF
-        end
-        system(*%W[genext2fs -b #{HOS_PART_SIZE * 1024} -d #{tmpdir}/ext2 #{tmpdir}/ext2.part])
-        # Create full disk image.
-        system(*%W[dd if=/dev/zero of=#{@target} bs=1M count=#{EFI_PART_SIZE + HOS_PART_SIZE + 2}], err: "/dev/null")
-        system(*%W[parted -s #{@target} mklabel gpt])
-        system(*%W[parted -s #{@target} mkpart efi 1MiB #{EFI_PART_SIZE + 1}MiB])
-        system(*%W[parted -s #{@target} mkpart hos #{EFI_PART_SIZE + 1}MiB #{EFI_PART_SIZE + HOS_PART_SIZE + 1}MiB])
-        system(*%W[dd if=#{tmpdir}/efi.part of=#{@target} bs=1M seek=1 conv=notrunc], err: "/dev/null")
-        system(*%W[dd if=#{tmpdir}/ext2.part of=#{@target} bs=1M seek=#{1 + EFI_PART_SIZE} conv=notrunc], err: "/dev/null")
-      end
-      @cache.register_build(@target, nil, @sources, @env)
-    end
-    true
-  end
-end
-
-class FontGen < Builder
-  def run(options)
-    if @command
-      finalize_command
-    else
-      fontgen = @vars["fontgen"]
-      @sources += [fontgen]
-      command = %W[#{fontgen} #{@sources.first} #{KFONT_SIZE} #{@target}]
-      standard_command("FontGen <target>#{@target}<reset>", command, {})
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Size < Builder
-  def run(options)
-    if @command
-      finalize_command
-    else
-      @vars["_SOURCES"] = @sources
-      @vars["_TARGET"] = @target
-      command = @env.build_command(%w[${SIZE} ${_SOURCES}], @vars)
-      standard_command("Size <target>#{@target}<reset>", command, stdout: @target)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-# FontGen Environment
-fontgen_env = env "fontgen", use: "freetype" do |env|
-  env["CC"] = "gcc"
-  env.Program("^/fontgen.bin", glob("fontgen/**/*.c"))
-end
-
-# Kernel Environment
-kernel_env = env "kernel" do |env|
-  env.add_builder(EfiImage)
-  env.add_builder(BiosImage)
-  env.add_builder(FontGen)
-  env.add_builder(Size)
-  env["OBJDUMP"] = "i686-elf-objdump"
-  env["SIZE"] = "i686-elf-size"
-  env["CCFLAGS"] += %w[-ffreestanding -Wall -O2]
-  env["LDFLAGS"] += %w[-ffreestanding -nostdlib -T src/link.ld]
-  env["LDFLAGS"] += %W[-Wl,-Map,${_TARGET}.map]
-  env["LIBS"] += %w[gcc]
-  env.FontGen("^/kfont/kfont.c", "font/Hack-Regular.ttf",
-             "fontgen" => fontgen_env.expand("^/fontgen.bin"))
-  env.barrier
-  env["CPPPATH"] += ["#{env.build_root}/kfont"]
-  env.Program("^/hos.elf", glob("src/**/*.{S,c}") + ["^/kfont/kfont.c"])
-  env.depends("#{env.build_root}/hos.elf", "src/link.ld")
-  env.Disassemble("^/hos.elf.txt", "^/hos.elf")
-  env.Size("^/hos.elf.size", "^/hos.elf")
-  env.EfiImage("^/hos-efi.img", %w[^/hos.elf])
-  env.BiosImage("^/hos.img", %w[^/hos.elf])
-end
-
-task "run", desc: "Run HOS in QEMU" do
-  img = kernel_env.expand("^/hos.img")
-  sh %W[qemu-system-x86_64 -hda #{img}]
-end
-
-task "run-efi", desc: "Run HOS EFI in QEMU" do
-  img = kernel_env.expand("^/hos-efi.img")
-  sh %W[qemu-system-x86_64 -bios OVMF.fd -hda #{img}]
-end
--- a/apps/Makefile
+++ b/apps/Makefile
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+all:
+	make -C hash
+	nasm -f bin -l test1.lst test1.asm -o test1.app
+	nasm -f bin test2.asm -o test2.app
+
--- a/apps/hash/Makefile
+++ b/apps/hash/Makefile
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+all:
+	nasm -f bin hash.asm -o hash
+	
--- a/apps/hash/hash
+++ b/apps/hash/hash
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<EFBFBD>0<EFBFBD>
--- a/apps/hash/hash.asm
+++ b/apps/hash/hash.asm
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+[bits 32]
+
+begin:
+	int	0x30
+	ret
--- a/apps/test1.app
+++ b/apps/test1.app
--- a/apps/test1.asm
+++ b/apps/test1.asm
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+; test app 1
+
+[bits 32]
+org 0x0
+
+;header:	
+;	dd      0x4D534F48      ;  magic identifier "HOSM"
+;	dd      2	;  test app
+;	dd      start	;  start address
+;	dd      0	;  reserved
+
+start:
+	mov	ebx, astring
+	mov	eax, 2
+	int	0x30
+	jmp	start
+	ret
+
+astring:
+	db "Hello there from test1!", 10, 0
--- a/apps/test1.lst
+++ b/apps/test1.lst
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+     1                                  ; test app 1
+     2                                  
+     3                                  [bits 32]
+     4                                  org 0x0
+     5                                  
+     6                                  ;header:	
+     7                                  ;	dd      0x4D534F48      ;  magic identifier "HOSM"
+     8                                  ;	dd      2	;  test app
+     9                                  ;	dd      start	;  start address
+    10                                  ;	dd      0	;  reserved
+    11                                  
+    12                                  start:
+    13 00000000 BB[0F000000]            	mov	ebx, astring
+    14 00000005 B802000000              	mov	eax, 2
+    15 0000000A CD30                    	int	0x30
+    16 0000000C EBF2                    	jmp	start
+    17 0000000E C3                      	ret
+    18                                  
+    19                                  astring:
+    20 0000000F 48656C6C6F20746865-     	db "Hello there from test1!", 10, 0
+    21 00000018 72652066726F6D2074-
+    22 00000021 65737431210A00     
--- a/apps/test2.app
+++ b/apps/test2.app
--- a/apps/test2.asm
+++ b/apps/test2.asm
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+; test app 1
+
+[bits 32]
+org 0x0
+
+;header:	
+;	dd      0x4D534F48      ;  magic identifier "HOSM"
+;	dd      2	;  test app
+;	dd      start	;  start address
+;	dd      0	;  reserved
+
+start:
+	mov	eax, 1
+	mov	ebx, 'i'
+	int	0x30
+	jmp	start
+	ret
--- a/build.txt
+++ b/build.txt
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+To build the HOS kernel, just run 'make'
+To build a HOS floppy image for bochs, run 'make initrd' and 'make install_img' as root (root permissions needed to mount floppy image)
--- a/BIN
+++ b/BIN
--- a/font/Hack-Regular.ttf
+++ b/font/Hack-Regular.ttf
--- a/fontgen/fontgen.c
+++ b/fontgen/fontgen.c
@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <ft2build.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include FT_FREETYPE_H
-#include <string.h>
-#include <strings.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-
-#define N_CHARS 128
-
-#define round_up_26_6(val) (((val) + 63) >> 6u)
-
-int max_advance;
-int max_top = -9999;
-int min_bottom = 9999;
-int line_height;
-int baseline_offset;
-
-typedef struct {
-    int width;
-    int height;
-    int top;
-    int left;
-    uint8_t * bitmap;
-} char_info_t;
-
-static char_info_t char_infos[N_CHARS];
-
-static void load_char(FT_Face face, int char_code)
-{
-    if (FT_Load_Char(face, char_code, FT_LOAD_RENDER) != 0)
-    {
-        return;
-    }
-    int advance = round_up_26_6(face->glyph->advance.x);
-    if (advance > max_advance)
-    {
-        max_advance = advance;
-    }
-    if ((face->glyph->bitmap.width == 0) ||
-            (face->glyph->bitmap.rows == 0))
-    {
-        return;
-    }
-    char_infos[char_code].width = face->glyph->bitmap.width;
-    char_infos[char_code].height = face->glyph->bitmap.rows;
-    char_infos[char_code].top = face->glyph->bitmap_top;
-    if (char_infos[char_code].top > max_top)
-    {
-        max_top = char_infos[char_code].top;
-    }
-    int bottom = char_infos[char_code].top - char_infos[char_code].height;
-    if (bottom < min_bottom)
-    {
-        min_bottom = bottom;
-    }
-    char_infos[char_code].left = face->glyph->bitmap_left;
-    char_infos[char_code].bitmap = malloc(char_infos[char_code].width * char_infos[char_code].height);
-    memcpy(char_infos[char_code].bitmap,
-            face->glyph->bitmap.buffer,
-            char_infos[char_code].width * char_infos[char_code].height);
-}
-
-static const char * bare_header_name(const char * h_file_name)
-{
-    const char * p = rindex(h_file_name, '/');
-    if (p == NULL)
-    {
-        p = h_file_name;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        p++;
-    }
-    return p;
-}
-
-static char * include_guard_name(const char * h_file_name)
-{
-    const char * p = bare_header_name(h_file_name);
-    char * guard_name = malloc(strlen(p) + 1);
-    strcpy(guard_name, p);
-    char * m = guard_name;
-    while (*m != '\0')
-    {
-        if ('a' <= *m && *m <= 'z')
-        {
-            *m = toupper(*m);
-        }
-        else if (('0' <= *m && *m <= '9') || ('A' <= *m && *m <= 'Z'))
-        {
-            /* no change */
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            *m = '_';
-        }
-        m++;
-    }
-    return guard_name;
-}
-
-static void generate_bytes(FILE * file, const uint8_t * bytes, int count)
-{
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
-    {
-        if (i % 8 == 0)
-        {
-            fprintf(file, "    ");
-        }
-        fprintf(file, "0x%02xu,", bytes[i]);
-        if ((i + 1) % 8 == 0)
-        {
-            fprintf(file, "\n");
-        }
-        else if (i < (count - 1))
-        {
-            fprintf(file, " ");
-        }
-    }
-    if (count % 8 != 0)
-    {
-        fprintf(file, "\n");
-    }
-}
-
-static void generate(const char * c_file_name)
-{
-    char * h_file_name = malloc(strlen(c_file_name) + 1);
-    strcpy(h_file_name, c_file_name);
-    h_file_name[strlen(h_file_name) - 1] = 'h';
-    char * guard = include_guard_name(h_file_name);
-
-    FILE * h_file = fopen(h_file_name, "wb");
-    fprintf(h_file, "#ifndef %s\n", guard);
-    fprintf(h_file, "#define %s\n\n", guard);
-    fprintf(h_file, "#include <stdint.h>\n");
-    fprintf(h_file, "typedef struct {\n    int width;\n    int height;\n    int top;\n    int left;\n    const uint8_t * bitmap;\n} fontgen_char_info_t;\n");
-    fprintf(h_file, "typedef struct {\n    int line_height;\n    int advance;\n    int baseline_offset;\n    const fontgen_char_info_t ** char_infos;\n} fontgen_font_t;\n");
-    fprintf(h_file, "extern const fontgen_font_t kfont;\n");
-    fprintf(h_file, "#endif\n");
-    fclose(h_file);
-
-    FILE * c_file = fopen(c_file_name, "wb");
-    fprintf(c_file, "#include \"%s\"\n", bare_header_name(h_file_name));
-    fprintf(c_file, "#include <stddef.h>\n");
-    for (int i = 0; i < N_CHARS; i++)
-    {
-        if (char_infos[i].width > 0)
-        {
-            fprintf(c_file, "static const uint8_t char_bitmap_%d[] = {\n", i);
-            generate_bytes(c_file, char_infos[i].bitmap, char_infos[i].width * char_infos[i].height);
-            fprintf(c_file, "};\n");
-        }
-        fprintf(c_file, "static const fontgen_char_info_t char_%d = {\n", i);
-        fprintf(c_file, "    %d,\n", char_infos[i].width);
-        fprintf(c_file, "    %d,\n", char_infos[i].height);
-        fprintf(c_file, "    %d,\n", char_infos[i].top);
-        fprintf(c_file, "    %d,\n", char_infos[i].left);
-        if (char_infos[i].width > 0)
-        {
-            fprintf(c_file, "    char_bitmap_%d,\n", i);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            fprintf(c_file, "    NULL,\n");
-        }
-        fprintf(c_file, "};\n\n");
-    }
-    fprintf(c_file, "const fontgen_char_info_t * char_infos[] = {\n");
-    for (int i = 0; i < N_CHARS; i++)
-    {
-        fprintf(c_file, "    &char_%d,\n", i);
-    }
-    fprintf(c_file, "};\n");
-    fprintf(c_file, "const fontgen_font_t kfont = {\n");
-    fprintf(c_file, "    %d,\n", line_height);
-    fprintf(c_file, "    %d,\n", max_advance);
-    fprintf(c_file, "    %d,\n", baseline_offset);
-    fprintf(c_file, "    char_infos,\n");
-    fprintf(c_file, "};\n");
-    fclose(c_file);
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char * argv[])
-{
-    /* Expect: font file, size, out file */
-    if (argc != 4)
-    {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Incorrect arguments\n");
-        return 1;
-    }
-    const char * font_file = argv[1];
-    int size = atoi(argv[2]);
-    const char * out_file = argv[3];
-
-    FT_Library ft_library;
-    if (FT_Init_FreeType(&ft_library) != 0)
-    {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize freetype\n");
-        return 2;
-    }
-
-    FT_Face face;
-    if (FT_New_Face(ft_library, font_file, 0, &face) != 0)
-    {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Could not open %s\n", font_file);
-        return 3;
-    }
-
-    FT_Set_Pixel_Sizes(face, 0, size);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < N_CHARS; i++)
-    {
-        load_char(face, i);
-    }
-    line_height = round_up_26_6(face->size->metrics.height);
-    baseline_offset = (line_height - (max_top - min_bottom)) / 2 - min_bottom;
-
-    generate(out_file);
-
-    return 0;
-}
--- a/grub.flp
+++ b/grub.flp
--- a/i686-elf-gcc.rb
+++ b/i686-elf-gcc.rb
@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-binutils_version = "2.35"
-binutils_checksum = "1b11659fb49e20e18db460d44485f09442c8c56d5df165de9461eb09c8302f85"
-gcc_version = "10.2.0"
-gcc_checksum = "b8dd4368bb9c7f0b98188317ee0254dd8cc99d1e3a18d0ff146c855fe16c1d8c"
-install_path = File.expand_path("i686-elf-gcc")
-target = "i686-elf"
-path_prepend "#{install_path}/bin"
-
-configure do
-  check_c_compiler "gcc"
-  check_program "make"
-  check_program "bison"
-  check_program "flex"
-  check_program "texi2any", on_fail: "Install the texinfo package"
-  check_program "wget"
-  check_lib "gmp", on_fail: "Install the libgmp-dev package"
-  check_lib "mpc", on_fail: "Install the libmpc-dev package"
-  check_lib "mpfr", on_fail: "Install the libmpfr-dev package"
-end
-
-default do
-  unless Dir.exist?(install_path)
-    # Download archives.
-    download "https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-#{binutils_version}.tar.xz",
-      "#{build_dir}/binutils-#{binutils_version}.tar.xz",
-      sha256sum: binutils_checksum
-
-    download "https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-#{gcc_version}/gcc-#{gcc_version}.tar.xz",
-      "#{build_dir}/gcc-#{gcc_version}.tar.xz",
-      sha256sum: gcc_checksum
-
-    # Extract archives.
-    sh "tar", "xJf", "binutils-#{binutils_version}.tar.xz",
-      chdir: build_dir
-
-    sh "tar", "xJf", "gcc-#{gcc_version}.tar.xz",
-      chdir: build_dir
-
-    # Build binutils.
-    rm_rf "#{build_dir}/build-binutils"
-    mkdir_p "#{build_dir}/build-binutils"
-    cd "#{build_dir}/build-binutils" do
-      sh %W[../binutils-#{binutils_version}/configure
-        --target=#{target} --prefix=#{install_path} --with-sysroot --disable-nls
-        --disable-werror]
-      sh "make"
-      sh "make install"
-    end
-
-    # Build gcc.
-    rm_rf "#{build_dir}/build-gcc"
-    mkdir_p "#{build_dir}/build-gcc"
-    cd "#{build_dir}/build-gcc" do
-      sh %W[../gcc-#{gcc_version}/configure
-        --target=#{target} --prefix=#{install_path} --disable-nls
-        --enable-languages=c,c++ --without-headers]
-      sh "make all-gcc"
-      sh "make all-target-libgcc"
-      sh "make install-gcc"
-      sh "make install-target-libgcc"
-    end
-
-    # Remove archives and build directories if everything succeeded.
-    rm_f "#{build_dir}/binutils-#{binutils_version}.tar.xz"
-    rm_rf "#{build_dir}/binutils-#{binutils_version}"
-    rm_rf "#{build_dir}/build-binutils"
-    rm_f "#{build_dir}/gcc-#{gcc_version}.tar.xz"
-    rm_rf "#{build_dir}/gcc-#{gcc_version}"
-    rm_rf "#{build_dir}/build-gcc"
-  end
-end
-
-distclean do
-  rm_rf install_path
-end
--- a/initrd/bin/init
+++ b/initrd/bin/init
--- a/initrd/link
+++ b/initrd/link
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+test_file
--- a/initrd/ulab
+++ b/initrd/ulab
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Change this file to contain the machines that you want to use
+# to run MPI jobs on.  The format is one host name per line, with either
+#    hostname
+# or
+#    hostname:n
+# where n is the number of processors in an SMP.  The hostname should
+# be the same as the result from the command "hostname"
+#
+#non-functional machines
+#stallman.cs.calvin.edu
+#zuse.cs.calvin.edu
+#knuth.cs.calvin.edu
+
+stroustrup.cs.calvin.edu
+kernighan.cs.calvin.edu
+ritchie.cs.calvin.edu
+aiken.cs.calvin.edu
+backus-naur.cs.calvin.edu
+codd.cs.calvin.edu
+eckert-mauchly.cs.calvin.edu
+atanasoff.cs.calvin.edu
+thompson.cs.calvin.edu
+augusta.cs.calvin.edu
+babbage.cs.calvin.edu
+turing.cs.calvin.edu
+hoare.cs.calvin.edu
+wall.cs.calvin.edu
+englebart.cs.calvin.edu
+vonneuman.cs.calvin.edu
+hopper.cs.calvin.edu
+dijkstra.cs.calvin.edu
+chomsky.cs.calvin.edu
+leibniz.cs.calvin.edu
+schreyer.cs.calvin.edu
+wirth.cs.calvin.edu
+cray.cs.calvin.edu
+hillis.cs.calvin.edu
+taylor.cs.calvin.edu
+goldberg.cs.calvin.edu
+kay.cs.calvin.edu
+boole.cs.calvin.edu
+church.cs.calvin.edu
+sutherland.cs.calvin.edu
+noyce-kilby.cs.calvin.edu
+hollerith.cs.calvin.edu
+
--- a/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/kernel/Makefile
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# Makefile for HOS
+# Josh Holtrop
+# Created: 07/08/04
+# Modified: 06/13/05
+
+# Assembler Information:
+NASM=nasm
+NASM_FLAGS=-f aout
+
+# C/C++ Information:
+CPPFLAGS=-fleading-underscore -fno-builtin -nostdlib -nostartfiles -nodefaultlibs -I. -Wall
+# -S -masm=intel
+CC=gcc
+CXX=g++
+CXXFLAGS=-fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -D_HOS_CPP_
+
+# Linker Information:
+LD=ld
+LDFLAGS=-nodefaultlibs -nostdlib --no-demangle -T link.ld
+
+# Files
+OBJS=boot.o lang/lang_a.o \
+	kernel.o mm/mm.o mm/vmm.o lang/conv.o display/kout.o \
+	display/display.o sys/pic.o char/keyboard.o lang/lang.o \
+	sys/pci_classes.o syscall.o \
+	proc/proc.o proc/hash.o \
+	lang/string.o lang/new.o char/misc_char.o char/vconsole.o \
+	devices.o block/ramdisk.o fs/vfs.o fs/FileSystem.o fs/VFSMount.o \
+	fs/ext2/ext2.o fs/sysfs/sysfs.o fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.o \
+	sys/pci.o fs/OpenFile.o fs/OpenDirectory.o \
+	fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.o \
+	fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.o
+CSRC=kernel.c mm/mm.c mm/vmm.c lang/conv.c display/kout.c \
+	display/display.c sys/pic.c char/keyboard.c lang/lang.c \
+	sys/pci_classes.c syscall.c
+CXXSRC=lang/string.cpp lang/new.cpp char/misc_char.cpp char/vconsole.cpp \
+	block/ramdisk.cpp devices.cpp fs/vfs.cpp fs/FileSystem.o fs/VFSMount.o\
+	fs/ext2/ext2.cpp fs/sysfs/sysfs.cpp fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.cpp \
+	sys/pci.cpp proc/proc.cpp proc/hash.cpp fs/OpenFile.cpp \
+	fs/OpenDirectory.cpp fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.cpp \
+	fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.cpp fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.cpp
+
+.PHONY:	all depend clean html
+
+all: $(OBJS)
+	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -Map kernel.map $(OBJS) -o kernel.bin
+	@echo '		Kernel built: ' `ls -sk kernel.bin | cut -d' ' -f1`kb
+
+depend:
+	makedepend -- $(CPPFLAGS) -- $(CSRC) $(CXXSRC)
+
+boot.o:	boot.asm idt.inc gdt.inc
+	$(NASM) $(NASM_FLAGS) -l boot.lst boot.asm -o boot.o
+
+lang/lang_a.o:	lang/lang.asm
+	$(NASM) $(NASM_FLAGS) -l lang.lst lang/lang.asm -o lang/lang_a.o
+
+clean:
+	-rm -f $(OBJS) *.bin *.map *.lst *.out
+	-find . -name '*~' | xargs rm -f
+
+html:
+	-rm -rf html
+	-mkdir html
+	source-highlight --output-dir=html -f xhtml -n $(CSRC) $(CXXSRC)
+
+# The following is used by 'make' to automatically
+#  generate dependency information
+# DO NOT DELETE
+
+kernel.o: kernel.h hos_defines.h multiboot.h module.h lang/lang.h functions.h
+kernel.o: sys/io.h mm/mm.h mm/vmm.h lang/conv.h devices.h display/display.h
+kernel.o: display/kout.h sys/pic.h char/keyboard.h block/ramdisk.h fs/vfs.h
+kernel.o: fs/ext2/ext2.h sys/pci.h proc/proc.h
+mm/mm.o: kernel.h hos_defines.h multiboot.h mm/mm.h
+mm/vmm.o: hos_defines.h kernel.h multiboot.h mm/vmm.h lang/lang.h mm/mm.h
+lang/conv.o: lang/conv.h hos_defines.h
+display/kout.o: hos_defines.h display/kout.h lang/conv.h devices.h
+display/kout.o: char/misc_char.h char/misc_char.h functions.h sys/io.h
+display/display.o: devices.h hos_defines.h char/vconsole.h display/display.h
+display/display.o: lang/lang.h kernel.h multiboot.h char/keyboard.h
+display/display.o: display/kout.h
+sys/pic.o: hos_defines.h sys/pic.h sys/io.h
+char/keyboard.o: hos_defines.h char/keyboard.h sys/io.h functions.h
+char/keyboard.o: lang/conv.h display/kout.h display/display.h devices.h
+lang/lang.o: lang/lang.h hos_defines.h
+sys/pci_classes.o: hos_defines.h sys/pci.h
+lang/string.o: lang/string.h lang/lang.h hos_defines.h
+lang/new.o: hos_defines.h mm/vmm.h multiboot.h
+char/misc_char.o: hos_defines.h devices.h char/misc_char.h sys/io.h
+char/vconsole.o: hos_defines.h mm/vmm.h multiboot.h lang/lang.h
+char/vconsole.o: display/display.h devices.h functions.h sys/io.h
+char/vconsole.o: char/vconsole.h
+block/ramdisk.o: functions.h hos_defines.h sys/io.h mm/vmm.h multiboot.h
+block/ramdisk.o: lang/lang.h block/ramdisk.h devices.h
+devices.o: hos_defines.h devices.h char/misc_char.h char/misc_char.h
+devices.o: char/vconsole.h block/ramdisk.h
+fs/vfs.o: hos_defines.h display/kout.h functions.h sys/io.h lang/lang.h
+fs/vfs.o: fs/vfs.h devices.h fs/FileSystem.h fs/OpenDirectory.h lang/string.h
+fs/vfs.o: fs/OpenFile.h fs/VFSMount.h fs/FileSystem.h fs/ext2/ext2.h fs/vfs.h
+fs/vfs.o: lang/vector.h
+fs/ext2/ext2.o: display/kout.h hos_defines.h mm/vmm.h multiboot.h lang/lang.h
+fs/ext2/ext2.o: fs/ext2/ext2.h fs/vfs.h devices.h fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.h
+fs/ext2/ext2.o: fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.h fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.h fs/OpenFile.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs.o: display/kout.h hos_defines.h fs/vfs.h devices.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs.o: fs/sysfs/sysfs.h fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.h lang/vector.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs.o: lang/string.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.o: fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.h lang/vector.h hos_defines.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.o: lang/string.h
+sys/pci.o: hos_defines.h display/kout.h sys/io.h sys/pci.h lang/vector.h
+proc/proc.o: hos_defines.h mm/mm.h kernel.h multiboot.h mm/vmm.h lang/lang.h
+proc/proc.o: functions.h sys/io.h display/kout.h proc/proc.h proc/hash.h
+proc/proc.o: lang/vector.h
+proc/hash.o: hos_defines.h proc/hash.h lang/vector.h display/kout.h mm/vmm.h
+proc/hash.o: multiboot.h
+fs/OpenFile.o: fs/OpenFile.h hos_defines.h
+fs/OpenDirectory.o: fs/vfs.h hos_defines.h devices.h fs/OpenDirectory.h
+fs/OpenDirectory.o: lang/string.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o: lang/lang.h hos_defines.h fs/vfs.h devices.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o: fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.h fs/ext2/ext2.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o: fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.h fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o: fs/OpenFile.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.o: fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.h fs/ext2/ext2.h fs/vfs.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.o: hos_defines.h devices.h fs/OpenFile.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.o: fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.h lang/lang.h functions.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.o: sys/io.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.o: fs/vfs.h hos_defines.h devices.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.o: fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.h fs/ext2/ext2.h
--- a/kernel/Makefile.bak
+++ b/kernel/Makefile.bak
@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# Makefile for HOS
+# Josh Holtrop
+# Created: 07/08/04
+# Modified: 06/13/05
+
+# Assembler Information:
+NASM=nasm
+NASM_FLAGS=-f aout
+
+# C/C++ Information:
+CPPFLAGS=-fleading-underscore -fno-builtin -nostdlib -nostartfiles -nodefaultlibs -I. -Wall
+# -S -masm=intel
+CC=gcc
+CXX=g++
+CXXFLAGS=-fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -D_HOS_CPP_
+
+# Linker Information:
+LD=ld
+LDFLAGS=-nodefaultlibs -nostdlib --no-demangle -T link.ld
+
+# Files
+OBJS=boot.o lang/lang_a.o \
+	kernel.o mm/mm.o mm/vmm.o lang/conv.o display/kout.o \
+	display/display.o sys/pic.o char/keyboard.o lang/lang.o \
+	sys/pci_classes.o syscall.o \
+	proc/proc.o proc/hash.o \
+	lang/string.o lang/new.o char/misc_char.o char/vconsole.o \
+	devices.o block/ramdisk.o fs/vfs.o fs/FileSystem.o fs/VFSMount.o \
+	fs/ext2/ext2.o fs/sysfs/sysfs.o fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.o \
+	sys/pci.o fs/OpenFile.o fs/OpenDirectory.o \
+	fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.o \
+	fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.o
+CSRC=kernel.c mm/mm.c mm/vmm.c lang/conv.c display/kout.c \
+	display/display.c sys/pic.c char/keyboard.c lang/lang.c \
+	sys/pci_classes.c syscall.c
+CXXSRC=lang/string.cpp lang/new.cpp char/misc_char.cpp char/vconsole.cpp \
+	block/ramdisk.cpp devices.cpp fs/vfs.cpp fs/FileSystem.o fs/VFSMount.o\
+	fs/ext2/ext2.cpp fs/sysfs/sysfs.cpp fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.cpp \
+	sys/pci.cpp proc/proc.cpp proc/hash.cpp fs/OpenFile.cpp \
+	fs/OpenDirectory.cpp fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.cpp \
+	fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.cpp fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.cpp
+
+.PHONY:	all depend clean html
+
+all: $(OBJS)
+	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -Map kernel.map $(OBJS) -o kernel.bin
+	@echo '		Kernel built: ' `ls -sk kernel.bin | cut -d' ' -f1`kb
+
+depend:
+	makedepend -- $(CPPFLAGS) -- $(CSRC) $(CXXSRC)
+
+boot.o:	boot.asm idt.inc gdt.inc
+	$(NASM) $(NASM_FLAGS) -l boot.lst boot.asm -o boot.o
+
+lang/lang_a.o:	lang/lang.asm
+	$(NASM) $(NASM_FLAGS) -l lang.lst lang/lang.asm -o lang/lang_a.o
+
+clean:
+	-rm -f $(OBJS) *.bin *.map *.lst *.out
+	-find . -name '*~' | xargs rm -f
+
+html:
+	-rm -rf html
+	-mkdir html
+	source-highlight --output-dir=html -f xhtml -n $(CSRC) $(CXXSRC)
+
+# The following is used by 'make' to automatically
+#  generate dependency information
+# DO NOT DELETE
+
+kernel.o: kernel.h hos_defines.h multiboot.h module.h lang/lang.h functions.h
+kernel.o: sys/io.h mm/mm.h mm/vmm.h lang/conv.h devices.h display/display.h
+kernel.o: display/kout.h sys/pic.h char/keyboard.h block/ramdisk.h fs/vfs.h
+kernel.o: fs/ext2/ext2.h sys/pci.h proc/proc.h
+mm/mm.o: kernel.h hos_defines.h multiboot.h mm/mm.h
+mm/vmm.o: hos_defines.h kernel.h multiboot.h mm/vmm.h lang/lang.h mm/mm.h
+lang/conv.o: lang/conv.h hos_defines.h
+display/kout.o: hos_defines.h display/kout.h lang/conv.h devices.h
+display/kout.o: char/misc_char.h char/misc_char.h functions.h sys/io.h
+display/display.o: devices.h hos_defines.h char/vconsole.h display/display.h
+display/display.o: lang/lang.h kernel.h multiboot.h char/keyboard.h
+display/display.o: display/kout.h
+sys/pic.o: hos_defines.h sys/pic.h sys/io.h
+char/keyboard.o: hos_defines.h char/keyboard.h sys/io.h functions.h
+char/keyboard.o: lang/conv.h display/kout.h display/display.h devices.h
+lang/lang.o: lang/lang.h hos_defines.h
+sys/pci_classes.o: hos_defines.h sys/pci.h
+lang/string.o: lang/string.h lang/lang.h hos_defines.h
+lang/new.o: hos_defines.h mm/vmm.h multiboot.h
+char/misc_char.o: hos_defines.h devices.h char/misc_char.h sys/io.h
+char/vconsole.o: hos_defines.h mm/vmm.h multiboot.h lang/lang.h
+char/vconsole.o: display/display.h devices.h functions.h sys/io.h
+char/vconsole.o: char/vconsole.h
+block/ramdisk.o: functions.h hos_defines.h sys/io.h mm/vmm.h multiboot.h
+block/ramdisk.o: lang/lang.h block/ramdisk.h devices.h
+devices.o: hos_defines.h devices.h char/misc_char.h char/misc_char.h
+devices.o: char/vconsole.h block/ramdisk.h
+fs/vfs.o: hos_defines.h display/kout.h functions.h sys/io.h lang/lang.h
+fs/vfs.o: fs/vfs.h devices.h fs/FileSystem.h fs/OpenDirectory.h fs/OpenFile.h
+fs/vfs.o: lang/string.h fs/VFSMount.h fs/FileSystem.h fs/ext2/ext2.h fs/vfs.h
+fs/vfs.o: lang/vector.h
+fs/ext2/ext2.o: display/kout.h hos_defines.h mm/vmm.h multiboot.h lang/lang.h
+fs/ext2/ext2.o: fs/ext2/ext2.h fs/vfs.h devices.h fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.h
+fs/ext2/ext2.o: fs/OpenDirectory.h fs/vfs.h fs/OpenFile.h lang/string.h
+fs/ext2/ext2.o: fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.h fs/OpenFile.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs.o: display/kout.h hos_defines.h fs/vfs.h devices.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs.o: fs/sysfs/sysfs.h fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.h lang/vector.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs.o: lang/string.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.o: fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.h lang/vector.h hos_defines.h
+fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.o: lang/string.h
+sys/pci.o: hos_defines.h display/kout.h sys/io.h sys/pci.h lang/vector.h
+proc/proc.o: hos_defines.h mm/mm.h kernel.h multiboot.h mm/vmm.h lang/lang.h
+proc/proc.o: functions.h sys/io.h display/kout.h proc/proc.h proc/hash.h
+proc/proc.o: lang/vector.h
+proc/hash.o: hos_defines.h proc/hash.h lang/vector.h display/kout.h mm/vmm.h
+proc/hash.o: multiboot.h
+fs/OpenFile.o: fs/OpenFile.h hos_defines.h
+fs/OpenDirectory.o: fs/vfs.h hos_defines.h devices.h fs/OpenDirectory.h
+fs/OpenDirectory.o: fs/OpenFile.h lang/string.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o: display/kout.h hos_defines.h lang/lang.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o: fs/vfs.h devices.h fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o: fs/OpenDirectory.h fs/vfs.h fs/OpenFile.h
+fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.o: lang/string.h fs/ext2/ext2.h
--- a/kernel/block/ramdisk.cpp
+++ b/kernel/block/ramdisk.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// ramdisk.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/20/04
+// Modified: 05/11/05
+
+extern "C"
+{
+#include "functions.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+}
+
+#include "block/ramdisk.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+
+ramdisk_t *ramdisks[256];
+
+minor_t ramdisk_new(u32_t size)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+	{
+		if (!ramdisks[i])
+		{
+			void *start;
+			if (( start = kmalloc(size) ))
+			{
+				ramdisks[i] = (ramdisk_t *)New(ramdisk_t);
+				ramdisks[i]->start = start;
+				ramdisks[i]->size = size;
+				return i;
+			}
+			return -2;
+		}
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+minor_t	ramdisk_register(void *ramdisk, u32_t size)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+	{
+		if (!ramdisks[i])
+		{
+			ramdisks[i] = (ramdisk_t *)New(ramdisk_t);
+			ramdisks[i]->start = ramdisk;
+			ramdisks[i]->size = size;
+			return i;
+		}
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int	ramdisk_remove(minor_t minor)
+{
+	if (ramdisks[minor])
+	{
+		kfree(ramdisks[minor]->start);
+		kfree(ramdisks[minor]);
+		ramdisks[minor] = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+
+int Ramdisk::block_read(minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer)
+{
+	if (!ramdisks[minor])
+		return -1;
+	if ((blockStart << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG) >= ramdisks[minor]->size)
+		return -2;
+	void *rdAddr = (void *)((u32_t)ramdisks[minor]->start + (blockStart << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG));
+	u32_t copyLen = min(blocks << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG, ramdisks[minor]->size + (u32_t)ramdisks[minor]->start - (u32_t)rdAddr);
+	memcpyd(buffer, rdAddr, copyLen >> 2);
+	return copyLen;
+}
+
+int Ramdisk::block_write(minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer)
+{
+	if (!ramdisks[minor])
+		return -1;
+	if ((blockStart << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG) >= ramdisks[minor]->size)
+		return -2;
+	void *rdAddr = (void *)((u32_t)ramdisks[minor]->start + (blockStart << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG));
+	u32_t copyLen = min(blocks << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG, ramdisks[minor]->size + (u32_t)ramdisks[minor]->start - (u32_t)rdAddr);
+	memcpyd(rdAddr, buffer, copyLen >> 2);
+	return copyLen;
+}
+
--- a/kernel/block/ramdisk.h
+++ b/kernel/block/ramdisk.h
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// ramdisk.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/20/04
+// Modified: 08/22/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_RD_H__
+#define __HOS_RD_H__ __HOS_RD_H__
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+	void	*start;
+	u32_t	size;
+} ramdisk_t;
+
+minor_t ramdisk_new(u32_t size);
+minor_t	ramdisk_register(void *ramdisk, u32_t size);
+int	ramdisk_remove(minor_t minor);
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+}
+
+class Ramdisk : public DeviceDriver
+{
+public:
+	int block_read(minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer);
+	int block_write(minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer);
+};
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/block/ramdisk_old.c
+++ b/kernel/block/ramdisk_old.c
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// ramdisk.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/20/04
+// Modified: 08/22/04
+
+#include "block/ramdisk.h"
+#include "fs/devices.h"
+#include "functions.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+
+ramdisk_t *ramdisks[256];
+
+int	ramdisk_init(major_t major)
+{
+	dev_driver_t *ramdisk_driver;
+	if (( ramdisk_driver = New(dev_driver_t) ))
+	{
+		ramdisk_driver->block_read = ramdisk_block_read;
+		ramdisk_driver->block_write = ramdisk_block_write;
+		devices_register_major('b', major, ramdisk_driver);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+minor_t ramdisk_new(u32_t size)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+	{
+		if (!ramdisks[i])
+		{
+			void *start;
+			if (( start = kmalloc(size) ))
+			{
+				ramdisks[i] = New(ramdisk_t);
+				ramdisks[i]->start = start;
+				ramdisks[i]->size = size;
+				return i;
+			}
+			return -2;
+		}
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+minor_t	ramdisk_register(void *ramdisk, u32_t size)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+	{
+		if (!ramdisks[i])
+		{
+		  ramdisks[i] = New(ramdisk_t);
+			ramdisks[i]->start = ramdisk;
+			ramdisks[i]->size = size;
+			return i;
+		}
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int	ramdisk_remove(minor_t minor)
+{
+	if (ramdisks[minor])
+	{
+		kfree(ramdisks[minor]->start);
+		kfree(ramdisks[minor]);
+		ramdisks[minor] = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int	ramdisk_block_read(minor_t minor, u32_t blockNum, u32_t count, void *buffer)
+{
+	if (!ramdisks[minor])
+		return -1;
+	if ((blockNum << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG) >= ramdisks[minor]->size)
+		return -2;
+	void *rdAddr = ramdisks[minor]->start + (blockNum << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG);
+	u32_t copyLen = min(count << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG, ramdisks[minor]->size + (u32_t)ramdisks[minor]->start - (u32_t)rdAddr);
+	memcpyd(buffer, rdAddr, copyLen >> 2);
+	return copyLen;
+}
+
+int	ramdisk_block_write(minor_t minor, u32_t blockNum, u32_t count, void *buffer)
+{
+	if (!ramdisks[minor])
+		return -1;
+	if ((blockNum << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG) >= ramdisks[minor]->size)
+		return -2;
+	void *rdAddr = ramdisks[minor]->start + (blockNum << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG);
+	u32_t copyLen = min(count << BLOCK_SIZE_LOG, ramdisks[minor]->size + (u32_t)ramdisks[minor]->start - (u32_t)rdAddr);
+	memcpyd(rdAddr, buffer, copyLen >> 2);
+	return copyLen;
+}
+
+
--- a/kernel/block/ramdisk_old.h
+++ b/kernel/block/ramdisk_old.h
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// ramdisk.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/20/04
+// Modified: 08/22/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_RD_H__
+#define __HOS_RD_H__ __HOS_RD_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "fs/devices.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+	void	*start;
+	u32_t	size;
+} ramdisk_t;
+
+int	ramdisk_init(major_t major);
+minor_t ramdisk_new(u32_t size);
+minor_t	ramdisk_register(void *ramdisk, u32_t size);
+int	ramdisk_remove(minor_t minor);
+int	ramdisk_block_read(minor_t minor, u32_t blockNum, u32_t count, void *buffer);
+int	ramdisk_block_write(minor_t minor, u32_t blockNum, u32_t count, void *buffer);
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/boot.asm
+++ b/kernel/boot.asm
@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+;boot.asm
+;Author: Josh Holtrop
+;Date: 07/08/04
+;Modified: 11/01/05
+
+
+%define	MULTIBOOT_MAGIC	0x1BADB002
+%define	MULTIBOOT_FLAGS	0x00010003
+
+%define VIRT_OFFSET	0xC0000000	;3gb virtual address
+%define PHYS_START	0x00100000	;1mb physical address
+%define VIRT_STACK_TOP	0xD0000000	;3gb+256mb virtual address
+%define GDT_P	PHYS_START		;1mb physical - Global Descriptor Table space
+%define GDT_V	GDT_P+VIRT_OFFSET
+%define IDT_P	PHYS_START+0x2000	;1mb+8kb - Interrupt Descriptor Table space
+%define IDT_V	IDT_P+VIRT_OFFSET
+%define PDBR_P	PHYS_START+0x4000	;1mb+16kb - Page Directory Base Register (first PD)
+%define PDBR_V	PDBR_P+VIRT_OFFSET
+%define LOPT_P	PHYS_START+0x5000	;1mb+20kb - LOw Page Table for mapping first 4mb
+%define LOPT_V	LOPT_P+VIRT_OFFSET
+%define PT_STACK_P PHYS_START+0x6000	;1mb+24kb - page table for initial kernel stack pages (under 0xD0000000)
+%define PT_STACK_V PT_STACK_P+VIRT_OFFSET
+%define STACK_P	PHYS_START+0x7000	;1mb+28kb - initial 4kb kernel stack page
+%define STACK_V	STACK_P+VIRT_OFFSET
+%define KERNEL_P PHYS_START+0x8000	;1mb+32kb - the kernel's physical address
+%define KERNEL_V KERNEL_P+VIRT_OFFSET	;3gb+1mb+32kb, the virtual address of the kernel
+
+extern _k_init, _isr, _k_mbsave, _end, _rm_params, _initrd, _tss0
+	
+[bits 32]
+
+[global _start]
+_start:
+
+multiboot_header:
+	dd	MULTIBOOT_MAGIC					;magic
+	dd	MULTIBOOT_FLAGS					;flags
+	dd	-(MULTIBOOT_MAGIC + MULTIBOOT_FLAGS)		;checksum
+
+	dd	multiboot_header-VIRT_OFFSET			;header_addr
+	dd	_start-VIRT_OFFSET				;load_addr
+	dd	0						;load_end_addr
+	dd	_end-VIRT_OFFSET				;bss_end_addr
+	dd	multiboot_entry-VIRT_OFFSET			;entry_addr
+
+;	dd	1						;mode_type
+;	dd	80						;width
+;	dd	25						;height
+;	dd	0						;depth
+
+[global multiboot_entry]
+multiboot_entry:
+;This is where the kernel begins execution from the bootloader.
+;At this point, a temporary gdt is set up to "map" 0xC000_0000 to 0x0.
+	cli					;should already be off...
+	lgdt	[gdtrbs32-VIRT_OFFSET]
+	jmp	KERNEL_CODE_BS32:segmented_start
+segmented_start:
+	mov	cx, KERNEL_DATA_BS32
+	mov	ss, cx
+	mov	ds, cx
+	mov	es, cx
+	mov	gs, cx
+	mov	fs, cx
+	mov	esp, STACK_V+0x1000		;ok, now we can access our data
+
+;Then the multiboot info structures are saved to local data variables.
+	add	ebx, VIRT_OFFSET
+	push	eax
+	push	ebx				;pointer to multiboot info structure
+	call	_k_mbsave			;save multiboot info structures
+	add	esp, 8
+
+	cmp	eax, 0				; eax = pointer to mb_module_t struct for rmmod
+	jz	pm_return
+
+;go back to real mode to initialize video mode
+	mov	ebx, eax			; pointer to mb_module_t
+	mov	ecx, [ebx+4]			; end of module
+	mov	eax, [ebx]			; start of module
+	mov	esi, eax			; start of module
+	sub	ecx, eax			; ecx = length of rmmod
+	shr	ecx, 2				; ecx = length of rmmod in dwords
+	mov	edi, 0xC0005000			; where to copy rmmod to (0x5000 physical)
+	
+	rep	movsd				; copy rmmod to first 1mb
+	
+	mov	ebx, pm_return			; return address
+	mov	ecx, _rm_params			; put real mode params here (video mode etc...)
+	sub	ecx, VIRT_OFFSET
+	
+	jmp	0xC0005010			; jump to rmmod
+
+;Next we enable paging with the first 4mb mapped 1:1 virtual:physical
+; and with the 4mb starting at 0xC000_0000 mapped to the first 4mb physical.
+pm_return:
+	mov	esp, STACK_V+0x1000		;ok, now we can access our data again
+	xor	eax, eax
+	mov	edi, PDBR_V
+	mov	ecx, 1024			;clear the PDBR
+	rep stosd
+	mov	edi, PT_STACK_V
+	mov	ecx, 1024			;clear the PT_STACK
+	rep stosd
+	mov	[PDBR_V], dword LOPT_P|0x03		;store the physical address of the LOw Page Table | (read/write, present)
+	mov	[PDBR_V+0xC00], dword LOPT_P|0x03	;store the physical address of the LOw Page Table | (read/write, present)
+	mov	[PDBR_V+0xCFC], dword PT_STACK_P|0x03	;store the physical address of the initial stack page page table | (read/write, present)
+	mov	[PDBR_V+0xFFC], dword PDBR_P|0x03	;store the physical address of the page directory (identity map) | (read/write, present)
+	mov	[PT_STACK_V+0xFFC], dword STACK_P|0x03	;store the physical address of the initial stack page | (read/write, present)
+
+	mov	edi, LOPT_V
+	mov	ecx, 1024
+	mov	eax, 0x03			;starting physical address = 0x0 | (read/write, present flags)
+fill_lopt_loop:					;fill the page table
+	stosd
+	add	eax, 4096			;increment next phsyical address by 4kb
+	loop	fill_lopt_loop
+
+	mov	eax, PDBR_P
+	mov	cr3, eax			;store the Page Directory Base Address
+	mov	eax, cr0
+	or	eax, 0x80000000			;set Page Enable bit
+	mov	cr0, eax			;now paging is active!
+
+	mov	edi, GDT_V
+	mov	esi, gdt
+	mov	ecx, gdt_end-gdt
+	rep movsb
+
+	mov	edi, IDT_V			;destination
+	mov	esi, isr_0			;address of isr0
+	mov	edx, isr_1-isr_0		;distance between isr labels
+	mov	ecx, 50				;number of isrlabels
+fill_idt:
+	mov	ebx, esi
+	mov	ax, si
+	stosw					;0 offset 15:0
+	mov	ax, KERNEL_CODE
+	stosw					;2 selector 15:0
+	mov	ax, 0x8E00
+	stosw					;4 [P][DPL][0][TYPE][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0]
+	shr	esi, 16
+	mov	ax, si
+	stosw					;6 offset 31:16
+	mov	esi, ebx
+	add	esi, edx
+	loop	fill_idt
+	mov	word	[IDT_V+0x30*8+4], 0xEE00	;interrupt 0x30 has user priviledges
+
+;Then we can start using our "real" gdt, then unmap the lower 4mb.
+	lgdt	[gdtr]				;load gdt
+	jmp	KERNEL_CODE:newgdtcontinue
+newgdtcontinue:
+	mov	ax, KERNEL_DATA
+	mov	es, ax
+	mov	ds, ax
+	mov	gs, ax
+	mov	fs, ax
+	mov	ss, ax
+	mov	esp, VIRT_STACK_TOP		;stack just under 3gb+256mb, moves downward
+	lidt	[idtr]				;load idt
+	mov	[PDBR_V], dword 0		;unmap 0x0, we are running completely paged at 0xC000_0000
+
+	mov	edi, GDT_V + TSS0_SEG + 2	; copy _tss0 base address
+	mov	eax, _tss0			;  into the GDT descrtiptor
+	stosw					;  for TSS0
+	shr	eax, 16
+	stosb
+	add	edi, 2
+	shr	eax, 8
+	stosb
+
+	call	_k_init				;C kernel initialization
+
+	mov	ax, TSS0_SEG
+	ltr	ax
+
+	mov	eax, esp
+	push	KERNEL_DATA
+	push	eax
+
+idle_loop:					; system idle loop
+	sti
+	hlt
+	jmp	idle_loop
+
+;-------------------------------------------------------
+gdtrbs32:
+	dw	gdt_endbs32-gdtbs32-1
+	dd	gdtbs32-VIRT_OFFSET
+gdtbs32:			; 0 = null descriptor
+	dd	0
+	dd	0
+
+	;a base of 0x4000_0000, when added to 0xC000_0000 will produce 0x0000_0000 physical before paging in effect
+KERNEL_CODE_BS32 equ $-gdtbs32	; 8
+	db	0xff		;limit	7:0
+	db	0xff		;limit	15:8
+	db	0x00		;base	7:0
+	db	0x00		;base	15:8
+	db	0x00		;base	23:16
+	db	0x9a		;access
+	db	0xcf		;flags / limit 19:16
+	db	0x40		;base	31:24
+
+KERNEL_DATA_BS32 equ $-gdtbs32	; 16
+	db	0xff		;limit	7:0
+	db	0xff		;limit	15:8
+	db	0x00		;base	7:0
+	db	0x00		;base	15:8
+	db	0x00		;base	23:16
+	db	0x92		;access
+	db	0xcf		;flags / limit 19:16
+	db	0x40		;base	31:24
+
+KERNEL_CODE_BS6_ equ $-gdtbs32	; 24
+	dw	0xffff		;limit 15:0
+	dw	0x0000		;base  15:0
+	db	0x00		;base  23:16
+	db	0x9A		;access ([P][DPL][1][Executable][Direction/Conforming][Writable/Readable][A])
+	db	0x00		;flags ([G][D/B][0][0]) / limit 19:16
+	db	0x00		;base  31:24
+
+KERNEL_DATA_BS16 equ $-gdtbs32	; 32
+	dw	0xffff		;limit 15:0
+	dw	0x0000		;base  15:0
+	db	0x00		;base  23:16
+	db	0x92		;access ([P][DPL][1][Executable][Direction/Conforming][Writable/Readable][A])
+	db	0x00		;flags ([G][D/B][0][0]) / limit 19:16
+	db	0x00		;base  31:24
+
+gdt_endbs32:
+
+%include "gdt.inc"
+%include "idt.inc"
+
--- a/kernel/char/keyboard.c
+++ b/kernel/char/keyboard.c
@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// keyboard.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Created: 04/17/03
+// Modified: 05/19/05
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "char/keyboard.h"
+#include "sys/io.h"			// inportb, outportb
+#include "functions.h"
+#include "lang/conv.h"			// asciiSwitchCase()
+#include "display/kout.h"		// kprintf()
+#include "display/display.h"		// display_activate()
+
+u8_t	kbdFlags = 0;			// holds current keyboard flags - caps/num/scroll/shift/ctrl/alt
+u8_t	lastWasE0 = 0;			// was the last byte 0x0E ?
+u8_t	rawIgnore = 0;			// how many signals to blatantly ignore
+u8_t	ackReason = 0;			// used to record the reason why we would get an acknowledge byte (0xFA)
+
+//these arrays convert a keyboard scan code to an ASCII character value
+const u8_t SCAN2ASCII[129] =		// for normal keys
+	"\000\0331234567890-=\010\011"	// null,esc,1234567890-=,bksp,tab
+	"qwertyuiop[]\n\000as"		// qwertyuiop[],enter,lctrl,as
+	"dfghjkl;'`\000\\zxcv"		// dfghjkl;'`,lshift,\zxcv
+	"bnm,./\000*\000 \000\000\000\000\000\000"	// bnm,./,rshift,*,alt,space,caps,f1,f2,f3,f4,f5
+	"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000-\000\000\000+\000"		// f6,f7,f8,f9,f10,num,scrl,home,up,pgup,dash,left,center,right,plus,end
+	"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000"	// down,pgdn,ins,del,?,?,?,f11,f12,?,?,winL,winR,menu,?,?
+	"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000"	// ?
+	"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000";	// ?
+const u8_t SCAN2ASCII2[129] =		// for shifted or numlocked keys
+	"\000\033!@#$%^&*()_+\010\011"	// null,esc,!@#$%^&*()_+,bksp,tab
+	"QWERTYUIOP{}\n\000AS"		// QWERTYUIOP{},enter,lctrl,AS
+	"DFGHJKL:\"~\000|ZXCV"		// DFGHJKL:"~,lshift,|ZXCV
+	"BNM<>?\000*\000 \000\000\000\000\000\000"	// BNM<>?,rshift,*,alt,space,caps,f1,f2,f3,f4,f5
+	"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000789-456+1"		// f6,f7,f8,f9,f10,num,scrl,789-456+1
+	"230.\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000"			// 230.,?,?,?,f11,f12,?,?,winL,winR,menu,?,?
+	"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000"	// ?
+	"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000";	// ?
+
+// The Keyboard Interrupt Service Routine
+void isr_keyboard()
+{
+	u8_t kbdScan = inportb(0x60);
+	u8_t inState = inportb(0x61);
+	outportb(0x61, inState|0x80);
+	outportb(0x61, inState);
+	
+	if (kbdScan == 0xFA)	//250				// ACKnowledge
+	{
+		//printf("KBD_ACK 0x%x!\n", ackReason);
+		switch (ackReason)
+		{
+		case 0xED:					// reset LEDs
+			outportb(0x60, (kbdFlags & 0x07));
+			break;
+		}
+		ackReason = 0;
+	}
+	if (rawIgnore)						// ignore keycodes
+	{
+		rawIgnore--;
+		return;
+	}
+	if (lastWasE0 && (kbdScan == 0x2A || kbdScan == 0xAA))	// ignore extended "shift"
+	{
+		lastWasE0 = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+	if (kbdScan == 0xE0)					// 0xE0 == extended key
+	{
+		lastWasE0 = 1;
+		return;
+	}
+	if (kbdScan == 0xE1)					// 0xE1 == 2nd-set-extended key
+	{
+		rawIgnore = 2;
+		return;
+	}
+	
+	switch (kbdScan)					// handle control keys
+	{
+	case KBD_SCAN_LSHIFT:
+		kbdFlags |= KBDF_SHIFT;
+		break;
+	case KBD_SCAN_RSHIFT:
+		kbdFlags |= KBDF_SHIFT;
+		break;
+	case KBD_SCAN_CTRL:
+		kbdFlags |= KBDF_CTRL;
+		break;
+	case KBD_SCAN_ALT:
+		kbdFlags |= KBDF_ALT;			
+		break;
+
+	case KBD_SCAN_LSHIFT + KBD_SCAN_RELEASED:
+		kbdFlags &= (KBDF_SHIFT ^ 0xFF);
+		break;
+	case KBD_SCAN_RSHIFT + KBD_SCAN_RELEASED:
+		kbdFlags &= (KBDF_SHIFT ^ 0xFF);
+		break;
+	case KBD_SCAN_CTRL + KBD_SCAN_RELEASED:
+		kbdFlags &= (KBDF_CTRL ^ 0xFF);
+		break;
+	case KBD_SCAN_ALT + KBD_SCAN_RELEASED:
+		kbdFlags &= (KBDF_ALT ^ 0xFF);
+		break;
+
+	case KBD_SCAN_CAPS+KBD_SCAN_RELEASED:
+		kbdFlags ^= KBDF_CAPS;
+		kbd_resetLEDs();				// update LEDs
+		break;
+	case KBD_SCAN_SCROLL+KBD_SCAN_RELEASED:
+		kbdFlags ^= KBDF_SCROLL;
+		kbd_resetLEDs();				// update LEDs
+		break;
+	case KBD_SCAN_NUM+KBD_SCAN_RELEASED:
+		kbdFlags ^= KBDF_NUM;
+		kbd_resetLEDs();				// update LEDs
+		break;
+	}
+	u8_t kbdAscii;
+		// shift or (numlock and key from numpad)
+	if ( (kbdFlags & KBDF_SHIFT) || ((kbdFlags & KBDF_NUM) && (kbdScan >= 71) && (kbdScan <= 83)) )
+		kbdAscii = SCAN2ASCII2[kbdScan & 0x7F];
+	else	// normal key
+		kbdAscii = SCAN2ASCII[kbdScan & 0x7F];
+	if (kbdFlags & KBDF_CAPS)
+		kbdAscii = asciiSwitchCase(kbdAscii);		// won't affect non-letter characters
+
+//====do something with key::
+//	kprintf("kbdScan = \e[31;1m0x%x\e[0m\tkbdAscii = \e[1;32m0x%x\e[0m (\e[35m%c\e[0m)\tkbdFlags = \e[34m0x%x\e[0m\n", kbdScan, kbdAscii, kbdAscii, kbdFlags);
+	if ((kbdScan == 83) && (kbdFlags & KBDF_CTRL) && (kbdFlags & KBDF_ALT))
+	{
+		kprintf("Initiating reboot.");
+		restart();
+	}
+	if (kbdScan & KBD_SCAN_RELEASED)
+		kbdAscii = 0;
+
+	// send a key event to the display subsystem
+	display_key_event((kbdFlags << 16) | (kbdScan << 8) | kbdAscii);
+}
+
+//Resets the keyboard LEDs to reflect the current state of the num lock, caps lock, and scroll lock bits
+void	kbd_resetLEDs()
+{
+	outportb(0x60, 0xED);
+	ackReason = 0xED;
+}
+
+
+
--- a/kernel/char/keyboard.h
+++ b/kernel/char/keyboard.h
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// keyboard.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Created: 04/17/03
+// Modified: 05/19/05
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+#ifndef __HOS_KEYBOARD__
+#define __HOS_KEYBOARD__ __HOS_KEYBOARD__
+
+#define KBDF_SCROLL	0x01
+#define KBDF_NUM	0x02
+#define KBDF_CAPS	0x04
+#define KBDF_SHIFT	0x10
+#define KBDF_CTRL	0x20
+#define KBDF_ALT	0x40
+
+#define KBD_SCAN_RELEASED	0x80
+
+#define KBD_SCAN_CTRL	29
+#define KBD_SCAN_LSHIFT	42
+#define KBD_SCAN_RSHIFT	54
+#define KBD_SCAN_ALT	56
+#define KBD_SCAN_SCROLL	70
+#define KBD_SCAN_CAPS	58
+#define KBD_SCAN_NUM	69
+
+#define KBD_ASCII(x) ((x) & 0xFF)
+#define KBD_SCAN(x) (((x) >> 8) & 0xFF)
+#define KBD_FLAGS(x) (((x) >> 16) &0xFF)
+
+void	isr_keyboard();
+void	kbd_resetLEDs();
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/char/misc_char.cpp
+++ b/kernel/char/misc_char.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// misc_char.cpp
+// Miscellaneous character devices
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/11/05
+// Modified: 05/11/05
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "misc_char.h"
+#include "sys/io.h"
+
+int MiscChar::char_read(minor_t minor)
+{
+	switch (minor)
+	{
+	case	MISC_CHAR_NULL:
+		return DEV_EOF;
+	case	MISC_CHAR_ZERO:
+		return 0;
+	case	MISC_CHAR_LP0:
+		return DEV_INVALID_ACCESS;
+	default:
+		return DEV_INVALID_ACCESS;
+	}
+}
+
+int MiscChar::char_write(minor_t minor, int c)
+{
+	switch (minor)
+	{
+	case	MISC_CHAR_NULL:
+		return 0;
+	case	MISC_CHAR_ZERO:
+		return 0;
+	case	MISC_CHAR_LP0:
+		outportb(0x37a, 0xc);
+		outportb(0x378, c);
+		outportb(0x37a, 0x1);
+		return 0;
+	default:
+		return DEV_INVALID_ACCESS;
+	}
+}
+
--- a/kernel/char/misc_char.h
+++ b/kernel/char/misc_char.h
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// misc_char.h
+// Miscellaneous character devices
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/11/05
+// Modified: 05/11/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_MISC_CHAR__
+#define __HOS_MISC_CHAR__ __HOS_MISC_CHAR__
+
+#define MISC_CHAR_NULL	3
+#define MISC_CHAR_ZERO	5
+#define MISC_CHAR_LP0	10
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "misc_char.h"
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+
+class MiscChar : public DeviceDriver
+{
+public:
+	int char_read(minor_t minor);
+	int char_write(minor_t minor, int c);
+
+};
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/char/mouse.c
+++ b/kernel/char/mouse.c
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// mouse.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 10/03/03
+// Modified: 08/02/04
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "char/mouse.h"
+#include "video/video.h"
+#include "sys/io.h"
+
+int mouse_bytesRead;
+byte mouse_inbuffer[MOUSE_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+
+//This method initializes the ps/2 mouse
+void mouse_init()
+{
+	outportb(0x64, 0x20);		//tell keyboard controller we are going to read keyboard controller command byte
+	byte temp = inportb(0x60);	//read keyboard controller command byte
+	outportb(0x64, 0x60);		//tell keyboard controller we are going to write keyboard controller command byte
+	outportb(0x60, 0x03 | (temp & 0x40));	//write keyboard controller command byte: enable mouse/keyboard ints, include original XLATE bit from temp (bit6)
+
+ 	outportb(0x64, 0xA8);	//enable mouse port
+
+	outportb(0x64, 0xD4);	//send command to mouse, not kbd
+	outportb(0x60, 0xF4);	//enable data reporting
+	
+	mouse_bytesRead = 0;
+
+	//outportb(0x64, 0xD4);
+	//outportb(0x60, 0xE7);	//scaling 2:1
+}
+
+
+//This method is called when a mouse interrupt occurs
+void isr_mouse()
+{
+	byte inb = inportb(0x60);	//read mouse byte
+	if ((inb == 0xFA) && (mouse_bytesRead < 1))		//ACK
+		return;
+	mouse_inbuffer[mouse_bytesRead] = inb;
+	mouse_bytesRead++;
+	if (mouse_bytesRead == 3)	//complete packet received
+	{
+		mouse_bytesRead = 0;
+		int adjx = (char) mouse_inbuffer[1];
+		int adjy = (char) mouse_inbuffer[2];
+		// TODO: do something with adjx, adjy...
+	}
+}
+
+
+
--- a/kernel/char/mouse.h
+++ b/kernel/char/mouse.h
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// mouse.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 10/03/03
+// Modified: 08/02/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_MOUSE__
+#define __HOS_MOUSE__ __HOS_MOUSE__
+
+#define MOUSE_BUFFER_LENGTH 16
+
+void mouse_init();
+void isr_mouse();
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/char/vconsole.cpp
+++ b/kernel/char/vconsole.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// vconsole.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/02/04
+// Modified: 05/11/05
+
+extern "C"
+{
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+#include "display/display.h"
+#include "functions.h"
+}
+
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "char/vconsole.h"
+
+VConsole *vconsoles[VCONSOLE_MAX];	// pointer to virtual console structs
+char	ansi2vgaAttr[8] = {0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7};
+
+void	vconsole_setup(int width, int height)
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < VCONSOLE_MAX; i++)
+		vconsoles[i] = new VConsole(width, height);
+}
+
+int	vconsole_activate(u32_t id)
+{
+	if (id >= VCONSOLE_MAX)
+		return -1;
+	vconsoles[id]->activate();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	vconsole_deactivate(u32_t id)
+{
+	if (id >= VCONSOLE_MAX)
+		return -1;
+	vconsoles[id]->deactivate();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+VConsoleDriver::~VConsoleDriver()
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < VCONSOLE_MAX; i++)
+		if (vconsoles[i])
+			delete vconsoles[i];
+}
+
+int VConsoleDriver::char_write(minor_t minor, int c)
+{
+	if (minor < 0 || minor >= VCONSOLE_MAX)
+		return -1;
+	if (!vconsoles[minor])
+		return -2;
+	return vconsoles[minor]->char_write(c);
+}
+
+VConsole::VConsole(int width, int height)
+{
+	myBuffer = new u16_t[width * height];
+	myBuffer2 = NULL;
+	myWidth = width;
+	myHeight = height;
+	myAttribute = myForeground = 0x07;
+	memsetw(myBuffer, 0x0720, width * height);
+	myCursorPosition = 0;
+	myCursorStackPosition = myEscapeLevel = myEscapePosition = myBackground =
+		myBold = myReverse = myBlink = myConcealed = myActive = 0;
+	
+}
+
+VConsole::~VConsole()
+{
+	delete[] myBuffer;
+}
+
+void VConsole::activate()
+{
+	if (myActive)			// don't activate if already active
+		return;
+	myActive = 1;
+	myBuffer2 = myBuffer;
+	myBuffer = (u16_t *)CONSOLE_MEMORY;
+	memcpyd(myBuffer, myBuffer2, (myWidth * myHeight) >> 1);
+	writeCursorPosition(myCursorPosition);
+}
+
+void VConsole::deactivate()
+{
+	if (!myActive)			// don't deactivate non-active console
+		return;
+	myActive = 0;
+	myBuffer = myBuffer2;
+	myBuffer2 = NULL;
+	memcpyd(myBuffer, (u16_t *)CONSOLE_MEMORY, (myWidth * myHeight) >> 1);
+}
+
+int VConsole::char_write(int c)
+{
+	int cursorY = myCursorPosition / myWidth;
+	int cursorX = myCursorPosition % myWidth;
+	switch (myEscapeLevel)
+	{
+	case 2:
+		if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')	// c is part of an escape value
+		{
+			myEscapeValue[myEscapePosition] *= 10;
+			myEscapeValue[myEscapePosition] += c - '0';
+			return 0;
+		}
+		else if (c == ';')
+		{
+			if (myEscapePosition < 7)
+				myEscapePosition++;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		switch (c)
+		{
+			case 'A':	// move cursor up n rows
+				update_cursor_coord(cursorY - myEscapeValue[0], cursorX);
+				break;
+			case 'B':	// move cursor down n rows
+				update_cursor_coord(cursorY + myEscapeValue[0], cursorX);
+				break;
+			case 'C':	// move cursor left n columns
+				update_cursor_coord(cursorY, cursorX - myEscapeValue[0]);
+				break;
+			case 'D':	// move cursor right n columns
+				update_cursor_coord(cursorY, cursorX + myEscapeValue[0]);
+				break;
+			case 'H':
+			case 'f':	// move cursor to position (x,y) upper left is (1,1)
+				update_cursor_coord(myEscapeValue[1] - 1, myEscapeValue[0] - 1);
+				break;
+			case 'J':	// clear screen, home cursor
+				memsetw(myBuffer, 0x0720, myWidth * myHeight);
+				update_cursor_coord(0, 0);
+				break;
+			case 'K':	// erase line from cursor position (including char. under cursor) to end of line
+				memsetw(myBuffer + myCursorPosition, 0x0720, myWidth - cursorX);
+				break;
+			case 's':	// push cursor position on an internal stack
+				if (myCursorStackPosition < 16)
+					myCursorStack[myCursorStackPosition++] = myCursorPosition;
+				break;
+			case 'u':	// pop cursor position from stack
+				if (myCursorStackPosition > 0)
+					update_cursor(myCursorStack[--myCursorStackPosition]);
+				break;
+			case 'm':	// set text attributes
+				for (int evalEscapePosition = 0; evalEscapePosition <= myEscapePosition; evalEscapePosition++)
+				{
+					switch (myEscapeValue[evalEscapePosition])
+					{
+					case 0:
+						myForeground = 0x07;
+						myBackground = myConcealed = myReverse = myBlink = myBold = 0;
+						update_attribute();
+						break;
+					case 1:
+						myBold = 1;
+						update_attribute();
+						break;
+					case 5:
+						myBlink = 1;
+						update_attribute();
+						break;
+					case 7:
+						myReverse = 1;
+						update_attribute();
+						break;
+					case 30: case 31: case 32: case 33: case 34: case 35: case 36: case 37:
+						myForeground = ansi2vgaAttr[myEscapeValue[evalEscapePosition] - 30];
+						update_attribute();
+						break;
+					case 40: case 41: case 42: case 43: case 44: case 45: case 46: case 47:
+						myBackground = ansi2vgaAttr[myEscapeValue[evalEscapePosition] - 40];
+						update_attribute();
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				myEscapePosition = 0;
+				break;
+		}
+		memsetd(myEscapeValue, 0, 8);
+		myEscapePosition = 0;
+		myEscapeLevel = 0;
+		return 0;
+	case 1:
+		if (c == '[')
+			myEscapeLevel = 2;
+			break;
+		myEscapeLevel = 0;
+		return 0;	// invalid escape sequence
+	default:
+		if (c == '\e')
+		{
+			myEscapeLevel = 1;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		put_char(c);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+void	VConsole::put_char(int c)
+{
+	if (!myConcealed)
+	{
+		switch (c)
+		{
+		case '\t':
+			if (myCursorPosition % 8)
+				update_cursor(myCursorPosition + (8 - (myCursorPosition % 8)));
+			else
+				update_cursor(myCursorPosition + 8);
+			break;
+		case '\n':
+			if (myCursorPosition % myWidth)
+				update_cursor(myCursorPosition + (myWidth - (myCursorPosition % myWidth)));
+			else
+				update_cursor(myCursorPosition + myWidth);
+			break;
+		default:
+			myBuffer[myCursorPosition] = c | (myAttribute << 8);
+			update_cursor(myCursorPosition + 1);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void	VConsole::update_cursor_coord(int y, int x)
+{
+	if (y < 0)
+		y = 0;
+	else if (y >= myHeight)
+		y = myHeight - 1;
+	if (x < 0)
+		x = 0;
+	else if (x >= myWidth)
+		x = myWidth - 1;
+	update_cursor(myWidth * y + x);
+}
+
+void	VConsole::update_cursor(u16_t position)
+{
+	myCursorPosition = position;
+	if (position >= (myWidth * myHeight))	// time to scroll console
+	{
+		int i;
+		for (i = 0; i < myCursorStackPosition; i++)
+		{
+			myCursorStack[i] -= myWidth;
+			if (myCursorStack[i] < 0)
+				myCursorStack[i] = 0;
+		}
+		myCursorPosition -= myWidth;
+		memcpyw(myBuffer, myBuffer + myWidth, myWidth * (myHeight - 1));
+		memsetw(myBuffer + (myWidth * (myHeight - 1)), 0x0720, myWidth);
+	}
+	if (myActive)
+		writeCursorPosition(position);
+}
+
+void	VConsole::update_attribute()
+{
+	if (myReverse)
+		myAttribute = myBlink << 7 | myForeground << 4 | myBold << 3 | myBackground;
+	else
+		myAttribute = myBlink << 7 | myBackground << 4 | myBold << 3 | myForeground;
+}
+
+
--- a/kernel/char/vconsole.h
+++ b/kernel/char/vconsole.h
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// vconsole.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/02/04
+// Modified: 05/11/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_VCONSOLE__
+#define __HOS_VCONSOLE__ __HOS_VCONSOLE__
+
+#define VCONSOLE_MAX 12
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+void	vconsole_setup(int width, int height);
+int	vconsole_activate(u32_t id);
+int	vconsole_deactivate(u32_t id);
+
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+}
+
+#include "devices.h"
+
+class VConsoleDriver : public DeviceDriver
+{
+public:
+	~VConsoleDriver();
+	int char_write(minor_t minor, int c);
+};
+
+class VConsole
+{
+protected:
+	u16_t	*myBuffer;
+	u16_t	*myBuffer2;
+	u16_t	myWidth;
+	u16_t	myHeight;
+	u16_t	myCursorPosition;
+
+	short	myCursorStack[16];
+	u8_t	myCursorStackPosition;
+
+	u32_t	myEscapeValue[8];
+	u8_t	myEscapeLevel;
+	u8_t	myEscapePosition;
+
+	u8_t	myAttribute;
+	u8_t	myForeground;
+	u8_t	myBackground;
+	u8_t	myBold;
+	u8_t	myReverse;
+	u8_t	myBlink;
+	u8_t	myConcealed;
+
+	u8_t	myActive;
+
+public:
+	VConsole(int width, int height);
+	~VConsole();
+	int char_read();
+	int char_write(int c);
+	void put_char(int c);
+	void update_cursor(u16_t position);
+	void update_cursor_coord(int y, int x);
+	void update_attribute();
+	void activate();
+	void deactivate();
+};
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/devices.cpp
+++ b/kernel/devices.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// devices.cpp
+// Device subsystem for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/11/05
+// Modified: 05/11/05
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "char/misc_char.h"
+#include "char/vconsole.h"
+#include "block/ramdisk.h"
+
+DeviceDriver *drivers[256];
+
+int	devices_init()
+{
+	drivers[MAJOR_MISC_CHAR] = new MiscChar();
+	drivers[MAJOR_VCONSOLE] = new VConsoleDriver();
+	drivers[MAJOR_RAMDISK] = new Ramdisk();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	block_read(major_t major, minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer)
+{
+	if (drivers[major & 0xFF])
+		return drivers[major & 0xFF]->block_read(minor, blockStart, blocks, buffer);
+	return DEV_INVALID_DEVICE;
+}
+
+int	block_write(major_t major, minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer)
+{
+	if (drivers[major & 0xFF])
+		return drivers[major & 0xFF]->block_write(minor, blockStart, blocks, buffer);
+	return DEV_INVALID_DEVICE;
+}
+
+int	char_read(major_t major, minor_t minor)
+{
+	if (drivers[major & 0xFF])
+		return drivers[major & 0xFF]->char_read(minor);
+	return DEV_INVALID_DEVICE;
+}
+
+int	char_write(major_t major, minor_t minor, int c)
+{
+	if (drivers[major & 0xFF])
+		return drivers[major & 0xFF]->char_write(minor, c);
+	return DEV_INVALID_DEVICE;
+}
+
+DeviceDriver::DeviceDriver() {}
+DeviceDriver::~DeviceDriver() {}
+
+int DeviceDriver::char_read(minor_t minor)
+{ return DEV_INVALID_ACCESS; }
+
+int DeviceDriver::char_write(minor_t minor, int c)
+{ return DEV_INVALID_ACCESS; }
+
+int DeviceDriver::block_read(minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer)
+{ return DEV_INVALID_ACCESS; }
+
+int DeviceDriver::block_write(minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer)
+{ return DEV_INVALID_ACCESS; }
+
--- a/kernel/devices.h
+++ b/kernel/devices.h
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// devices.h
+// Device subsystem for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/11/05
+// Modified: 06/02/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_DEVICES_H__
+#define __HOS_DEVICES_H__ __HOS_DEVICES_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+#define DEV_INVALID_ACCESS -256
+#define DEV_INVALID_DEVICE -257
+#define DEV_EOF -1
+
+#define MAJOR_MISC_CHAR	1
+#define MAJOR_RAMDISK 2
+#define MAJOR_VCONSOLE	4
+
+#define BLOCK_SIZE 512
+#define BLOCK_SIZE_LOG 9
+
+#define	DEV_MAJOR(x) (((x) >> 8) & 0xFF)
+#define DEV_MINOR(x) ((x) & 0xFF)
+#define DEV(x,y) ((x) << 8 | (y))
+
+typedef short major_t;
+typedef short minor_t;
+typedef u32_t device_t;
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+int	devices_init();
+int	block_read(major_t major, minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer);
+int	block_write(major_t major, minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer);
+int	char_read(major_t major, minor_t minor);
+int	char_write(major_t major, minor_t minor, int c);
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+}
+
+class DeviceDriver
+{
+public:
+	DeviceDriver();
+	virtual ~DeviceDriver();
+	virtual int char_read(minor_t minor);
+	virtual int char_write(minor_t minor, int c);
+	virtual int block_read(minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer);
+	virtual int block_write(minor_t minor, u32_t blockStart, u32_t blocks, void *buffer);
+};
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/display/display.c
+++ b/kernel/display/display.c
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// display.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/07/04
+// Modified: 03/19/05
+
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "char/vconsole.h"
+#include "display.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "char/keyboard.h"
+#include "display/kout.h"
+
+extern real_mode_param_t rm_params;	// check if a video mode is activated
+int display_type;
+int display_activeConsole = -1;		// start with no active console
+
+
+// initialization routine for display subsystem
+int display_init()
+{
+	if (!rm_params.vid_addr)				// framebuffer mode
+	{
+		vconsole_setup(80, 25);
+		display_activate(KERNEL_MSG_CONSOLE);
+		display_type = DISPLAY_CONSOLE;
+	}
+	else
+		display_type = DISPLAY_GRAPHICAL;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// activate the given display
+int display_activate(u32_t id)
+{
+	if (id == display_activeConsole)
+		return 0;
+	if (display_type != DISPLAY_CONSOLE)
+		return -1;
+	if (id >= VCONSOLE_MAX)
+		return -2;
+	if (display_activeConsole >= 0)
+		vconsole_deactivate(display_activeConsole);
+	if (vconsole_activate(id))	// if true, didn't work to activate console
+	{
+		vconsole_activate(display_activeConsole);	// restore old one
+		return -3;
+	}
+	display_activeConsole = id;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void display_key_event(u32_t keyCode)
+{
+	if (display_type == DISPLAY_CONSOLE)
+	{
+		u32_t kbdScan = KBD_SCAN(keyCode);
+		if ( /* kbdFlags & KBDF_ALT && */ kbdScan >= 0x3B && kbdScan <= 0x44)	// switch displays F1-F10
+		{
+			display_activate(kbdScan - 0x3B);
+			return;
+		}
+		if ( /* kbdFlags & KBDF_ALT && */ kbdScan >= 0x57 && kbdScan <= 0x58)	// F11-F12
+		{
+			display_activate(kbdScan - 0x4D);
+			return;
+		}
+		if (KBD_ASCII(keyCode))
+			putc(KBD_ASCII(keyCode));
+	}
+	/* TODO: send key to process on active console
+	          or graphical control process */
+}
+
--- a/kernel/display/display.h
+++ b/kernel/display/display.h
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// display.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/07/04
+// Modified: 03/19/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_CONSOLE__
+#define __HOS_CONSOLE__ __HOS_CONSOLE__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+
+#define DISPLAY_CONSOLE	0
+#define DISPLAY_GRAPHICAL 1
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	int type;
+	minor_t id;
+} display_t;
+
+int display_init();
+int display_activate(u32_t id);
+
+void display_key_event(u32_t keyCode);
+
+#endif
+
+
--- a/kernel/display/kout.c
+++ b/kernel/display/kout.c
@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// kout.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/02/04
+// Modified: 11/02/05
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "kout.h"
+#include "lang/conv.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "char/misc_char.h"
+#include "functions.h"
+
+char	buffer[64];					// for hex/oct/dec/ascii conversion
+
+// print a character
+void	putc(int c)
+{
+#ifdef PARALLEL_DEBUG
+		outportb(0x37a, 0xc);
+		outportb(0x378, c);
+		outportb(0x37a, 0x1);
+		//	char_write(MAJOR_MISC_CHAR, MISC_CHAR_LP0, c);
+#endif
+	char_write(MAJOR_VCONSOLE, KERNEL_MSG_CONSOLE, c);
+}
+
+
+// print a formatted string
+void	kprintf(char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	u32_t *params = ((u32_t *)(&fmt)) + 1;		// points to the first paramater
+	int i;
+	int special = 0;
+	for (i = 0; ; i++)
+	{
+		if (special)
+		{
+			special = 0;
+			switch (fmt[i])
+			{
+			case 0:
+				return;
+			case '%':
+				putc('%');
+				break;
+			case 's': case 'S':
+				puts((char *)*params);
+				params++;
+				break;
+			case 'c': case 'C':
+				putc(*params);
+				params++;
+				break;
+			case 'd': case 'D': case 'i': case 'I':
+				putDec(*params);
+				params++;
+				break;
+			case 'u': case 'U':
+				putDecu(*params);
+				params++;
+				break;
+			case 'x': case 'X':
+				putHex(*params);
+				params++;
+				break;
+			case 'o': case 'O':
+				putOct(*params);
+				params++;
+				break;
+			case 'b': case 'B':
+				kio_putBCD(*params);
+				params++;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			switch (fmt[i])
+			{
+			case '%':
+				special = 1;
+				break;
+			case 0:
+				return;
+			default:
+				putc(fmt[i]);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+// This function prints a raw string
+void	puts(char *str)
+{
+	while (*str)
+	{
+		putc(*str++);
+	}
+}
+
+
+// This function prints a signed, decimal integer
+void	putDec(int num)
+{
+	itoa(num, buffer);
+	puts(buffer);
+}
+
+
+// This function prints an unsigned, decimal integer
+void	putDecu(u32_t num)
+{
+	utoa(num, buffer);
+	puts(buffer);
+}
+
+
+// This function displays a number in hexadecimal
+void	putHex(u32_t num)
+{
+	itox(num, buffer);
+	puts(buffer);
+}
+
+
+// This function displays a number in octal
+void	putOct(u32_t num)
+{
+	itoo(num, buffer);
+	puts(buffer);
+}
+
+
+// This function prints a two-digit binary-coded-decimal value
+void	kio_putBCD(u32_t bcd)
+{
+	bcdtoa(bcd, buffer);
+	
+}
+
--- a/kernel/display/kout.h
+++ b/kernel/display/kout.h
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// kout.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/02/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_KOUT__
+#define __HOS_KOUT__ __HOS_KOUT__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+void	kprintf(char *fmt, ...);
+void	putHex(u32_t number);
+void	kio_putBCD(u32_t bcd);
+void	putc(int c);
+void	puts(char *str);
+void	putDec(int num);
+void	putDecu(u32_t num);
+void	putOct(u32_t number);
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/display/vesafb.c
+++ b/kernel/display/vesafb.c
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// vesafb.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 03/19/05
+// Modified: 03/19/05
+
+#include "display/display.h"
+#include "display/vesafb.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+#include "hos_defines.h"	// BIOS_CHAR_MAP
+
+u16_t	*vmem16 = (u16_t *) VESAFB_VID_ADDR;
+u32_t	*vmem32 = (u32_t *) VESAFB_VID_ADDR;
+int	vesafb_bpp;
+int	vesafb_multiplier;
+int	vesafb_width;		// pixels
+int	vesafb_height;
+int	vesafb_xres;		// characters
+int	vesafb_yres;
+int	vesafb_cursor;		// -1 to hide, 0+ for cursor position
+
+int	vesafb_init(int width, int height, int bpp)
+{
+	switch(vesafb_bpp = bpp)
+	{
+	case 15: case 16:
+		vesafb_multiplier = 2;
+		break;
+	case 24:
+		vesafb_multiplier = 3;
+		break;
+	case 32:
+		vesafb_multiplier = 4;
+		break;
+	}
+	vesafb_width = width;
+	vesafb_height = height;
+	vesafb_xres = (width >> 3) & 0xFFF8;	// columns divisible by 8
+	vesafb_yres = height >> 3;
+	return vesafb_cursor = 0;
+}
+
+void	vesafb_clear()
+{
+	memset(vmem32, 0, vesafb_width * vesafb_height * vesafb_multiplier);
+	vesafb_update_cursor(0);
+}
+
+void	vesafb_update_cursor(int position)
+{
+	vesafb_draw_cursor(vesafb_cursor, 0);
+	vesafb_draw_cursor(vesafb_cursor = position, 1);
+}
+
+void	vesafb_draw_cursor(int position, int onoff)
+{
+	int x = (position % vesafb_xres) << 3;
+	int y = ( (position / vesafb_xres) << 3 ) + 7;
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < 7; i++)
+		vesafb_pset(x + i, y, onoff);
+}
+
+void	vesafb_pset(int x, int y, int onoff)
+{
+	switch (vesafb_bpp)
+	{
+	case 15: case 16:
+		*(vmem16 + vesafb_width*y + x) = (onoff ? 0xFFFF : 0);
+		break;
+	case 24:
+		*((u32_t *)(((u32_t)vmem32) + 3*vesafb_width*y + 3*x)) = (onoff ? 0x00FFFFFF : 0);
+		break;
+	case 32:
+		*(vmem32 + vesafb_width*y + x) = (onoff ? 0x00FFFFFF : 0);
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+int	vesafb_getWidth()
+{
+	return vesafb_xres;
+}
+
+int	vesafb_getHeight()
+{
+	return vesafb_yres;
+}
+
+void	vesafb_draw_char(int position, u16_t chr)
+{
+	int x = (position % vesafb_xres) << 3;
+	int y = (position / vesafb_xres) << 3;
+	int xi, yi;
+	u8_t *charMap = (u8_t *) ( BIOS_CHAR_MAP + ((chr & 0xFF) << 3) );
+	for (yi = 0; yi < 7; yi++)
+	{
+		for (xi = 0; xi < 7; xi++)
+			vesafb_pset(x + xi, y + yi, (*charMap & (0x80 >> xi)));
+		charMap++;
+	}
+}
+
+int	vesafb_draw(u16_t *buffer, int buff_len, int cursor_position)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < buff_len; i++)
+		vesafb_draw_char(i, *buffer++);
+	vesafb_update_cursor(cursor_position);
+	return 0;
+}
+
--- a/kernel/display/vesafb.h
+++ b/kernel/display/vesafb.h
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// vesafb.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 03/19/05
+// Modified: 03/19/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_VESAFB__
+#define __HOS_VESAFB__ __HOS_VESAFB__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+#define VESAFB_VID_ADDR 0xF0000000
+
+int	vesafb_init(int width, int height, int bpp);
+void	vesafb_clear();
+void	vesafb_update_cursor(int position);
+void	vesafb_draw_cursor(int position, int onoff);
+void	vesafb_pset(int x, int y, int onoff);
+int	vesafb_getWidth();
+int	vesafb_getHeight();
+void	vesafb_draw_char(int position, u16_t chr);
+int	vesafb_draw(u16_t *buffer, int buff_len, int cursor_position);
+
+#endif
+
+
--- a/kernel/fs/FileSystem.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/FileSystem.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// FileSystem.cpp
+// Virtual file system subsystem for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/21/05
+// Modified: 06/21/05
+
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "FileSystem.h"
+
+FileSystem::FileSystem() {}
+FileSystem::~FileSystem() {}
+u32_t	FileSystem::totalBlocks()		{return 0;}
+u32_t	FileSystem::freeBlocks()		{return 0;}
+u32_t	FileSystem::totalInodes()		{return 0;}
+u32_t	FileSystem::freeInodes()		{return 0;}
+u32_t	FileSystem::getRootInodeNumber()	{return 0;}
+
+OpenDirectory *FileSystem::openDirectory(u32_t inum, int mode)	{return NULL;}
+OpenFile *FileSystem::openFile(u32_t inum, int mode)		{return NULL;}
+int	FileSystem::stat(u32_t inum, vfs_stat_t *buf)		{return -1;}
+int	FileSystem::link_deref(u32_t inum, char *buf)		{return -1;}
--- a/kernel/fs/FileSystem.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/FileSystem.h
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// FileSystem.h
+// Virtual file system subsystem for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/21/05
+// Modified: 06/21/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_FILESYSTEM__
+#define __HOS_FILESYSTEM__ __HOS_FILESYSTEM__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "OpenDirectory.h"
+#include "OpenFile.h"
+
+class FileSystem
+{
+public:
+	FileSystem();
+	virtual ~FileSystem();
+
+	virtual u32_t	totalBlocks();		/* 512 byte blocks */
+	virtual u32_t	freeBlocks();
+
+	virtual u32_t	totalInodes();
+	virtual u32_t	freeInodes();
+
+	virtual u32_t	getRootInodeNumber();
+
+	virtual OpenDirectory	*openDirectory(u32_t inum, int mode);
+	virtual OpenFile	*openFile(u32_t inum, int mode);
+	virtual int	stat(u32_t inum, vfs_stat_t *buf);
+	virtual int	link_deref(u32_t inum, char *buf);
+};
+
+#endif
--- a/kernel/fs/OpenDirectory.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/OpenDirectory.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// OpenDirectory.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/19/05
+
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "OpenDirectory.h"
+#include "lang/string.h"
+
+OpenDirectory::OpenDirectory()				{}
+OpenDirectory::~OpenDirectory()				{}
+int	OpenDirectory::seek(int pos, int mode)		{ return -1; }
+int	OpenDirectory::read(vfs_dir_entry_t *ent)	{ return -1; }
+int	OpenDirectory::create(char *name, int mode, u32_t permissions, u32_t dev)
+	{ return -1; }
+int	OpenDirectory::unlink(char *name)		{ return -1; }
--- a/kernel/fs/OpenDirectory.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/OpenDirectory.h
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// OpenDirectory.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/19/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_OPENDIRECTORY_H__
+#define __HOS_OPENDIRECTORY_H__ __HOS_OPENDIRECTORY_H__
+
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "lang/string.h"
+
+class OpenDirectory
+{
+public:
+	OpenDirectory();
+	virtual ~OpenDirectory();
+	virtual int	seek(int pos, int mode);
+	virtual int	read(vfs_dir_entry_t *ent);
+	virtual int	create(char *name, int mode, u32_t permissions, u32_t dev);
+	virtual int	unlink(char *name);
+};
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/fs/OpenFile.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/OpenFile.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// OpenFile.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/19/05
+
+#include "OpenFile.h"
+
+OpenFile::OpenFile()					{}
+OpenFile::~OpenFile()					{}
+int	OpenFile::seek(int pos, int mode)		{ return -1; }
+int	OpenFile::read()				{ return -1; }
+int	OpenFile::read(void *buf, u32_t num)		{ return -1; }
+int	OpenFile::write(int chr)			{ return -1; }
+int	OpenFile::write(void *ptr, u32_t num)		{ return -1; }
--- a/kernel/fs/OpenFile.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/OpenFile.h
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// OpenFile.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/19/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_OPENFILE_H__
+#define __HOS_OPENFILE_H__ __HOS_OPENFILE_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+class OpenFile
+{
+public:
+	OpenFile();
+	virtual ~OpenFile();
+	virtual int	seek(int pos, int mode);
+	virtual int	read();
+	virtual int	read(void *buf, u32_t num);
+	virtual int	write(int chr);
+	virtual int	write(void *ptr, u32_t num);
+};
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/fs/VFSMount.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/VFSMount.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// VFSMount.cpp
+// Virtual file system subsystem for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/21/05
+// Modified: 06/21/05
+
+extern "C" {
+#include "display/kout.h"
+}
+
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "VFSMount.h"
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "lang/string.h"
+
+VFSMount::VFSMount(device_t dev, string fsType, FileSystem *fs,
+		string mountPoint,
+		inode_num_t mountInode, inode_num_t thisInode)
+{
+	myDev = dev;
+	myFSType = fsType;
+	myFS = fs;
+	myMountPoint = mountPoint;
+	myMountInode = mountInode;
+	myThisInode = thisInode;
+}
+
+VFSMount::~VFSMount()
+{
+	if (umount_safe())
+		kprintf("Filesystem uncleanly mounted from %s\n", myMountPoint.data());
+	delete myFS;
+}
+
+int	VFSMount::umount_safe()
+{
+	return 0;
+}
--- a/kernel/fs/VFSMount.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/VFSMount.h
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// VFSMount.h
+// Virtual file system subsystem for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/21/05
+// Modified: 06/21/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_VFSMOUNT__
+#define __HOS_VFSMOUNT__ __HOS_VFSMOUNT__
+
+#include "lang/string.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "FileSystem.h"
+
+class VFSMount
+{
+public:
+	device_t	myDev;
+	string		myFSType;
+	FileSystem	*myFS;
+	string		myMountPoint;
+	inode_num_t	myMountInode;
+	inode_num_t	myThisInode;
+
+	VFSMount(device_t dev, string fsType, FileSystem *fs,
+		string mountPoint,
+		inode_num_t mountInode, inode_num_t thisInode);
+	~VFSMount();
+	int	umount_safe();
+};
+
+#endif
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Ext2BlockCache.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/29/05
+// Modified: 12/29/05
+
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+#include "Ext2BlockCache.h"
+
+Ext2BlockCache::Ext2BlockCache(Ext2fs *fs, u32_t inum, ext2_inode_t *inode)
+{
+	myFS = fs;
+	myInum = inum;
+	myInodeDirty = 0;
+	myInode = inode;
+	myBlockSize = 1024 << fs->getSuper()->s_log_block_size;
+	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+	{
+		myCache[i] = new u8_t[myBlockSize];
+		myCacheAddress[i] = 0;
+		myCacheDirty[i] = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+Ext2BlockCache::~Ext2BlockCache()
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+	{
+		if (myCacheDirty[i])
+			myFS->writeBlock(myCacheAddress[i], myCache[i]);
+		delete[] myCache[i];
+	}
+	if (myInodeDirty)
+		myFS->writeInode(myInum, myInode);
+}
+
+int	Ext2BlockCache::readBlock(u32_t blockNum, void *buf)
+{
+	u32_t fsblock = getFSBlock(blockNum, 0);
+	if (fsblock == 0)
+		return -1;
+	return myFS->readBlock(fsblock, buf);
+}
+
+int	Ext2BlockCache::writeBlock(u32_t blockNum, void *buf)
+{
+	u32_t fsblock = getFSBlock(blockNum, 1);
+	if (fsblock == 0)
+		return -1;
+	return myFS->writeBlock(fsblock, buf);
+}
+
+void	Ext2BlockCache::setCache(u32_t level, u32_t fsblock)
+{
+	if (myCacheAddress[level] == fsblock)
+		return;
+	if (myCacheDirty[level])
+		myFS->writeBlock(myCacheAddress[level], myCache[level]);
+	myCacheAddress[level] = fsblock;
+	myCacheDirty[level] = 0;
+	myFS->readBlock(fsblock, myCache[level]);
+}
+
+u32_t	Ext2BlockCache::getFSBlock(u32_t blockNum, int create)
+{
+	if (blockNum < 12)				/* direct pointer */
+	{
+		if (create && myInode->i_block[blockNum] == 0)
+		{
+			myInode->i_block[blockNum] = myFS->allocBlock();
+			myInodeDirty = 1;
+		}
+		return myInode->i_block[blockNum];
+	}
+	blockNum -= 12;
+	if (blockNum < myBlockSize)			/* i_block[12] */
+	{
+		if (create && myInode->i_block[12] == 0)
+		{
+			myInode->i_block[12] = myFS->allocBlock();
+			myInodeDirty = 1;
+		}
+		setCache(0, myInode->i_block[12]);
+		/* blockNum indexes cache 0 */
+		if (create && myCache[0][blockNum] == 0)
+		{
+			myCache[0][blockNum] = myFS->allocBlock();
+			myCacheDirty[0] = 1;
+		}
+		return myCache[0][blockNum];
+	}
+	blockNum -= myBlockSize;
+	if (blockNum < (myBlockSize * myBlockSize))	/* i_block[13] */
+	{
+		if (create && myInode->i_block[13] == 0)
+		{
+			myInode->i_block[13] = myFS->allocBlock();
+			myInodeDirty = 1;
+		}
+		setCache(0, myInode->i_block[13]);
+		/* blockNum / myBlockSize indexes cache 0 */
+		if (create && myCache[0][blockNum / myBlockSize] == 0)
+		{
+			myCache[0][blockNum / myBlockSize] = myFS->allocBlock();
+			myCacheDirty[0] = 1;
+		}
+		setCache(1, myCache[0][blockNum / myBlockSize]);
+		/* blockNum % myBlockSize indexes cache 1 */
+		if (create && myCache[1][blockNum % myBlockSize] == 0)
+		{
+			myCache[1][blockNum % myBlockSize] = myFS->allocBlock();
+			myCacheDirty[1] = 1;
+		}
+		return myCache[1][blockNum % myBlockSize];
+	}
+	blockNum -= (myBlockSize * myBlockSize);	/* i_block[14] */
+	if (create && myInode->i_block[14] == 0)
+	{
+		myInode->i_block[14] = myFS->allocBlock();
+		myInodeDirty = 1;
+	}
+	setCache(0, myInode->i_block[14]);
+	/* blockNum / (myBlockSize^2) indexes cache 0 */
+	if (create && myCache[0][blockNum / (myBlockSize * myBlockSize)] == 0)
+	{
+		myCache[0][blockNum / (myBlockSize * myBlockSize)] = myFS->allocBlock();
+		myCacheDirty[0] = 1;
+	}
+	setCache(1, myCache[0][blockNum / (myBlockSize * myBlockSize)]);
+	/* blockNum / myBlockSize indexes cache 1 */
+	if (create && myCache[1][blockNum / myBlockSize] == 0)
+	{
+		myCache[1][blockNum / myBlockSize] = myFS->allocBlock();
+		myCacheDirty[1] = 1;
+	}
+	setCache(2, myCache[1][blockNum / myBlockSize]);
+	/* blockNum % myBlockSize indexes cache 2 */
+	if (create && myCache[2][blockNum % myBlockSize] == 0)
+	{
+		myCache[2][blockNum % myBlockSize] = myFS->allocBlock();
+		myCacheDirty[2] = 1;
+	}
+	return myCache[2][blockNum % myBlockSize];
+}
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2BlockCache.h
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Ext2BlockCache.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/29/05
+// Modified: 12/29/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_EXT2BLOCKCACHE_H__
+#define __HOS_EXT2BLOCKCACHE_H__ __HOS_EXT2BLOCKCACHE_H__
+
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+#include "ext2.h"
+
+class Ext2BlockCache
+{
+protected:
+	Ext2fs *myFS;
+	u32_t	myInum;
+	ext2_inode_t *myInode;
+	u32_t	myBlockSize;
+	u8_t *myCache[3];
+	u8_t myCacheAddress[3];
+	u8_t myCacheDirty[3];
+	u32_t	myInodeDirty;
+
+	void	setCache(u32_t level, u32_t fsblock);
+	u32_t	getFSBlock(u32_t block, int create);
+
+public:
+	Ext2BlockCache(Ext2fs *fs, u32_t inum, ext2_inode_t *inode);
+	~Ext2BlockCache();
+	int readBlock(u32_t blockNum, void *buf);
+	int writeBlock(u32_t blockNum, void *buf);
+};
+
+#endif
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+// Ext2OpenDirectory.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/26/05
+// Modified: 12/26/05
+
+extern "C" {
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+}
+
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+#include "Ext2OpenDirectory.h"
+#include "Ext2OpenFile.h"
+#include "ext2.h"
+
+Ext2OpenDirectory::Ext2OpenDirectory(Ext2fs *fs, u32_t inum, int mode)
+{
+	myPosition = 0;
+	myFS = fs;
+	myInum = inum;
+	myMode = mode;
+	myCache = new Ext2BlockCache(fs, inum, &myInode);
+	fs->readInode(inum, &myInode);
+	u32_t size = myInode.i_size;
+	u32_t logBlockSize = fs->getSuper()->s_log_block_size;
+	myBlockSize = 1024 << logBlockSize;
+	if (size % myBlockSize)
+		size += myBlockSize - (size % myBlockSize);
+	myBlocks = size >> (10 + logBlockSize);
+	myBuffer = new u8_t[size];
+	if ((mode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) == VFS_MODE_READ)
+		readDirectory();
+}
+
+/* destroy an open ext2 directory object */
+Ext2OpenDirectory::~Ext2OpenDirectory()
+{
+	delete myCache;
+	delete[] myBuffer;
+}
+
+void	Ext2OpenDirectory::readDirectory()
+{
+	/* read in the entire directory */
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < myBlocks; i++)
+		myCache->readBlock(i, myBuffer + i * myBlockSize);
+}
+
+/* seek absolute or relative, only positive direction */
+int	Ext2OpenDirectory::seek(int pos, int mode)
+{
+	if (mode == SEEK_ABSOLUTE)
+		myPosition = 0;
+	if (pos > 0)
+	{
+		while (myPosition < myInode.i_size)
+		{
+			ext2_dir_entry_t *de =
+				(ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + myPosition);
+			myPosition += de->length;
+			pos--;
+			if (pos < 1)
+				return 0;
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return -2;
+}
+
+/* read a directory entry from the directory */
+int	Ext2OpenDirectory::read(vfs_dir_entry_t *ent)
+{
+	if ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) != VFS_MODE_READ)
+		return -1;
+	if (myPosition >= myInode.i_size)
+		return EOF;
+	ext2_dir_entry_t *de = (ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + myPosition);
+	ent->inum = de->inode;
+	memcpy(ent->name, de->name, de->name_length);
+	ent->name[de->name_length] = 0;
+	myPosition += de->length;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	Ext2OpenDirectory::create(char *name, int mode, u32_t permissions, u32_t dev)
+{
+	if ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) != VFS_MODE_WRITE)
+		return -1;
+	readDirectory();
+	myPosition = 0;
+	u32_t name_length = strlen(name);
+	while (myPosition < myInode.i_size)
+	{
+		ext2_dir_entry_t *de =
+			(ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + myPosition);
+		if (name_length == de->name_length && !strncmp(name, de->name, name_length))
+			return -2;		/* entry already exists */
+		myPosition += de->length;
+	}
+	u32_t newInode = myFS->allocInode();
+	if (newInode == 0)
+		return -3;				/* no free inodes! */
+	/* initialize the inode */
+	ext2_inode_t in;
+	memset(&in, 0, sizeof(ext2_inode_t));
+	u32_t ext2_mode;
+	switch(mode)
+	{
+	case VFS_FT_DIR:	ext2_mode = EXT2_I_MODE_DIR;	break;
+	case VFS_FT_CHAR:	ext2_mode = EXT2_I_MODE_CHAR;
+		in.i_block[0] = dev;	break;
+	case VFS_FT_BLOCK:	ext2_mode = EXT2_I_MODE_BLOCK;
+		in.i_block[0] = dev;	break;
+	case VFS_FT_FIFO:	ext2_mode = EXT2_I_MODE_FIFO;	break;
+	case VFS_FT_SOCK:	ext2_mode = EXT2_I_MODE_SOCK;	break;
+	case VFS_FT_SYMLINK:	ext2_mode = EXT2_I_MODE_SYM;	break;
+	case VFS_FT_FILE:
+	default:		ext2_mode = EXT2_I_MODE_FILE;	break;
+	}
+	in.i_mode = ext2_mode | (permissions & EXT2_I_MODE_ATTR_MASK);
+	in.i_links_count = 1;
+	myFS->writeInode(newInode, &in);
+	if (mode == VFS_FT_DIR)
+	{
+		if (myFS->getSuper()->s_free_blocks_count < 3)
+			return -4;	/* out of space on device */
+		if (myFS->initializeDirectory(newInode, myInum))
+			return -5;	/* error initializing directory */
+		myInode.i_links_count++;
+		myFS->writeInode(myInum, &myInode);
+	}
+	u32_t entryLength = name_length + 8;
+	if (entryLength & 0x3)
+		entryLength = (entryLength + 4) & 0xFFFFFFFC; /* multiple of 4 bytes */
+	myPosition = 0;
+	for (;;)
+	{
+		ext2_dir_entry_t *de =
+			(ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + myPosition);
+		u32_t thisEntryLength = de->name_length + 8;
+		if (thisEntryLength & 0x3)
+			thisEntryLength = (thisEntryLength + 4) & 0xFFFFFFFC;
+		if (de->length - thisEntryLength >= entryLength)
+		{
+			/* There is room in this entry for the new one */
+			u32_t newLength = de->length - thisEntryLength;
+			de->length = thisEntryLength;
+			u32_t firstPosition = myPosition;
+			myPosition += de->length;
+			de = (ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + myPosition);
+			de->length = newLength;
+			de->name_length = name_length;
+			de->inode = newInode;
+			memcpy(de->name, name, name_length);
+			writeInclusiveRange(firstPosition,
+				myPosition + entryLength - 1);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if (myPosition + de->length >= myInode.i_size)
+		{
+			if (myFS->getSuper()->s_free_blocks_count < 2)
+			{
+				myFS->freeInode(newInode);
+				return -4;	/* out of space on device */
+			}
+			/* This is the last entry, we need to add a block */
+			myBlocks++;
+			u8_t *newBuffer = new u8_t[myBlockSize * myBlocks];
+			memcpy(newBuffer, myBuffer, myBlockSize * (myBlocks - 1));
+			delete[] myBuffer;
+			myBuffer = newBuffer;
+			de = (ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + myPosition);
+			u32_t thisEntryLength = de->name_length + 8;
+			if (thisEntryLength & 0x3)
+				thisEntryLength = (thisEntryLength + 4) & 0xFFFFFFFC;
+			u32_t leftovers = de->length - thisEntryLength;
+			de->length -= leftovers;
+			u32_t firstPosition = myPosition;
+			myPosition += thisEntryLength;
+			de = (ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + myPosition);
+			de->length = myBlockSize + leftovers;
+			de->name_length = name_length;
+			de->inode = newInode;
+			memcpy(de->name, name, name_length);
+			writeInclusiveRange(firstPosition,
+				myPosition + myBlockSize + leftovers - 1);
+			myInode.i_size += myBlockSize;
+			myFS->writeInode(myInum, &myInode);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		myPosition += de->length;
+	}
+	
+}
+
+void	Ext2OpenDirectory::writeInclusiveRange(u32_t first, u32_t last)
+{
+	u32_t firstBlock = first / myBlockSize;
+	u32_t lastBlock = last / myBlockSize;
+	for (u32_t i = firstBlock; i <= lastBlock; i++)
+		myCache->writeBlock(i, myBuffer + i * myBlockSize);
+}
+
+int	Ext2OpenDirectory::unlink(char *name)
+{
+	if ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) != VFS_MODE_WRITE)
+		return -1;
+	readDirectory();
+	myPosition = 0;
+	u32_t lastPosition = 0;
+	u32_t name_length = strlen(name);
+	while (myPosition < myInode.i_size)
+	{
+		ext2_dir_entry_t *de =
+			(ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + myPosition);
+		if (name_length == de->name_length && !strncmp(name, de->name, name_length))
+		{
+			ext2_inode_t inode;
+			myFS->readInode(de->inode, &inode);
+			if ((inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) == EXT2_I_MODE_DIR)
+			{
+				if (myFS->attemptRemoveDir(de->inode))
+					return -3;	/* can't unlink non-empty directory */
+			}
+			/* found entry to unlink
+			   add the space to entry at lastPosition */
+			myFS->unlink(de->inode);
+			ext2_dir_entry_t *lde =
+				(ext2_dir_entry_t *) (myBuffer + lastPosition);
+			lde->length += de->length;
+			writeInclusiveRange(lastPosition, lastPosition + 8);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		lastPosition = myPosition;
+		myPosition += de->length;
+	}
+	return -2;	/* entry not found */
+}
+
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2OpenDirectory.h
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Ext2OpenDirectory.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/26/05
+// Modified: 12/26/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_EXT2OPENDIRECTORY__
+#define __HOS_EXT2OPENDIRECTORY__ __HOS_EXT2OPENDIRECTORY__
+
+#include "ext2.h"
+#include "Ext2BlockCache.h"
+
+class Ext2OpenDirectory : public OpenDirectory
+{
+private:
+	u32_t	myPosition;
+	Ext2fs	*myFS;
+	int	myMode;
+	u32_t	myInum;
+	u8_t	*myBuffer;
+	u32_t	myBlocks;
+	u32_t	myBlockSize;
+	Ext2BlockCache *myCache;
+	ext2_inode_t myInode;
+
+	void	readDirectory();
+	void	writeInclusiveRange(u32_t first, u32_t last);
+
+public:
+	Ext2OpenDirectory(Ext2fs *fs, u32_t inum, int mode);
+	~Ext2OpenDirectory();
+	int	seek(int pos, int mode);
+	int	read(vfs_dir_entry_t *ent);
+	int	create(char *name, int mode, u32_t permissions, u32_t dev);
+	int	unlink(char *name);
+};
+
+#endif
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+// Ext2OpenFile.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/26/05
+// Modified: 12/26/05
+
+#include "Ext2OpenFile.h"
+
+extern "C" {
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+#include "functions.h"
+}
+
+lock_t	Ext2OpenFileListLock;
+vector<Ext2OpenFileHandle> *Ext2OpenFileList = NULL;
+
+/* make an Ext2OpenFile object
+ * maintain vector of open files for notifying when one is truncated
+ */
+Ext2OpenFile::Ext2OpenFile(Ext2fs *fs, u32_t inum, int mode)
+{
+	myMode = mode;
+	myFS = fs;
+	myInum = inum;
+	myBeenTruncated = 0;
+	myPosition = 0;
+	myBlockSize = 1024 << fs->getSuper()->s_log_block_size;
+	myBlockCache = new u8_t[myBlockSize];
+	myBlockCacheBlock = 0;
+	myBlockCacheStatus = 0;		/* 0: invalid; 1: valid; 2: dirty */
+	fs->readInode(inum, &myInode);
+	myCache = new Ext2BlockCache(fs, inum, &myInode);
+	lock(&Ext2OpenFileListLock);
+	if ((mode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) == VFS_MODE_WRITE)
+	{
+		if ((mode & VFS_MODE_WRITE_MASK) == VFS_MODE_TRUNCATE)
+		{
+			/* file opened for write/truncate
+			 * tell any open files that it's been truncated, then
+			 * tell ext2 filesystem to free its blocks
+			 */
+			u32_t size = Ext2OpenFileList->size();
+			for (u32_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
+			{
+				if ((*Ext2OpenFileList)[i].inode == inum)
+					(*Ext2OpenFileList)[i].ofile->notifyTruncated();
+			}
+			fs->truncateInode(inum);
+			fs->readInode(inum, &myInode);	/* re-read inode */
+		}
+		else
+			myPosition = myInode.i_size;
+	}
+	if (Ext2OpenFileList == NULL)
+		Ext2OpenFileList = new vector<Ext2OpenFileHandle>();
+	/* add ourselves to the list */
+	Ext2OpenFileHandle thisHandle = {inum, this};
+	Ext2OpenFileList->add(thisHandle);
+	unlock(&Ext2OpenFileListLock);
+}
+
+/* destroy an Ext2OpenFile object */
+Ext2OpenFile::~Ext2OpenFile()
+{
+	/* remove ourselves from the open file list */
+	lock(&Ext2OpenFileListLock);
+	u32_t size = Ext2OpenFileList->size();
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
+	{
+		if ((*Ext2OpenFileList)[i].ofile == this)
+		{
+			Ext2OpenFileList->remove(i);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	unlock(&Ext2OpenFileListLock);
+
+	/* write back any open caches if in write mode */
+	if ( !myBeenTruncated && ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) == VFS_MODE_WRITE) )
+	{
+		if (myBlockCacheStatus == 2)
+			myCache->writeBlock(myBlockCacheBlock, myBlockCache);
+		myFS->writeInode(myInum, &myInode);
+	}
+	/* free the memory we used */
+	delete myCache;
+	delete[] myBlockCache;
+}
+
+/* seek to a certain position in the file (only for reading) */
+int	Ext2OpenFile::seek(int pos, int mode)
+{
+	if ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) != VFS_MODE_READ)
+		return -1;
+	if (mode == SEEK_ABSOLUTE)
+	{
+		if (pos < 0)
+			return -2;
+		if ((u32_t)pos >= myInode.i_size)
+			return -3;
+		myPosition = pos;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	else if (mode == SEEK_RELATIVE)
+	{
+		if (myPosition + pos < 0)
+			return -2;
+		if (myPosition + pos >= myInode.i_size)
+			return -3;
+		myPosition += pos;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	else if (mode == SEEK_END)
+	{
+		if (myInode.i_size + pos < 0)
+			return -2;
+		if (myInode.i_size + pos >= myInode.i_size)
+			return -3;
+		myPosition = myInode.i_size + pos;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -4;
+}
+
+/* read a byte from the current file position, return error code/EOF */
+int	Ext2OpenFile::read()
+{
+	if ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) != VFS_MODE_READ)
+		return -1;
+	if (myBeenTruncated || myPosition >= myInode.i_size)
+		return EOF;
+	u32_t theBlock = myPosition / myBlockSize;
+	updateCache(theBlock);
+	return myBlockCache[myPosition++ % myBlockSize];
+}
+
+/* read num bytes from the current file position, put in buf
+ * return: number of bytes read (>=0) or error code (<0)
+ */
+int	Ext2OpenFile::read(void *buf, u32_t num)
+{
+	if ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) != VFS_MODE_READ)
+		return -1;
+	if (myBeenTruncated || myPosition >= myInode.i_size)
+		return EOF;
+	if (myPosition + num > myInode.i_size)
+		num = myInode.i_size - myPosition;
+	u32_t bytesRead = 0;
+	u32_t bytesIntoFirstBlock = myPosition % myBlockSize;
+	if (bytesIntoFirstBlock)
+	{
+		updateCache(myPosition / myBlockSize);
+		bytesRead = min(myBlockSize - bytesIntoFirstBlock, num);
+		memcpy(buf, myBlockCache + bytesIntoFirstBlock, bytesRead);
+		myPosition += bytesRead;
+	}
+	while (bytesRead < num)
+	{
+		updateCache(myPosition / myBlockSize);
+		u32_t bytesToRead = min(num - bytesRead, myBlockSize);
+		memcpy((u8_t *)buf + bytesRead, myBlockCache, bytesToRead);
+		bytesRead += bytesToRead;
+		myPosition += bytesToRead;
+	}
+	return bytesRead;
+}
+
+/* write a byte to the current file position */
+int	Ext2OpenFile::write(int chr)
+{
+	if ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) != VFS_MODE_WRITE)
+		return -1;
+	if (myBeenTruncated)
+		return EOF;
+	u32_t theBlock = myPosition / myBlockSize;
+	updateCache(theBlock);
+	myBlockCache[myPosition++ % myBlockSize] = chr;
+	myBlockCacheStatus = 2;
+	myInode.i_size++;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* write num bytes from buf to the current file position
+ * return: number of bytes written (>=0) or error code (<0)
+ */
+int	Ext2OpenFile::write(void *buf, u32_t num)
+{
+	if (myBeenTruncated)
+		return -1;
+	if ((myMode & VFS_MODE_RW_MASK) != VFS_MODE_WRITE)
+		return -2;
+	u32_t bytesIntoFirstBlock = myPosition % myBlockSize;
+	u32_t bytesWritten = 0;
+	if (bytesIntoFirstBlock)
+	{
+		updateCache(myPosition / myBlockSize);
+		bytesWritten = min(myBlockSize - bytesIntoFirstBlock, num);
+		memcpy(myBlockCache + bytesIntoFirstBlock, buf, bytesWritten);
+		myBlockCacheStatus = 2;
+		myPosition += bytesWritten;
+	}
+	while (bytesWritten < num)
+	{
+		updateCache(myPosition / myBlockSize);
+		u32_t bytesToWrite = min(num - bytesWritten, myBlockSize);
+		memcpy(myBlockCache, (u8_t *)buf + bytesWritten, bytesToWrite);
+		myBlockCacheStatus = 2;
+		bytesWritten += bytesToWrite;
+		myPosition += bytesToWrite;
+	}
+	myInode.i_size += bytesWritten;
+	return bytesWritten;
+}
+
+void	Ext2OpenFile::updateCache(u32_t blockNum)
+{
+	if (myBlockCacheStatus && myBlockCacheBlock == blockNum)
+		return;
+	if (myBlockCacheStatus == 2)
+		myCache->writeBlock(myBlockCacheBlock, myBlockCache);
+	myCache->readBlock(blockNum, myBlockCache);
+	myBlockCacheStatus = 1;
+	myBlockCacheBlock = blockNum;
+}
+
+void	Ext2OpenFile::notifyTruncated()
+{
+	myBeenTruncated = 1;
+}
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/Ext2OpenFile.h
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Ext2OpenFile.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/26/05
+// Modified: 12/26/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_EXT2OPENFILE__
+#define __HOS_EXT2OPENFILE__ __HOS_EXT2OPENFILE__
+
+#include "ext2.h"
+#include "fs/OpenFile.h"
+#include "Ext2BlockCache.h"
+
+class Ext2OpenFile : public OpenFile
+{
+protected:
+	Ext2fs	*myFS;
+	u32_t	myInum;
+	int	myMode;
+	int	myBeenTruncated;	/* set true when the file truncated */
+	u32_t	myPosition;
+	u32_t	myBlockSize;
+	Ext2BlockCache	*myCache;
+	ext2_inode_t	myInode;
+	u8_t	*myBlockCache;
+	u32_t	myBlockCacheBlock;
+	int	myBlockCacheStatus;	/* 0: invalid; 1: valid; 2: dirty */
+
+	void	updateCache(u32_t blockNum);
+
+public:
+	Ext2OpenFile(Ext2fs *fs, u32_t inum, int mode);
+	~Ext2OpenFile();
+	int	seek(int pos, int mode);
+	int	read();
+	int	read(void *buf, u32_t num);
+	int	write(int chr);
+	int	write(void *buf, u32_t num);
+	void	notifyTruncated();
+};
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t		inode;
+	Ext2OpenFile	*ofile;
+} Ext2OpenFileHandle;
+
+#endif
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+// ext2.cpp
+// ext2 filesystem driver for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/10/05
+// Modified: 05/10/05
+
+/* example ext2 filesystem block group structure containing superblock and group descriptors:
+ * block offset		description		#blocks
+ * ------------		-----------		-------
+ * 0	 		superblock		1
+ * 1	 		group descriptors	gd_blocks = ceil(ceil[s_blocks_count / s_blocks_per_group] / (1024 >> [5 - s_log_block_size]))
+ * gd_blocks+1		block bitmap block	1
+ * gd_blocks+2		inode bitmap block	1
+ * gd_blocks+3		inode table		itblocks = ceil[s_inodes_per_group / (1024 >> [7 - s_log_block_size])]
+ * gd_blocks+3+itblocks	data blocks		s_blocks_per_group - gd_blocks - itblocks - 3
+ */
+
+
+extern "C" {
+#include "display/kout.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+}
+
+#include "ext2.h"
+#include "Ext2OpenDirectory.h"
+#include "Ext2OpenFile.h"
+
+/* initialize the ext2 filesystem driver */
+int	ext2_init()
+{
+	vfs_register("ext2", ext2__mount_func);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* a function to mount an ext2 filesystem and return a pointer to it */
+FileSystem *ext2__mount_func(device_t dev)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super =
+		(ext2_super_block_t *) New(ext2_super_block_t);
+	if ( (block_read(DEV_MAJOR(dev), DEV_MINOR(dev), 2, 2, super) < 1024)
+	     || (super->s_magic != EXT2_MAGIC) )
+	{
+		kfree(super);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	Ext2fs *fs = new Ext2fs(super, dev);
+	kfree(super);
+	return fs;
+}
+
+/* constructor for an actual ext2 filesystem object */
+Ext2fs::Ext2fs(ext2_super_block_t *super, device_t dev)
+{
+	myDevice = dev;
+	memcpy(&mySuper, super, sizeof(ext2_super_block_t));
+	mySuperDirty = 0;
+	myNumGroups =		/* ceil[blocks_count / blocks_per_group] */
+		(mySuper.s_blocks_count + mySuper.s_blocks_per_group - 1)
+			/ mySuper.s_blocks_per_group;
+	myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock = 1024 >> (5 - mySuper.s_log_block_size);
+	myGroupDescriptorBlocks = /* ceil[num_groups / groupDescriptorsPerBlock] */
+		(myNumGroups + myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock - 1)
+			/ myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock;
+	myInodesPerBlock = 1024 >> (7 - mySuper.s_log_block_size);
+	myInodeTableBlocks =	/* ceil[inodes_per_group / inodePerBlock] */
+		(mySuper.s_inodes_per_group + myInodesPerBlock - 1)
+			/ myInodesPerBlock;
+
+	/* test/debug code */
+/*	kprintf("free blocks: %u\n", mySuper.s_free_blocks_count);
+	OpenDirectory *od = openDirectory(2, VFS_MODE_WRITE);
+	kprintf("TEST: %d\n", od->unlink("link"));
+	kprintf("TEST: %d\n", od->create("test", VFS_FT_FILE, 0640, 0));
+	kprintf("TEST: %d\n", od->create("Block File baby", VFS_FT_BLOCK, 0666, 5 << 8 | 3));
+	kprintf("TEST: %d\n", od->unlink("bin"));
+	kprintf("TEST: %d\n", od->create("Character-File", VFS_FT_CHAR, 0644, 130 << 8 | 42));
+	kprintf("free blocks: %u\n", mySuper.s_free_blocks_count);
+	kprintf("TEST: %d\n", od->create("a directory", VFS_FT_DIR, 0755, 0));
+	kprintf("free blocks: %u\n", mySuper.s_free_blocks_count);
+	delete od;
+*/
+}
+
+/* this destructor destroys an ext2 filesystem that was mounted */
+Ext2fs::~Ext2fs()
+{
+	if (mySuperDirty)
+		block_write(DEV_MAJOR(myDevice), DEV_MINOR(myDevice), 2, 2, &mySuper);
+}
+
+/* return the total number of 512-blocks on the filesystem */
+u32_t	Ext2fs::totalBlocks()
+{
+	return mySuper.s_blocks_count << (mySuper.s_log_block_size + 1);
+}
+
+/* return the number of free 512-blocks on the filesystem */
+u32_t	Ext2fs::freeBlocks()
+{
+	return mySuper.s_free_blocks_count << (mySuper.s_log_block_size + 1);
+}
+
+/* return the total number of inodes on the filesystem */
+u32_t	Ext2fs::totalInodes()
+{
+	return mySuper.s_inodes_count;
+}
+
+/* return the free number of inodes on the filesystem */
+u32_t	Ext2fs::freeInodes()
+{
+	return mySuper.s_free_inodes_count;
+}
+
+/* ext2 filesystems always have a root-directory inode number of 2 */
+u32_t	Ext2fs::getRootInodeNumber()
+{
+	return 2;
+}
+
+/* open a directory */
+OpenDirectory *Ext2fs::openDirectory(u32_t inum, int mode)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	readInode(inum, &inode);
+	if ((inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) == EXT2_I_MODE_DIR)
+		return new Ext2OpenDirectory(this, inum, mode);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/* open a file */
+OpenFile *Ext2fs::openFile(u32_t inum, int mode)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	readInode(inum, &inode);
+	if ((inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) == EXT2_I_MODE_FILE)
+		return new Ext2OpenFile(this, inum, mode);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/* stat an inode */
+int	Ext2fs::stat(u32_t inum, vfs_stat_t *buf)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	if (readInode(inum, &inode))
+		return -1;
+	buf->dev = 0;
+	switch(inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK)
+	{
+	case EXT2_I_MODE_FIFO:	buf->type = VFS_FT_FIFO;	break;
+	case EXT2_I_MODE_CHAR:	buf->type = VFS_FT_CHAR;
+				buf->dev = inode.i_block[0];	break;
+	case EXT2_I_MODE_DIR:	buf->type = VFS_FT_DIR;		break;
+	case EXT2_I_MODE_BLOCK:	buf->type = VFS_FT_BLOCK;
+				buf->dev = inode.i_block[0];	break;
+	case EXT2_I_MODE_FILE:	buf->type = VFS_FT_FILE;	break;
+	case EXT2_I_MODE_SYM:	buf->type = VFS_FT_SYMLINK;	break;
+	case EXT2_I_MODE_SOCK:	buf->type = VFS_FT_SOCK;	break;
+	default:		buf->type = VFS_FT_UNKNOWN;
+	}
+	buf->size = inode.i_size;
+	buf->inode = inum;
+	buf->permissions = inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_ATTR_MASK;
+	buf->uid = inode.i_uid;
+	buf->gid = inode.i_gid;
+	buf->atime = inode.i_atime;
+	buf->mtime = inode.i_mtime;
+	buf->ctime = inode.i_ctime;
+	buf->links = inode.i_links_count;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* dereference a symbolink link */
+int	Ext2fs::link_deref(u32_t inum, char *buf)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	if (readInode(inum, &inode))
+		return -1;			/* Couldn't read inode */
+	if ((inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) != EXT2_I_MODE_SYM)
+		return -2;
+	if (inode.i_size > VFS_MAX_PATH_LENGTH)
+		return -3;
+	if (inode.i_size < 61)
+	{
+		memcpy(buf, inode.i_block, inode.i_size);
+		buf[inode.i_size] = 0;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	char *block = new char[1024 << mySuper.s_log_block_size];
+	readBlock(inode.i_block[0], block);
+	memcpy(buf, block, inode.i_size);
+	buf[inode.i_size] = 0;
+	delete[] block;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*************************** internal functions ***************************/
+
+/* read an inode from the disk into memory */
+int	Ext2fs::readInode(u32_t inum, ext2_inode_t *buf)
+{
+	if (inodeStatus(inum) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	inum--;			/* turn inode number into a 0-based index */
+	u32_t group = inum / mySuper.s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t index = inum % mySuper.s_inodes_per_group;
+	ext2_group_desc_t group_desc;
+	readGroupDescriptor(group, &group_desc);
+	ext2_inode_t *inode_block = new ext2_inode_t[8 << mySuper.s_log_block_size];
+	readBlock(group_desc.bg_inode_table +
+		(index >> (3 + mySuper.s_log_block_size)), inode_block);
+	u32_t inode_block_index = index % (8 << mySuper.s_log_block_size);
+	memcpy(buf, inode_block + inode_block_index, sizeof(ext2_inode_t));
+	delete[] inode_block;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* write an inode from memory onto the disk */
+int	Ext2fs::writeInode(u32_t inum, ext2_inode_t *buf)
+{
+	if (inodeStatus(inum) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	inum--;			/* turn inode number into a 0-based index */
+	u32_t group = inum / mySuper.s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t index = inum % mySuper.s_inodes_per_group;
+	ext2_group_desc_t group_desc;
+	readGroupDescriptor(group, &group_desc);
+	ext2_inode_t *inode_block = new ext2_inode_t[8 << mySuper.s_log_block_size];
+	u32_t block_num = group_desc.bg_inode_table +
+		(index >> (3 + mySuper.s_log_block_size));
+	readBlock(block_num, inode_block);
+	u32_t inode_block_index = index % (8 << mySuper.s_log_block_size);
+	memcpy(inode_block + inode_block_index, buf, sizeof(ext2_inode_t));
+	writeBlock(block_num, inode_block);
+	delete[] inode_block;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* read the group descriptor for a given group number */
+int	Ext2fs::readGroupDescriptor(u32_t group, ext2_group_desc_t *buf)
+{
+	if (group >= myNumGroups)
+		return -1;
+	ext2_group_desc_t *gd_block =
+		new ext2_group_desc_t[myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock];
+	readBlock(mySuper.s_first_data_block + 1 +
+		(group / myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock), gd_block);
+	memcpy(buf, gd_block + (group % myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock),
+		sizeof(ext2_group_desc_t));
+	delete[] gd_block;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* write the group descriptor for a given group number */
+int	Ext2fs::writeGroupDescriptor(u32_t group, ext2_group_desc_t *buf)
+{
+	if (group >= myNumGroups)
+		return -1;
+	ext2_group_desc_t *gd_block =
+		new ext2_group_desc_t[myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock];
+	u32_t block_num = mySuper.s_first_data_block + 1 +
+		(group / myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock);
+	readBlock(block_num, gd_block);
+	memcpy(gd_block + (group % myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock), buf,
+		sizeof(ext2_group_desc_t));
+	writeBlock(block_num, gd_block);
+	delete[] gd_block;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* read a data block from the block device */
+int	Ext2fs::readBlock(u32_t blockNum, void *buf)
+{
+	return block_read(DEV_MAJOR(myDevice), DEV_MINOR(myDevice),
+		blockNum << (mySuper.s_log_block_size + 1),
+		2 << mySuper.s_log_block_size,
+		buf);
+}
+
+/* write a data block to the block device */
+int	Ext2fs::writeBlock(u32_t blockNum, void *buf)
+{
+	return block_write(DEV_MAJOR(myDevice), DEV_MINOR(myDevice),
+		blockNum << (mySuper.s_log_block_size + 1),
+		2 << mySuper.s_log_block_size,
+		buf);
+}
+
+/* check the status of an inode (1-based inode number)
+ * -1: invalid inode number
+ * 0: free inode
+ * 1: allocated (used) inode
+ */
+int	Ext2fs::inodeStatus(u32_t inum)
+{
+	if (inum < 1 || inum > mySuper.s_inodes_count)
+		return -1;			/* invalid inode number */
+	inum--;			/* turn inode number into a 0-based index */
+	u32_t group = inum / mySuper.s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t index = inum % mySuper.s_inodes_per_group;
+	ext2_group_desc_t group_desc;
+	readGroupDescriptor(group, &group_desc);
+	u8_t *bitmap_block = new u8_t[1024 << mySuper.s_log_block_size];
+	readBlock(group_desc.bg_inode_bitmap +
+		(index >> (13 + mySuper.s_log_block_size)), bitmap_block);
+	u32_t bitmap_index = index % (8192 << mySuper.s_log_block_size);
+	int inode_status = (bitmap_block[bitmap_index >> 3] >> (bitmap_index & 0x7)) & 1;
+	delete[] bitmap_block;
+	return inode_status;
+}
+
+/* check the status of a block
+ * -1: invalid block number
+ * 0: free block
+ * 1: allocated (used) block
+ */
+int	Ext2fs::blockStatus(u32_t bnum)
+{
+	if (bnum < mySuper.s_first_data_block)
+		return 1;
+	if (bnum >= mySuper.s_blocks_count)
+		return -1;			/* invalid inode number */
+	bnum -= mySuper.s_first_data_block;
+	u32_t group = bnum / mySuper.s_blocks_per_group;
+	u32_t index = bnum % mySuper.s_blocks_per_group;
+	ext2_group_desc_t group_desc;
+	readGroupDescriptor(group, &group_desc);
+	u8_t *bitmap_block = new u8_t[1024 << mySuper.s_log_block_size];
+	readBlock(group_desc.bg_block_bitmap +
+		(index >> (13 + mySuper.s_log_block_size)), bitmap_block);
+	u32_t bitmap_index = index % (8192 << mySuper.s_log_block_size);
+	int block_status = (bitmap_block[bitmap_index >> 3] >> (bitmap_index & 0x7)) & 1;
+	delete[] bitmap_block;
+	return block_status;
+}
+
+/* allocate an inode, return number (0 on failure) */
+u32_t	Ext2fs::allocInode()
+{
+	ext2_group_desc_t gd;
+	for (unsigned int bg = 0; bg < myNumGroups; bg++)
+	{
+		readGroupDescriptor(bg, &gd);
+		if (gd.bg_free_inodes_count)
+		{
+			u32_t index = allocFromBitmap(gd.bg_inode_bitmap,
+				mySuper.s_inodes_per_group);
+			if (index == 0xFFFFFFFF)
+				return 0;
+			gd.bg_free_inodes_count--;
+			writeGroupDescriptor(bg, &gd);
+			mySuper.s_free_inodes_count--;
+			mySuperDirty = 1;
+			return (bg * mySuper.s_inodes_per_group) + index + 1;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* allocate a block, return number (0 on failure) */
+u32_t	Ext2fs::allocBlock()
+{
+	ext2_group_desc_t gd;
+	for (unsigned int bg = 0; bg < myNumGroups; bg++)
+	{
+		readGroupDescriptor(bg, &gd);
+		if (gd.bg_free_blocks_count)
+		{
+			u32_t index = allocFromBitmap(gd.bg_block_bitmap,
+				mySuper.s_blocks_per_group);
+			if (index == 0xFFFFFFFF)
+				return 0;
+			gd.bg_free_blocks_count--;
+			writeGroupDescriptor(bg, &gd);
+			mySuper.s_free_blocks_count--;
+			mySuperDirty = 1;
+			return (bg * mySuper.s_blocks_per_group) + index +
+				mySuper.s_first_data_block;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* free an inode, return error code */
+int	Ext2fs::freeInode(u32_t inum)
+{
+	if (inum < 11 || inum > mySuper.s_inodes_count)
+		return -1;
+	if (inodeStatus(inum) != 1)
+		return -2;
+	inum--;					/* now 0-based */
+	ext2_group_desc_t gd;
+	u32_t group_num = inum / mySuper.s_inodes_per_group;
+	readGroupDescriptor(group_num, &gd);
+	freeFromBitmap(gd.bg_inode_bitmap, inum % mySuper.s_inodes_per_group);
+	gd.bg_free_inodes_count++;
+	mySuper.s_free_inodes_count++;
+	mySuperDirty = 1;
+	writeGroupDescriptor(group_num, &gd);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* free a block, return error code */
+int	Ext2fs::freeBlock(u32_t bnum)
+{
+	if (bnum < mySuper.s_first_data_block || bnum >= mySuper.s_blocks_count)
+		return -1;
+	if (blockStatus(bnum) != 1)
+		return -2;
+	bnum -= mySuper.s_first_data_block;		/* now 0-based */
+	ext2_group_desc_t gd;
+	u32_t group_num = bnum / mySuper.s_blocks_per_group;
+	readGroupDescriptor(group_num, &gd);
+	freeFromBitmap(gd.bg_block_bitmap, bnum % mySuper.s_blocks_per_group);
+	gd.bg_free_blocks_count++;
+	mySuper.s_free_blocks_count++;
+	mySuperDirty = 1;
+	writeGroupDescriptor(group_num, &gd);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* allocate a node from a bitmap, return the index, 0xFFFFFFFF on failure */
+u32_t	Ext2fs::allocFromBitmap(u32_t blockNum, u32_t maxBits)
+{
+	u8_t *block = new u8_t[1024 << mySuper.s_log_block_size];
+	u8_t *blockPtr = block;
+	u32_t maxBytes = (maxBits + 7) >> 3;
+	readBlock(blockNum, block);
+	for (u32_t idx = 0; idx < maxBytes; idx++)
+	{
+		if (*blockPtr != 0xFF)
+		{
+			for (u32_t bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++)
+			{
+				if ( !((*blockPtr) & (1 << bit)) )
+				{
+					u32_t nodeIndex = (idx << 3) + bit;
+					if (nodeIndex < maxBits)
+					{
+						*blockPtr |= (1 << bit);
+						writeBlock(blockNum, block);
+						return nodeIndex;
+					}
+					return 0xFFFFFFFF;
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+		blockPtr++;
+	}
+	delete[] block;
+	return 0xFFFFFFFF;
+}
+
+/* free a node from a bitmap */
+void	Ext2fs::freeFromBitmap(u32_t blockNum, u32_t node)
+{
+	u8_t *block = new u8_t[1024 << mySuper.s_log_block_size];
+	readBlock(blockNum, block);
+	u8_t *blockPtr = block + (node >> 3);
+	*blockPtr &= ((1 << (node & 0x7)) ^ 0xFF);
+	writeBlock(blockNum, block);
+	delete[] block;
+}
+
+/* unlink an inode:
+ * decrement i_links_count
+ * if it is zero, free the inode
+ * if not, write the inode back
+ */
+void	Ext2fs::unlink(u32_t inum)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	readInode(inum, &inode);
+	inode.i_links_count--;
+	if (inode.i_links_count)
+	{
+		writeInode(inum, &inode);
+		return;
+	}
+	truncateInode(inum);
+	freeInode(inum);
+}
+
+int	Ext2fs::attemptRemoveDir(u32_t inum)
+{
+	vfs_dir_entry_t dentry, dentry2;
+	OpenDirectory *od = openDirectory(inum, VFS_MODE_READ);
+	if (od->read(&dentry))
+	{
+		delete od;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (od->read(&dentry2))
+	{
+		delete od;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (!od->read(&dentry))
+	{
+		delete od;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	delete od;
+	unlink(dentry.inum);
+	unlink(dentry2.inum);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void	Ext2fs::truncateInode(u32_t inum)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	readInode(inum, &inode);
+	if ( ((inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) != EXT2_I_MODE_DIR) &&
+		((inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) != EXT2_I_MODE_FILE) )
+		return;
+	for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++)
+		if (inode.i_block[i])
+			freeBlock(inode.i_block[i]);
+	u32_t entriesPerBlock = 256 << mySuper.s_log_block_size;
+	u32_t *block = new u32_t[entriesPerBlock];
+	if (inode.i_block[12])
+	{
+		readBlock(inode.i_block[12], block);
+		for (u32_t i = 0; i < entriesPerBlock; i++)
+			if (block[i])
+				freeBlock(block[i]);
+		freeBlock(inode.i_block[12]);
+	}
+	if (inode.i_block[13])
+	{
+		readBlock(inode.i_block[13], block);
+		u32_t *block2 = new u32_t[entriesPerBlock];
+		for (u32_t i = 0; i < entriesPerBlock; i++)
+			if (block[i])
+			{
+				readBlock(block[i], block2);
+				for (u32_t j = 0; j < entriesPerBlock; j++)
+					if (block2[j])
+						freeBlock(block2[j]);
+				freeBlock(block[i]);
+			}
+		delete[] block2;
+		freeBlock(inode.i_block[13]);
+	}
+	if (inode.i_block[14])
+	{
+		readBlock(inode.i_block[14], block);
+		u32_t *block2 = new u32_t[entriesPerBlock];
+		u32_t *block3 = new u32_t[entriesPerBlock];
+		for (u32_t i = 0; i < entriesPerBlock; i++)
+			if (block[i])
+			{
+				readBlock(block[i], block2);
+				for (u32_t j = 0; j < entriesPerBlock; j++)
+					if (block2[j])
+					{
+						readBlock(block2[j], block3);
+						for (u32_t k = 0; k < entriesPerBlock; k++)
+							if (block3[k])
+								freeBlock(block3[k]);
+						freeBlock(block2[j]);
+					}
+				freeBlock(block[i]);
+			}
+		delete[] block2;
+		delete[] block3;
+		freeBlock(inode.i_block[14]);
+	}
+	delete[] block;
+	for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
+		inode.i_block[i] = 0;
+	inode.i_size = 0;
+	inode.i_blocks = 0;
+	writeInode(inum, &inode);
+}
+
+int	Ext2fs::initializeDirectory(u32_t inum, u32_t parent)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	readInode(inum, &inode);
+	if ( !(inode.i_block[0] = allocBlock()) )
+		return -1;
+	u8_t *buffer = new u8_t[1024 << mySuper.s_log_block_size];
+	ext2_dir_entry_t *de = (ext2_dir_entry_t *) buffer;
+	de->name_length = 1;
+	de->length = 12;
+	de->inode = inum;
+	memcpy(de->name, ".", 1);
+	de = (ext2_dir_entry_t *) (buffer + 12);
+	de->name_length = 2;
+	de->length = (1024 << mySuper.s_log_block_size) - 12;
+	de->inode = parent;
+	memcpy(de->name, "..", 2);
+	delete[] buffer;
+	return 0;
+}
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2.h
@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+// ext2.h
+// ext2 filesystem driver for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/10/05
+// Modified: 05/23/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_EXT2_H__
+#define __HOS_EXT2_H__ __HOS_EXT2_H__
+
+#define EXT2_MAGIC		0xEF53
+#define EXT2_NAME_LEN		255
+
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_ATTR_MASK	0x0FFF
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OX		0x0001
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OW		0x0002
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OR		0x0004
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GX		0x0008
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GW		0x0010
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GR		0x0020
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UX		0x0040
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UW		0x0080
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UR		0x0100
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_STICKY	0x0200
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SGID	0x0400
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SUID	0x0800
+
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK	0xF000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_FIFO	0x1000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_CHAR	0x2000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_DIR		0x4000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_BLOCK	0x6000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_FILE	0x8000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SYM		0xA000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SOCK	0xC000
+
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_SEC_DEL	0x01
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_UNDELETE	0x02
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_COMPRESS	0x04
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_SYNC	0x08
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_IMMUTABLE	0x10
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_APPEND	0x20
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_NODUMP	0x40
+
+/* ext2 standard inode numbers */
+#define EXT2_INODE_BAD_BLOCKS	1
+#define EXT2_INODE_ROOT		2
+#define EXT2_INODE_ACL_INDEX	3
+#define EXT2_INODE_ACL_DATA	4
+#define EXT2_INODE_BOOT_LOADER	5
+#define EXT2_INODE_UNDELETE_DIR	6
+#define EXT2_INODE_AVAIL	11
+
+/* The directory entry file type field values */
+#define EXT2_FT_UNKNOWN	0
+#define EXT2_FT_FILE	1
+#define EXT2_FT_DIR	2
+#define EXT2_FT_CHAR	3
+#define EXT2_FT_BLOCK	4
+#define EXT2_FT_FIFO	5
+#define EXT2_FT_SOCK	6
+#define EXT2_FT_SYMLINK	7
+#define EXT2_FT_MAX	8
+
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	s_inodes_count;		/* Inodes count */
+	u32_t	s_blocks_count;		/* Blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_r_blocks_count;	/* Reserved blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_free_blocks_count;	/* Free blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_free_inodes_count;	/* Free inodes count */
+	u32_t	s_first_data_block;	/* First Data Block */
+	u32_t	s_log_block_size;	/* Block size: 0->1024, 1->2048, 2->4096 */
+	int	s_log_frag_size;	/* Fragment size */
+	u32_t	s_blocks_per_group;	/* # Blocks per group */
+	u32_t	s_frags_per_group;	/* # Fragments per group */
+	u32_t	s_inodes_per_group;	/* # Inodes per group */
+	u32_t	s_mtime;		/* Mount time */
+	u32_t	s_wtime;		/* Write time */
+	u16_t	s_mnt_count;		/* Mount count */
+	short	s_max_mnt_count;	/* Maximal mount count */
+	u16_t	s_magic;		/* Magic signature */
+	u16_t	s_state;		/* File system state */
+	u16_t	s_errors;		/* Behaviour when detecting errors */
+	u16_t	s_minor_rev_level;	/* minor revision level */
+	u32_t	s_lastcheck;		/* time of last check */
+	u32_t	s_checkinterval;	/* max. time between checks */
+	u32_t	s_creator_os;		/* OS */
+	u32_t	s_rev_level;		/* Revision level */
+	u16_t	s_def_resuid;		/* Default uid for reserved blocks */
+	u16_t	s_def_resgid;		/* Default gid for reserved blocks */
+
+	u32_t	s_reserved[235];
+} ext2_super_block_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	bg_block_bitmap;	// Blocks bitmap block
+	u32_t	bg_inode_bitmap;	// Inode bitmap block
+	u32_t	bg_inode_table;		// Inode table block
+	u16_t	bg_free_blocks_count;	// Free blocks count
+	u16_t	bg_free_inodes_count;	// Free Inodes count
+	u16_t	bg_used_dirs_count;	// Directories count
+	u16_t	bg_pad1;
+	u32_t	bg_reserved[3];
+} ext2_group_desc_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u16_t	i_mode;			// File mode
+	u16_t	i_uid;			// Owner UID
+	u32_t	i_size;			// Size in bytes
+	u32_t	i_atime;		// Access time
+	u32_t	i_ctime;		// Creation time
+	u32_t	i_mtime;		// Modification time
+	u32_t	i_dtime;		// Deletion time
+	u16_t	i_gid;			// Group ID
+	u16_t	i_links_count;		// Links count
+	u32_t	i_blocks;		// Disk Blocks count (512)
+	u32_t	i_flags;		// File flags
+	u32_t	i_reserved1;
+	u32_t	i_block[15];		// Pointers to blocks (12 direct, single, double, triple indirect)
+	u32_t	i_version;		// File version (for NFS)
+	u32_t	i_file_acl;		// File ACL
+	u32_t	i_dir_acl;		// Directory ACL
+	u32_t	i_faddr;		// Fragment address
+	u8_t	i_frag;			// Fragment number
+	u8_t	i_fsize;		// Fragment size
+	u16_t	i_pad1;
+	u32_t	i_reserved2[2];
+} ext2_inode_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	inode;			// inode number
+	u16_t	length;			// directory entry length
+	u8_t	name_length;		// name length
+	u8_t	file_type;		// File type (used???)
+	char	name[EXT2_NAME_LEN];
+} ext2_dir_entry_t;
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+
+int	ext2_init();
+FileSystem *ext2__mount_func(device_t dev);
+
+class Ext2fs : public FileSystem
+{
+protected:
+/* my data members */
+	device_t	myDevice;
+	int		mySuperDirty;
+	ext2_super_block_t mySuper;
+	u32_t		myNumGroups;
+	u32_t		myGroupDescriptorBlocks;
+	u32_t		myInodeTableBlocks;
+	u32_t		myGroupDescriptorsPerBlock;
+	u32_t		myInodesPerBlock;
+
+/* my functions */
+	int	readGroupDescriptor(u32_t group, ext2_group_desc_t *buf);
+	int	writeGroupDescriptor(u32_t group, ext2_group_desc_t *buf);
+	int	inodeStatus(u32_t inum);
+	int	blockStatus(u32_t bnum);
+	u32_t	allocFromBitmap(u32_t blockNum, u32_t max);
+	void	freeFromBitmap(u32_t blockNum, u32_t node);
+
+public:
+	Ext2fs(ext2_super_block_t *super, device_t dev);
+	~Ext2fs();
+	u32_t	totalBlocks();
+	u32_t	freeBlocks();
+	u32_t	totalInodes();
+	u32_t	freeInodes();
+	u32_t	getRootInodeNumber();
+	OpenDirectory *openDirectory(u32_t inum, int mode);
+	OpenFile *openFile(u32_t inum, int mode);
+	int	stat(u32_t inum, vfs_stat_t *buf);
+	int	readBlock(u32_t blockNum, void *buf);
+	int	writeBlock(u32_t blockNum, void *buf);
+	int	link_deref(u32_t inum, char *buf);
+	int	readInode(u32_t inum, ext2_inode_t *buf);
+	int	writeInode(u32_t inum, ext2_inode_t *buf);
+	u32_t	allocInode();
+	u32_t	allocBlock();
+	int	freeInode(u32_t inum);
+	int	freeBlock(u32_t bnum);
+	void	unlink(u32_t inum);
+	int	attemptRemoveDir(u32_t inum);
+	void	truncateInode(u32_t inum);
+	int	initializeDirectory(u32_t inum, u32_t parent);
+
+	/* inlined functions */
+	inline u32_t numGroups() { return myNumGroups; }
+	inline u32_t groupDescriptorBlocks() { return myGroupDescriptorBlocks; }
+	inline u32_t inodeTableBlocks() { return myInodeTableBlocks; }
+	inline ext2_super_block_t *getSuper() { return &mySuper; }
+};
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2_old.c
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2_old.c
@ -0,0 +1,762 @@
+// ext2.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/22/04
+// Modified: 12/24/04
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "fs/devices.h"
+#include "display/kout.h"
+#include "ext2.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+#include "functions.h"
+
+/* Turning an inode number into a (group, inode_index) pair:
+ * group = (inode - 1) / s_inodes_per_group
+ * index = (inode - 1) % s_inodes_per_group
+ */
+
+vfs_fs_t ext2_driver = {ext2_mount_super,	ext2_umount_super,	ext2_stat,
+			ext2__get_root_dir_inode, ext2__link_deref,
+			ext2__free_inodes,	ext2__total_inodes,
+			ext2__free_blocks,	ext2__total_blocks,
+			ext2_alloc_inode,	ext2_free_inode,	ext2_alloc_block,	ext2_free_block,
+			ext2__open_dir,		ext2__read_dir,		ext2__close_dir,
+			ext2__open_file,	ext2__read_file,	ext2__close_file,
+			ext2__open_block_file,	ext2__read_block_file,	ext2__block_file_seek,	ext2__close_block_file};
+
+// initialize the filesystem driver
+int	ext2_init(int fsID)
+{
+	vfs_fs_t *fs;
+	if (( fs = New(vfs_fs_t) ))			// give the VFS our FS structure
+	{
+		*fs = ext2_driver;
+		vfs_register_fs(fsID, fs);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+
+// lookup a file name in a directory and store the directory entry for it
+int	ext2_dir_lookup(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t dir_inode, char *fileName, ext2_dir_entry_t *direntry)
+{
+	ext2_open_dir_t *dir = ext2_open_dir(mount, dir_inode);
+	if (!dir)
+		return -1;			// bad directory inode number
+	ext2_dir_entry_t dentry;
+	while (!ext2_dir_read_entry(mount, dir, &dentry))
+	{
+		char *dentryName = kcalloc(1, dentry.name_length + 1);
+		memcpy(dentryName, dentry.name, dentry.name_length);
+		int res = strcmp(fileName, dentryName);
+		kfree(dentryName);
+		if (!res)
+		{
+			*direntry = dentry;
+			ext2_close_dir(mount, dir);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+	ext2_close_dir(mount, dir);
+	return -2;
+}
+
+// open a directory by inode number for reading
+ext2_open_dir_t *ext2_open_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number)
+{
+	ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir = New(ext2_open_dir_t);
+	ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode = ext2_open_inode(mount, inode_number);
+	if (!open_inode)
+	{
+		kfree(open_dir);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if ((open_inode->inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) != EXT2_I_MODE_DIR)
+	{
+		ext2_close_inode(mount, open_inode);
+		kfree(open_dir);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	open_dir->open_inode = open_inode;
+	open_dir->position = 0;
+	return open_dir;
+}
+
+int	ext2_dir_read_entry(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir, ext2_dir_entry_t *dentry)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (open_dir->position >= open_dir->open_inode->inode.i_size)
+		return -1;		// EOF
+	u32_t dir_block = open_dir->position >> (10 + super->s_log_block_size);
+	char *block = kmalloc(2048 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	ext2_inode_seek(mount, open_dir->open_inode, dir_block);
+	if (ext2_read_inode_block(mount, open_dir->open_inode, block))
+		ext2_read_inode_block(mount, open_dir->open_inode, block + (1024 << super->s_log_block_size));
+	ext2_dir_entry_t *dir_entry = (ext2_dir_entry_t *)(block + open_dir->position % (1024 << super->s_log_block_size));
+	if (!dir_entry->inode)
+	{
+		kfree(block);
+		return -2;		// EOF
+	}
+	memcpy(dentry, dir_entry, min(dir_entry->length, sizeof(ext2_dir_entry_t)));
+	open_dir->position += dir_entry->length;
+	kfree(block);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	ext2_close_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir)
+{
+	ext2_close_inode(mount, open_dir->open_inode);
+	kfree(open_dir);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// open an inode for reading
+ext2_open_inode_t *ext2_open_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number)
+{
+	ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode = New(ext2_open_inode_t);
+	if ( ext2_read_inode(mount, inode_number, &(open_inode->inode)) )
+	{
+		kfree(open_inode);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	open_inode->block = 0;
+	open_inode->block_pointers = NULL;
+	open_inode->block_pointers_start = 0;
+	mount->refs++;
+	return open_inode;
+}
+
+
+// seek to a certain block of an open inode
+int	ext2_inode_seek(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode, u32_t block_number)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (open_inode->inode.i_size <= (block_number << (10 + super->s_log_block_size)))
+		return -1;	// at or past EOF
+	open_inode->block = block_number;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// returns number of bytes read
+int	ext2_read_inode_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode, void *block)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (open_inode->inode.i_size <= (open_inode->block << (10 + super->s_log_block_size)))
+		return 0;	// at or past EOF
+	u32_t	leftover_bytes = open_inode->inode.i_size - (open_inode->block << (10 + super->s_log_block_size));
+	u32_t	block_number = ext2_block_number(mount, open_inode);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_number, super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, block);
+	open_inode->block++;
+	return min(leftover_bytes, 1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+}
+
+
+// close an open inode
+int	ext2_close_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode)
+{
+	mount->refs--;
+	if (open_inode->block_pointers)
+		kfree(open_inode->block_pointers);		// free the block pointers cache
+	kfree(open_inode);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// check the status of an inode (1-based inode number)
+// -1: invalid inode number
+// 0: free inode
+// 1: allocated inode
+int	ext2_inode_status(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (inode_number < 1 || inode_number > super->s_inodes_count)	// inode number invalid
+		return -1;
+	inode_number--;				// turn inode_number into a 0-based index
+	u32_t group = inode_number / super->s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t index = inode_number % super->s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t inode_bitmap_block = ext2_get_group_desc(mount, group).bg_inode_bitmap + (index >> (13 + super->s_log_block_size));
+	u32_t bitmap_index = index % (8192 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	u8_t *inode_bitmap = kmalloc(1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor,
+		ext2_FSToDiskBlock(inode_bitmap_block, super), 2 << super->s_log_block_size, inode_bitmap);
+	int inode_status = (inode_bitmap[bitmap_index >> 3] >> (bitmap_index & 0x7)) & 1;
+	kfree(inode_bitmap);
+	return inode_status;
+}
+
+
+// check the status of a block
+// -1: invalid block number
+// 0: free block
+// 1: allocated block
+int	ext2_block_status(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (block_number < super->s_first_data_block || block_number > super->s_blocks_count)	// block number invalid
+		return -1;
+	block_number -= super->s_first_data_block;
+	u32_t group = block_number / super->s_blocks_per_group;
+	u32_t index = block_number % super->s_blocks_per_group;
+	u32_t block_bitmap_block = ext2_get_group_desc(mount, group).bg_block_bitmap + (index >> (13 + super->s_log_block_size));
+	u32_t bitmap_index = index % (8192 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	u8_t *block_bitmap = kmalloc(1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor,
+		ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_bitmap_block, super), 2 << super->s_log_block_size, block_bitmap);
+	int block_status = (block_bitmap[bitmap_index >> 3] >> (bitmap_index & 0x7)) & 1;
+	kfree(block_bitmap);
+	return block_status;
+}
+
+
+// transform open_inode->block (a relative block number) to an absolute block number for the filesystem
+u32_t	ext2_block_number(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode)
+{
+	if (open_inode->block < 12)
+		return open_inode->inode.i_block[open_inode->block];
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	int pointersPerBlock = 256 << super->s_log_block_size;
+	if (open_inode->block_pointers &&			// there is a block pointers cache block allocated
+		(open_inode->block >= open_inode->block_pointers_start) &&	// and the block number is in it
+		(open_inode->block < (open_inode->block_pointers_start + pointersPerBlock)))
+		return open_inode->block_pointers[open_inode->block - open_inode->block_pointers_start];
+	u32_t	rel_block = open_inode->block - 12;
+	if (!open_inode->block_pointers)
+		open_inode->block_pointers = kmalloc(pointersPerBlock << 2);
+	if (rel_block < pointersPerBlock)			// indirect block in i_block[12]
+	{
+		block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(open_inode->inode.i_block[12], super),
+			2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+		open_inode->block_pointers_start = 12;
+		return open_inode->block_pointers[rel_block];
+	}
+	rel_block -= pointersPerBlock;
+	if (rel_block < (pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock))	// double-indirect block in i_block[13]
+	{
+		block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(open_inode->inode.i_block[13], super),
+			2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+		u32_t	real_block = open_inode->block_pointers[rel_block / pointersPerBlock];
+		block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(real_block, super),
+			2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+		open_inode->block_pointers_start = 12 + pointersPerBlock + rel_block - (rel_block % pointersPerBlock);
+		return open_inode->block_pointers[rel_block % pointersPerBlock];
+	}
+	// this code shouldn't run unless we are dealing with a 65+mb file ...
+	rel_block -= pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock;
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(open_inode->inode.i_block[14], super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+	u32_t	index_1 = rel_block / (pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock);
+	u32_t	leftover_1 = rel_block % (pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock);
+	u32_t	block_1 = open_inode->block_pointers[index_1];
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_1, super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+	u32_t	index_2 = leftover_1 / pointersPerBlock;
+	u32_t	leftover_2 = leftover_1 % pointersPerBlock;
+	u32_t	block_2 = open_inode->block_pointers[index_2];
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_2, super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+	open_inode->block_pointers_start = 12 + (pointersPerBlock + 1) * pointersPerBlock + rel_block - (rel_block % pointersPerBlock);
+	return open_inode->block_pointers[leftover_2];
+}
+
+
+// read the inode structure from the device
+int	ext2_read_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode, ext2_inode_t *dat)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode) != 1)
+		return -1;			// free or invalid inode number
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	inode--;				// turn inode into a 0-based index
+	u32_t group = inode / super->s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t index = inode % super->s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t inodeAddr = (ext2_get_group_desc(mount, group).bg_inode_table <<
+			 (10 + super->s_log_block_size)) + (index << 7);
+	void *block = kmalloc(512);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, inodeAddr >> 9, 1, block);
+	memcpy(dat, (block + (inodeAddr & 0x1FF)), sizeof(ext2_inode_t));
+	kfree(block);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// write an inode structure to the device
+int	ext2_write_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode, ext2_inode_t *dat)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode) != 1)
+		return -1;			// free or invalid inode number
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	inode--;				// turn inode into a 0-based index
+	u32_t group = inode / super->s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t index = inode % super->s_inodes_per_group;
+	u32_t inodeAddr = (ext2_get_group_desc(mount, group).bg_inode_table <<
+			 (10 + super->s_log_block_size)) + (index << 7);
+	void *block = kmalloc(512);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, inodeAddr >> 9, 1, block);
+	memcpy( (block + (inodeAddr & 0x1FF)), dat, sizeof(ext2_inode_t));
+	block_write(mount->major, mount->minor, inodeAddr >> 9, 1, block);
+	kfree(block);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// read the group descriptor structure from the device and return it
+ext2_group_desc_t	ext2_get_group_desc(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t group)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	u32_t groupDescAddr = ((1 + super->s_first_data_block) << (10 + super->s_log_block_size)) + (group << 5);
+	void *block = kmalloc(512);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, groupDescAddr >> 9, 1, block);
+	ext2_group_desc_t gd = *(ext2_group_desc_t *)(block + (groupDescAddr & 0x1FF));
+	kfree(block);
+	return gd;
+}
+
+// write the group descriptor structure to the device
+void	ext2_write_group_desc(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t group_num, ext2_group_desc_t *gd)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	u32_t groupDescAddr = ((1 + super->s_first_data_block) << (10 + super->s_log_block_size)) + (group_num << 5);
+	void *block = kmalloc(512);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, groupDescAddr >> 9, 1, block);
+	memcpy( (block + (groupDescAddr & 0x1FF)), gd, sizeof(ext2_group_desc_t) );
+	block_write(mount->major, mount->minor, groupDescAddr >> 9, 1, block);
+	kfree(block);
+}
+
+// allocate an inode and return its number
+u32_t	ext2_alloc_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (!super->s_free_inodes_count)
+		return 0;		// no free inodes
+	int bg, bg_max = ext2_num_block_groups(super);
+	for (bg = 0; bg < bg_max; bg++)
+	{
+		ext2_group_desc_t group_desc = ext2_get_group_desc(mount, bg);
+		if (group_desc.bg_free_inodes_count)
+		{
+			u32_t node = ext2_reserve_node(mount, group_desc.bg_inode_bitmap, super->s_inodes_per_group);
+			group_desc.bg_free_inodes_count--;
+			ext2_write_group_desc(mount, bg, &group_desc);
+			super->s_free_inodes_count--;
+			return bg * super->s_inodes_per_group + node + 1;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	ext2_free_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (inode_number < 11 || inode_number > super->s_inodes_count)
+		return -1;	// invalid inode number
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode_number) != 1)
+		return -2;	// inode not allocated
+	inode_number--;		// now a 0-based inode number
+	int bg = inode_number / super->s_inodes_per_group;
+	ext2_group_desc_t group_desc = ext2_get_group_desc(mount, bg);
+	ext2_free_node(mount, group_desc.bg_inode_bitmap, inode_number % super->s_inodes_per_group);
+	group_desc.bg_free_inodes_count++;
+	ext2_write_group_desc(mount, bg, &group_desc);
+	super->s_free_inodes_count++;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// allocate a block and return its number
+u32_t	ext2_alloc_block(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (!super->s_free_blocks_count)
+		return 0;		// no free blocks
+	int bg, bg_max = ext2_num_block_groups(super);
+	for (bg = 0; bg < bg_max; bg++)
+	{
+		ext2_group_desc_t group_desc = ext2_get_group_desc(mount, bg);
+		if (group_desc.bg_free_blocks_count)
+		{
+			u32_t node = ext2_reserve_node(mount, group_desc.bg_block_bitmap, super->s_blocks_per_group);
+			group_desc.bg_free_blocks_count--;
+			ext2_write_group_desc(mount, bg, &group_desc);
+			super->s_free_blocks_count--;
+			return bg * super->s_blocks_per_group + node + super->s_first_data_block;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	ext2_free_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (block_number < super->s_first_data_block || block_number > (super->s_blocks_count + super->s_first_data_block - 1))
+		return -1;	// invalid block number
+	if (ext2_block_status(mount, block_number) != 1)
+		return -2;	// block not allocated
+	block_number -= super->s_first_data_block;	// now a 0-based block number
+	int bg = block_number / super->s_blocks_per_group;
+	ext2_group_desc_t group_desc = ext2_get_group_desc(mount, bg);
+	ext2_free_node(mount, group_desc.bg_block_bitmap, block_number % super->s_blocks_per_group);
+	group_desc.bg_free_blocks_count++;
+	ext2_write_group_desc(mount, bg, &group_desc);
+	super->s_free_blocks_count++;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	ext2_resize_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, u32_t new_size)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	if ( ext2_read_inode(mount, inode_number, &inode) )
+		return -1;
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	int current_blocks = (inode.i_size + (1024 << super->s_log_block_size) - 1) >> (10 + super->s_log_block_size);
+	int new_blocks = (new_size + (1024 << super->s_log_block_size) - 1) >> (10 + super->s_log_block_size);
+	if ( new_blocks == current_blocks )
+		return 0;
+
+	// TODO: resize
+	u32_t	block_size = 1024 << super->s_log_block_size;
+	u32_t	pointers_per_block = block_size >> 2;
+	u32_t	*pointer_cache1 = kmalloc(3 * block_size);
+	u32_t	*pointer_cache2 = pointer_cache1 + pointers_per_block;
+	u32_t	*pointer_cache3 = pointer_cache2 + pointers_per_block;
+	u32_t	c1_start, c2_start, c3_start;
+	c1_start = c2_start = c3_start = 0;
+	while (new_blocks < current_blocks)	// delete, decrease current_blocks
+	{
+		current_blocks--;
+		// now delete block number current_blocks
+		
+	}
+
+	while (current_blocks < new_blocks)	// add, increase current_blocks
+	{
+	}
+}
+
+// reserve a node of a inode or block bitmap and mark its entry allocated
+u32_t	ext2_reserve_node(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t bitmap_block_num, u32_t bitmap_size)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	u32_t *bitmap = kmalloc(1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	int block, max_block = (bitmap_size - 1) / (8192 << super->s_log_block_size) + 1;
+	for (block = 0; block < max_block; block++)
+	{
+		block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(bitmap_block_num + block, super),
+			2 << super->s_log_block_size, bitmap);
+		int num, num_max = 256 << super->s_log_block_size;
+		u32_t *block_pointer = bitmap;
+		int done = 0;
+		for (num = 0; num < num_max && !done; num++)
+		{
+			if (*block_pointer != 0xFFFFFFFF)
+			{
+				done = 1;
+				int bit;
+				for (bit = 0; bit < 32; bit++)
+				{
+					if (!(*block_pointer & (1 << bit)))
+					{
+						u32_t node_number = (block * 8192 << super->s_log_block_size) + (num << 5) + bit;
+						if (node_number < bitmap_size)
+						{
+							// found a node, mark it allocated, write the bitmap, return
+							*block_pointer |= (1 << bit);
+							block_write(mount->major, mount->minor,
+								ext2_FSToDiskBlock(bitmap_block_num + block, super),
+								2 << super->s_log_block_size, bitmap);
+							kfree(bitmap);
+							return node_number;
+						}
+						kfree(bitmap);
+						return 0;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			block_pointer++;
+		}
+	}
+	kfree(bitmap);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	ext2_free_node(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t bitmap_block_num, u32_t node_number)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	u32_t block_num = node_number >> (13 + super->s_log_block_size);
+	byte *block = kmalloc(1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(bitmap_block_num + block_num, super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, block);
+	u32_t node_bit_offset = node_number % (8192 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	u32_t node_byte_offset = node_bit_offset >> 3;
+	block[node_byte_offset] &= (0xFF ^ (1 << (node_bit_offset & 0x7)));
+	block_write(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(bitmap_block_num + block_num, super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, block);
+	kfree(block);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// return how many block groups are on the filesystem
+int	ext2_num_block_groups(ext2_super_block_t *super)
+{
+	return (super->s_inodes_count / super->s_inodes_per_group) + 1;
+}
+
+void	ext2_write_super(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	block_write(mount->major, mount->minor, 2, 2, mount->super);
+}
+
+
+/***************** VFS INTERFACE FUNCTIONS *******************/
+
+
+// mount the superblock of the filesystem and return a pointer to it, if valid
+void	*ext2_mount_super(major_t major, minor_t minor)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = kmalloc(1024);
+	block_read(major, minor, 2, 2, super);
+	if (super->s_magic != EXT2_MAGIC)			// not an ext2 filesystem
+	{
+		kfree(super);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	return super;
+}
+
+
+// called when we are unmounting this filesystem mount
+int	ext2_umount_super(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	ext2_write_super(mount);
+	return kfree(mount->super);			// free memory that the superblock was taking
+}
+
+
+// stat a file, return a structure of info about it
+int	ext2_stat(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_stat_t *stat)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode_number) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	ext2_inode_t *inode = New(ext2_inode_t);
+	if ( ext2_read_inode(mount, inode_number, inode) )
+	{
+		kfree(inode);
+		return -2;
+	}
+
+	stat->dev = 0;
+	switch(inode->i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK)
+	{
+		case EXT2_I_MODE_FIFO:	stat->type = VFS_FT_FIFO;	break;
+		case EXT2_I_MODE_CHAR:	stat->type = VFS_FT_CHAR;	stat->dev = inode->i_block[0];	break;
+		case EXT2_I_MODE_DIR:	stat->type = VFS_FT_DIR;	break;
+		case EXT2_I_MODE_BLOCK:	stat->type = VFS_FT_BLOCK;	stat->dev = inode->i_block[0];	break;
+		case EXT2_I_MODE_FILE:	stat->type = VFS_FT_FILE;	break;
+		case EXT2_I_MODE_SYM:	stat->type = VFS_FT_SYMLINK;	break;
+		case EXT2_I_MODE_SOCK:	stat->type = VFS_FT_SOCK;	break;
+		default:		stat->type = VFS_FT_UNKNOWN;	break;
+	}
+	stat->size	= inode->i_size;
+	stat->inode	= inode_number;
+	stat->permissions = inode->i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_ATTR_MASK;
+	stat->uid	= inode->i_uid;
+	stat->gid	= inode->i_gid;
+	stat->atime	= inode->i_atime;
+	stat->mtime	= inode->i_mtime;
+	stat->ctime	= inode->i_ctime;
+	stat->links	= inode->i_links_count;
+	kfree(inode);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// what is the inode of the root directory?
+u32_t	ext2__get_root_dir_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	return 2;
+}
+
+
+// VFS interface function to dereference a symbolic link
+int	ext2__link_deref(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t link_inode, char *link)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	if (ext2_read_inode(mount, link_inode, &inode))
+		return -1;
+	if ( (inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) != EXT2_I_MODE_SYM )
+		return -2;
+	if (!inode.i_size)
+		return -4;
+	if (inode.i_size < 61)
+	{
+		memcpy(link, inode.i_block, inode.i_size);
+		link[inode.i_size] = 0;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode;
+		if (!(open_inode = ext2_open_inode(mount, link_inode)))
+			return -3;
+		ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+		void *buffer = kmalloc(1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+		memset(link, 0, 4096);
+		int copied = 0;
+		while (copied < 4096)
+		{
+			int bytes_read = ext2_read_inode_block(mount, open_inode, buffer);
+			if (bytes_read == 0)
+				break;
+			memcpy(link + copied, buffer, bytes_read);
+			copied += bytes_read;
+		}
+		ext2_close_inode(mount, open_inode);
+		kfree(buffer);
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to return the number of free inodes
+int	ext2__free_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	return super->s_free_inodes_count;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to return the total number of inodes
+int	ext2__total_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	return super->s_inodes_count;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to return the number of free 512-byte blocks
+int	ext2__free_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	return super->s_free_blocks_count << (1 + super->s_log_block_size);
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to return the total number of 512-byte blocks
+int	ext2__total_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	return super->s_blocks_count << (1 + super->s_log_block_size);
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to open a directory
+int	ext2__open_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *dir)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode_number) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir = ext2_open_dir(mount, inode_number);
+	if (!open_dir)
+		return -2;
+	dir->fs_data = open_dir;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to read a directory entry from an open directory
+int	ext2__read_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir, vfs_dir_entry_t *dentry)
+{
+	ext2_dir_entry_t t_dentry;
+	int status = ext2_dir_read_entry(mount, dir->fs_data, &t_dentry);
+	if (status)
+		return status;
+	memcpy(dentry->name, t_dentry.name, t_dentry.name_length);
+	dentry->name[t_dentry.name_length] = 0;
+	dentry->inode_number = t_dentry.inode;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to close an open directory
+int	ext2__close_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir)
+{
+	return ext2_close_dir(mount, dir->fs_data);
+}
+
+
+// VFS interface function to open a file for reading a byte at a time
+int	ext2__open_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode_number) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to read a byte from an open file
+int	ext2__read_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to close a byte-file
+int	ext2__close_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// VFS interface function to open a file for reading 512-byte blocks at a time
+int	ext2__open_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode_number) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode = ext2_open_inode(mount, inode_number);
+	if (!open_inode)
+		return -2;
+	if ((open_inode->inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) != EXT2_I_MODE_FILE)
+	{
+		ext2_close_inode(mount, open_inode);
+		return -3;
+	}
+	ext2__open_block_file_t *open_block_file = New(ext2__open_block_file_t);
+	open_block_file->open_inode = open_inode;
+	open_block_file->block = 0;
+	open_file->fs_data = open_block_file;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to read a block from an open block file
+// returns the number of bytes read
+int	ext2__read_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, void *buffer)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	ext2__open_block_file_t *open_block_file = open_file->fs_data;
+	if (ext2_inode_seek(mount, open_block_file->open_inode, ext2_diskToFSBlock(open_block_file->block, super)))
+		return 0;	// EOF
+	u8_t *block = kmalloc(1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	u32_t file_position_read = (1024 << super->s_log_block_size) * open_block_file->open_inode->block;
+	u32_t file_position_want = open_block_file->block << 9;
+	u32_t data_offset = file_position_want - file_position_read;
+	int bytes_read = ext2_read_inode_block(mount, open_block_file->open_inode, block);
+	if (bytes_read <= data_offset)
+	{
+		kfree(block);
+		return 0;	// EOF
+	}
+	memcpy(buffer, block + data_offset, min(512, bytes_read - data_offset));
+	kfree(block);
+	open_block_file->block++;
+	return min(512, bytes_read - data_offset);
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to seek to a certain block number of an open block file
+int	ext2__block_file_seek(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, u32_t block_number)
+{
+	ext2__open_block_file_t *open_block_file = open_file->fs_data;
+	return ext2_inode_seek(mount, open_block_file->open_inode, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_number, mount->super));
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to close an open block file
+int	ext2__close_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	ext2__open_block_file_t *open_block_file = open_file->fs_data;
+	ext2_close_inode(mount, open_block_file->open_inode);
+	kfree(open_block_file);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2_old.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2_old.h
@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+// ext2.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/22/04
+// Modified: 12/24/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_EXT2_H__
+#define __HOS_EXT2_H__ __HOS_EXT2_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "fs/devices.h"
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+
+#define EXT2_MAGIC 0xEF53
+#define EXT2_NAME_LEN 255
+
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_ATTR_MASK	0x0FFF
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OX		0x0001
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OW		0x0002
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OR		0x0004
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GX		0x0008
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GW		0x0010
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GR		0x0020
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UX		0x0040
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UW		0x0080
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UR		0x0100
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_STICKY	0x0200
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SGID	0x0400
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SUID	0x0800
+
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK	0xF000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_FIFO	0x1000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_CHAR	0x2000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_DIR		0x4000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_BLOCK	0x6000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_FILE	0x8000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SYM		0xA000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SOCK	0xC000
+
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_SEC_DEL	0x01
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_UNDELETE	0x02
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_COMPRESS	0x04
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_SYNC	0x08
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_IMMUTABLE	0x10
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_APPEND	0x20
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_NODUMP	0x40
+
+#define EXT2_INODE_BAD_BLOCKS	1
+#define EXT2_INODE_ROOT		2
+#define EXT2_INODE_ACL_INDEX	3
+#define EXT2_INODE_ACL_DATA	4
+#define EXT2_INODE_BOOT_LOADER	5
+#define EXT2_INODE_UNDELETE_DIR	6
+#define EXT2_INODE_AVAIL	11
+
+#define EXT2_FT_UNKNOWN	0
+#define EXT2_FT_FILE	1
+#define EXT2_FT_DIR	2
+#define EXT2_FT_CHAR	3
+#define EXT2_FT_BLOCK	4
+#define EXT2_FT_FIFO	5
+#define EXT2_FT_SOCK	6
+#define EXT2_FT_SYMLINK	7
+#define EXT2_FT_MAX	8
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	s_inodes_count;		/* Inodes count */
+	u32_t	s_blocks_count;		/* Blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_r_blocks_count;	/* Reserved blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_free_blocks_count;	/* Free blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_free_inodes_count;	/* Free inodes count */
+	u32_t	s_first_data_block;	/* First Data Block */
+	u32_t	s_log_block_size;	/* Block size: 0->1024, 1->2048, 2->4096 */
+	int	s_log_frag_size;	/* Fragment size */
+	u32_t	s_blocks_per_group;	/* # Blocks per group */
+	u32_t	s_frags_per_group;	/* # Fragments per group */
+	u32_t	s_inodes_per_group;	/* # Inodes per group */
+	u32_t	s_mtime;			/* Mount time */
+	u32_t	s_wtime;			/* Write time */
+	u16_t	s_mnt_count;		/* Mount count */
+	short	s_max_mnt_count;		/* Maximal mount count */
+	u16_t	s_magic;			/* Magic signature */
+	u16_t	s_state;		/* File system state */
+	u16_t	s_errors;		/* Behaviour when detecting errors */
+	u16_t	s_minor_rev_level;	/* minor revision level */
+	u32_t	s_lastcheck;		/* time of last check */
+	u32_t	s_checkinterval;	/* max. time between checks */
+	u32_t	s_creator_os;		/* OS */
+	u32_t	s_rev_level;		/* Revision level */
+	u16_t	s_def_resuid;		/* Default uid for reserved blocks */
+	u16_t	s_def_resgid;		/* Default gid for reserved blocks */
+
+	u32_t	s_reserved[235];
+} ext2_super_block_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	bg_block_bitmap;	// Blocks bitmap block
+	u32_t	bg_inode_bitmap;	// Inode bitmap block
+	u32_t	bg_inode_table;		// Inode table block
+	u16_t	bg_free_blocks_count;	// Free blocks count
+	u16_t	bg_free_inodes_count;	// Free Inodes count
+	u16_t	bg_used_dirs_count;	// Directories count
+	u16_t	bg_pad1;
+	u32_t	bg_reserved[3];
+} ext2_group_desc_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u16_t	i_mode;			// File mode
+	u16_t	i_uid;			// Owner UID
+	u32_t	i_size;			// Size in bytes
+	u32_t	i_atime;		// Access time
+	u32_t	i_ctime;		// Creation time
+	u32_t	i_mtime;		// Modification time
+	u32_t	i_dtime;		// Deletion time
+	u16_t	i_gid;			// Group ID
+	u16_t	i_links_count;		// Links count
+	u32_t	i_blocks;		// Blocks count
+	u32_t	i_flags;		// File flags
+	u32_t	i_reserved1;
+	u32_t	i_block[15];		// Pointers to blocks (12 direct, single, double, triple indirect)
+	u32_t	i_version;		// File version (for NFS)
+	u32_t	i_file_acl;		// File ACL
+	u32_t	i_dir_acl;		// Directory ACL
+	u32_t	i_faddr;		// Fragment address
+	u8_t	i_frag;			// Fragment number
+	u8_t	i_fsize;		// Fragment size
+	u16_t	i_pad1;
+	u32_t	i_reserved2[2];
+} ext2_inode_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	inode;			// inode number
+	u16_t	length;			// directory entry length
+	u8_t	name_length;		// name length
+	u8_t	file_type;		// File type
+	char	name[EXT2_NAME_LEN];
+} ext2_dir_entry_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ext2_inode_t	inode;
+	u32_t	block;
+	u32_t	*block_pointers;
+	u32_t	block_pointers_start;
+} ext2_open_inode_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ext2_open_inode_t	*open_inode;
+	u32_t	position;
+} ext2_open_dir_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ext2_open_inode_t	*open_inode;
+	u32_t	position;
+	u32_t	buffer_start;
+	u32_t	buffer_bytes;
+	u8_t	*buffer;
+} ext2__open_file_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ext2_open_inode_t	*open_inode;
+	u32_t	block;
+} ext2__open_block_file_t;
+
+static inline u32_t	ext2_diskToFSBlock(u32_t block, ext2_super_block_t *super)
+{
+	// convert # of disk blocks to # of filesystem blocks
+	return block >> (super->s_log_block_size + 1);
+}
+
+static inline u32_t	ext2_FSToDiskBlock(u32_t block, ext2_super_block_t *super)
+{
+	// convert # of filesystem blocks to # of disk blocks
+	return block << (super->s_log_block_size + 1);
+}
+
+
+int	ext2_init(int fsID);
+int	ext2_read_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode, ext2_inode_t *dat);
+int	ext2_write_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode, ext2_inode_t *dat);
+ext2_group_desc_t	ext2_get_group_desc(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t group);
+void	ext2_write_group_desc(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t group_num, ext2_group_desc_t *gd);
+ext2_open_inode_t *ext2_open_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+int	ext2_close_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode);
+int	ext2_read_inode_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode, void *block);
+u32_t	ext2_block_number(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode);
+int	ext2_inode_seek(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode, u32_t block_number);
+
+int	ext2_inode_status(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+int	ext2_block_status(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number);
+
+u32_t	ext2_alloc_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2_free_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+u32_t	ext2_alloc_block(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2_free_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number);
+
+u32_t	ext2_reserve_node(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t bitmap_block_num, u32_t bitmap_size);
+int	ext2_free_node(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t bitmap_block_num, u32_t node_number);
+int	ext2_num_block_groups(ext2_super_block_t *super);
+void	ext2_write_super(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+
+int	ext2_resize_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, u32_t new_size);
+
+ext2_open_dir_t *ext2_open_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+int	ext2_dir_read_entry(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir, ext2_dir_entry_t *dentry);
+int	ext2_close_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir);
+int	ext2_dir_lookup(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t dir_inode, char *fileName, ext2_dir_entry_t *direntry);
+
+
+void	*ext2_mount_super(major_t major, minor_t minor);
+int	ext2_umount_super(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2_stat(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_stat_t *stat);
+u32_t	ext2__get_root_dir_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2__link_deref(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t link_inode, char *link);
+int	ext2__free_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2__total_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2__free_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2__total_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+
+
+int	ext2__open_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *dir);
+int	ext2__read_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir, vfs_dir_entry_t *dentry);
+int	ext2__close_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir);
+
+int	ext2__open_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+int	ext2__read_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+int	ext2__close_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+
+int	ext2__open_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+int	ext2__read_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, void *buffer);
+int	ext2__block_file_seek(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, u32_t block_number);
+int	ext2__close_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2_working.c
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2_working.c
@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+
+
+// lookup a file name in a directory and store the directory entry for it
+int	ext2_dir_lookup(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t dir_inode, char *fileName, ext2_dir_entry_t *direntry)
+{
+	ext2_open_dir_t *dir = ext2_open_dir(mount, dir_inode);
+	if (!dir)
+		return -1;			// bad directory inode number
+	ext2_dir_entry_t dentry;
+	while (!ext2_dir_read_entry(mount, dir, &dentry))
+	{
+		char *dentryName = kcalloc(1, dentry.name_length + 1);
+		memcpy(dentryName, dentry.name, dentry.name_length);
+		int res = strcmp(fileName, dentryName);
+		kfree(dentryName);
+		if (!res)
+		{
+			*direntry = dentry;
+			ext2_close_dir(mount, dir);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+	ext2_close_dir(mount, dir);
+	return -2;
+}
+
+// open a directory by inode number for reading
+ext2_open_dir_t *ext2_open_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number)
+{
+	ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir = New(ext2_open_dir_t);
+	ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode = ext2_open_inode(mount, inode_number);
+	if (!open_inode)
+	{
+		kfree(open_dir);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if ((open_inode->inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) != EXT2_I_MODE_DIR)
+	{
+		ext2_close_inode(mount, open_inode);
+		kfree(open_dir);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	open_dir->open_inode = open_inode;
+	open_dir->position = 0;
+	return open_dir;
+}
+
+int	ext2_dir_read_entry(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir, ext2_dir_entry_t *dentry)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (open_dir->position >= open_dir->open_inode->inode.i_size)
+		return -1;		// EOF
+	u32_t dir_block = open_dir->position >> (10 + super->s_log_block_size);
+	char *block = kmalloc(2048 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	ext2_inode_seek(mount, open_dir->open_inode, dir_block);
+	if (ext2_read_inode_block(mount, open_dir->open_inode, block))
+		ext2_read_inode_block(mount, open_dir->open_inode, block + (1024 << super->s_log_block_size));
+	ext2_dir_entry_t *dir_entry = (ext2_dir_entry_t *)(block + open_dir->position % (1024 << super->s_log_block_size));
+	if (!dir_entry->inode)
+	{
+		kfree(block);
+		return -2;		// EOF
+	}
+	memcpy(dentry, dir_entry, min(dir_entry->length, sizeof(ext2_dir_entry_t)));
+	open_dir->position += dir_entry->length;
+	kfree(block);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	ext2_close_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir)
+{
+	ext2_close_inode(mount, open_dir->open_inode);
+	kfree(open_dir);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// open an inode for reading
+ext2_open_inode_t *ext2_open_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number)
+{
+	ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode = New(ext2_open_inode_t);
+	if ( ext2_read_inode(mount, inode_number, &(open_inode->inode)) )
+	{
+		kfree(open_inode);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	open_inode->block = 0;
+	open_inode->block_pointers = NULL;
+	open_inode->block_pointers_start = 0;
+	mount->refs++;
+	return open_inode;
+}
+
+
+// seek to a certain block of an open inode
+int	ext2_inode_seek(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode, u32_t block_number)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (open_inode->inode.i_size <= (block_number << (10 + super->s_log_block_size)))
+		return -1;	// at or past EOF
+	open_inode->block = block_number;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// returns number of bytes read
+int	ext2_read_inode_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode, void *block)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	if (open_inode->inode.i_size <= (open_inode->block << (10 + super->s_log_block_size)))
+		return 0;	// at or past EOF
+	u32_t	leftover_bytes = open_inode->inode.i_size - (open_inode->block << (10 + super->s_log_block_size));
+	u32_t	block_number = ext2_block_number(mount, open_inode);
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_number, super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, block);
+	open_inode->block++;
+	return min(leftover_bytes, 1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+}
+
+
+// close an open inode
+int	ext2_close_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode)
+{
+	mount->refs--;
+	if (open_inode->block_pointers)
+		kfree(open_inode->block_pointers);		// free the block pointers cache
+	kfree(open_inode);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// transform open_inode->block (a relative block number) to an absolute block number for the filesystem
+u32_t	ext2_block_number(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode)
+{
+	if (open_inode->block < 12)
+		return open_inode->inode.i_block[open_inode->block];
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	int pointersPerBlock = 256 << super->s_log_block_size;
+	if (open_inode->block_pointers &&			// there is a block pointers cache block allocated
+		(open_inode->block >= open_inode->block_pointers_start) &&	// and the block number is in it
+		(open_inode->block < (open_inode->block_pointers_start + pointersPerBlock)))
+		return open_inode->block_pointers[open_inode->block - open_inode->block_pointers_start];
+	u32_t	rel_block = open_inode->block - 12;
+	if (!open_inode->block_pointers)
+		open_inode->block_pointers = kmalloc(pointersPerBlock << 2);
+	if (rel_block < pointersPerBlock)			// indirect block in i_block[12]
+	{
+		block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(open_inode->inode.i_block[12], super),
+			2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+		open_inode->block_pointers_start = 12;
+		return open_inode->block_pointers[rel_block];
+	}
+	rel_block -= pointersPerBlock;
+	if (rel_block < (pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock))	// double-indirect block in i_block[13]
+	{
+		block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(open_inode->inode.i_block[13], super),
+			2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+		u32_t	real_block = open_inode->block_pointers[rel_block / pointersPerBlock];
+		block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(real_block, super),
+			2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+		open_inode->block_pointers_start = 12 + pointersPerBlock + rel_block - (rel_block % pointersPerBlock);
+		return open_inode->block_pointers[rel_block % pointersPerBlock];
+	}
+	// this code shouldn't run unless we are dealing with a 65+mb file ...
+	rel_block -= pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock;
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(open_inode->inode.i_block[14], super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+	u32_t	index_1 = rel_block / (pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock);
+	u32_t	leftover_1 = rel_block % (pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock);
+	u32_t	block_1 = open_inode->block_pointers[index_1];
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_1, super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+	u32_t	index_2 = leftover_1 / pointersPerBlock;
+	u32_t	leftover_2 = leftover_1 % pointersPerBlock;
+	u32_t	block_2 = open_inode->block_pointers[index_2];
+	block_read(mount->major, mount->minor, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_2, super),
+		2 << super->s_log_block_size, open_inode->block_pointers);
+	open_inode->block_pointers_start = 12 + (pointersPerBlock + 1) * pointersPerBlock + rel_block - (rel_block % pointersPerBlock);
+	return open_inode->block_pointers[leftover_2];
+}
+
+
+int	ext2_resize_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, u32_t new_size)
+{
+	ext2_inode_t inode;
+	if ( ext2_read_inode(mount, inode_number, &inode) )
+		return -1;
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	int current_blocks = (inode.i_size + (1024 << super->s_log_block_size) - 1) >> (10 + super->s_log_block_size);
+	int new_blocks = (new_size + (1024 << super->s_log_block_size) - 1) >> (10 + super->s_log_block_size);
+	if ( new_blocks == current_blocks )
+		return 0;
+
+	// TODO: resize
+	u32_t	block_size = 1024 << super->s_log_block_size;
+	u32_t	pointers_per_block = block_size >> 2;
+	u32_t	*pointer_cache1 = kmalloc(3 * block_size);
+	u32_t	*pointer_cache2 = pointer_cache1 + pointers_per_block;
+	u32_t	*pointer_cache3 = pointer_cache2 + pointers_per_block;
+	u32_t	c1_start, c2_start, c3_start;
+	c1_start = c2_start = c3_start = 0;
+	while (new_blocks < current_blocks)	// delete, decrease current_blocks
+	{
+		current_blocks--;
+		// now delete block number current_blocks
+		
+	}
+
+	while (current_blocks < new_blocks)	// add, increase current_blocks
+	{
+	}
+}
+
+
+/***************** VFS INTERFACE FUNCTIONS *******************/
+
+
+
+// VFS interface function to open a directory
+int	ext2__open_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *dir)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode_number) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir = ext2_open_dir(mount, inode_number);
+	if (!open_dir)
+		return -2;
+	dir->fs_data = open_dir;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to read a directory entry from an open directory
+int	ext2__read_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir, vfs_dir_entry_t *dentry)
+{
+	ext2_dir_entry_t t_dentry;
+	int status = ext2_dir_read_entry(mount, dir->fs_data, &t_dentry);
+	if (status)
+		return status;
+	memcpy(dentry->name, t_dentry.name, t_dentry.name_length);
+	dentry->name[t_dentry.name_length] = 0;
+	dentry->inode_number = t_dentry.inode;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to close an open directory
+int	ext2__close_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir)
+{
+	return ext2_close_dir(mount, dir->fs_data);
+}
+
+
+// VFS interface function to open a file for reading a byte at a time
+int	ext2__open_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode_number) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to read a byte from an open file
+int	ext2__read_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to close a byte-file
+int	ext2__close_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// VFS interface function to open a file for reading 512-byte blocks at a time
+int	ext2__open_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	if (ext2_inode_status(mount, inode_number) != 1)
+		return -1;
+	ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode = ext2_open_inode(mount, inode_number);
+	if (!open_inode)
+		return -2;
+	if ((open_inode->inode.i_mode & EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK) != EXT2_I_MODE_FILE)
+	{
+		ext2_close_inode(mount, open_inode);
+		return -3;
+	}
+	ext2__open_block_file_t *open_block_file = New(ext2__open_block_file_t);
+	open_block_file->open_inode = open_inode;
+	open_block_file->block = 0;
+	open_file->fs_data = open_block_file;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to read a block from an open block file
+// returns the number of bytes read
+int	ext2__read_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, void *buffer)
+{
+	ext2_super_block_t *super = mount->super;
+	ext2__open_block_file_t *open_block_file = open_file->fs_data;
+	if (ext2_inode_seek(mount, open_block_file->open_inode, ext2_diskToFSBlock(open_block_file->block, super)))
+		return 0;	// EOF
+	u8_t *block = kmalloc(1024 << super->s_log_block_size);
+	u32_t file_position_read = (1024 << super->s_log_block_size) * open_block_file->open_inode->block;
+	u32_t file_position_want = open_block_file->block << 9;
+	u32_t data_offset = file_position_want - file_position_read;
+	int bytes_read = ext2_read_inode_block(mount, open_block_file->open_inode, block);
+	if (bytes_read <= data_offset)
+	{
+		kfree(block);
+		return 0;	// EOF
+	}
+	memcpy(buffer, block + data_offset, min(512, bytes_read - data_offset));
+	kfree(block);
+	open_block_file->block++;
+	return min(512, bytes_read - data_offset);
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to seek to a certain block number of an open block file
+int	ext2__block_file_seek(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, u32_t block_number)
+{
+	ext2__open_block_file_t *open_block_file = open_file->fs_data;
+	return ext2_inode_seek(mount, open_block_file->open_inode, ext2_FSToDiskBlock(block_number, mount->super));
+}
+
+// VFS interface function to close an open block file
+int	ext2__close_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	ext2__open_block_file_t *open_block_file = open_file->fs_data;
+	ext2_close_inode(mount, open_block_file->open_inode);
+	kfree(open_block_file);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
--- a/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2_working.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/ext2/ext2_working.h
@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+// ext2.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/22/04
+// Modified: 12/24/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_EXT2_H__
+#define __HOS_EXT2_H__ __HOS_EXT2_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "fs/devices.h"
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+
+#define EXT2_MAGIC 0xEF53
+#define EXT2_NAME_LEN 255
+
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_ATTR_MASK	0x0FFF
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OX		0x0001
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OW		0x0002
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_OR		0x0004
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GX		0x0008
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GW		0x0010
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_GR		0x0020
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UX		0x0040
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UW		0x0080
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_UR		0x0100
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_STICKY	0x0200
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SGID	0x0400
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SUID	0x0800
+
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_TYPE_MASK	0xF000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_FIFO	0x1000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_CHAR	0x2000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_DIR		0x4000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_BLOCK	0x6000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_FILE	0x8000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SYM		0xA000
+#define EXT2_I_MODE_SOCK	0xC000
+
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_SEC_DEL	0x01
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_UNDELETE	0x02
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_COMPRESS	0x04
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_SYNC	0x08
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_IMMUTABLE	0x10
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_APPEND	0x20
+#define EXT2_I_FLAGS_NODUMP	0x40
+
+#define EXT2_INODE_BAD_BLOCKS	1
+#define EXT2_INODE_ROOT		2
+#define EXT2_INODE_ACL_INDEX	3
+#define EXT2_INODE_ACL_DATA	4
+#define EXT2_INODE_BOOT_LOADER	5
+#define EXT2_INODE_UNDELETE_DIR	6
+#define EXT2_INODE_AVAIL	11
+
+#define EXT2_FT_UNKNOWN	0
+#define EXT2_FT_FILE	1
+#define EXT2_FT_DIR	2
+#define EXT2_FT_CHAR	3
+#define EXT2_FT_BLOCK	4
+#define EXT2_FT_FIFO	5
+#define EXT2_FT_SOCK	6
+#define EXT2_FT_SYMLINK	7
+#define EXT2_FT_MAX	8
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	s_inodes_count;		/* Inodes count */
+	u32_t	s_blocks_count;		/* Blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_r_blocks_count;	/* Reserved blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_free_blocks_count;	/* Free blocks count */
+	u32_t	s_free_inodes_count;	/* Free inodes count */
+	u32_t	s_first_data_block;	/* First Data Block */
+	u32_t	s_log_block_size;	/* Block size: 0->1024, 1->2048, 2->4096 */
+	int	s_log_frag_size;	/* Fragment size */
+	u32_t	s_blocks_per_group;	/* # Blocks per group */
+	u32_t	s_frags_per_group;	/* # Fragments per group */
+	u32_t	s_inodes_per_group;	/* # Inodes per group */
+	u32_t	s_mtime;			/* Mount time */
+	u32_t	s_wtime;			/* Write time */
+	u16_t	s_mnt_count;		/* Mount count */
+	short	s_max_mnt_count;		/* Maximal mount count */
+	u16_t	s_magic;			/* Magic signature */
+	u16_t	s_state;		/* File system state */
+	u16_t	s_errors;		/* Behaviour when detecting errors */
+	u16_t	s_minor_rev_level;	/* minor revision level */
+	u32_t	s_lastcheck;		/* time of last check */
+	u32_t	s_checkinterval;	/* max. time between checks */
+	u32_t	s_creator_os;		/* OS */
+	u32_t	s_rev_level;		/* Revision level */
+	u16_t	s_def_resuid;		/* Default uid for reserved blocks */
+	u16_t	s_def_resgid;		/* Default gid for reserved blocks */
+
+	u32_t	s_reserved[235];
+} ext2_super_block_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	bg_block_bitmap;	// Blocks bitmap block
+	u32_t	bg_inode_bitmap;	// Inode bitmap block
+	u32_t	bg_inode_table;		// Inode table block
+	u16_t	bg_free_blocks_count;	// Free blocks count
+	u16_t	bg_free_inodes_count;	// Free Inodes count
+	u16_t	bg_used_dirs_count;	// Directories count
+	u16_t	bg_pad1;
+	u32_t	bg_reserved[3];
+} ext2_group_desc_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u16_t	i_mode;			// File mode
+	u16_t	i_uid;			// Owner UID
+	u32_t	i_size;			// Size in bytes
+	u32_t	i_atime;		// Access time
+	u32_t	i_ctime;		// Creation time
+	u32_t	i_mtime;		// Modification time
+	u32_t	i_dtime;		// Deletion time
+	u16_t	i_gid;			// Group ID
+	u16_t	i_links_count;		// Links count
+	u32_t	i_blocks;		// Blocks count
+	u32_t	i_flags;		// File flags
+	u32_t	i_reserved1;
+	u32_t	i_block[15];		// Pointers to blocks (12 direct, single, double, triple indirect)
+	u32_t	i_version;		// File version (for NFS)
+	u32_t	i_file_acl;		// File ACL
+	u32_t	i_dir_acl;		// Directory ACL
+	u32_t	i_faddr;		// Fragment address
+	u8_t	i_frag;			// Fragment number
+	u8_t	i_fsize;		// Fragment size
+	u16_t	i_pad1;
+	u32_t	i_reserved2[2];
+} ext2_inode_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	inode;			// inode number
+	u16_t	length;			// directory entry length
+	u8_t	name_length;		// name length
+	u8_t	file_type;		// File type
+	char	name[EXT2_NAME_LEN];
+} ext2_dir_entry_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ext2_inode_t	inode;
+	u32_t	block;
+	u32_t	*block_pointers;
+	u32_t	block_pointers_start;
+} ext2_open_inode_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ext2_open_inode_t	*open_inode;
+	u32_t	position;
+} ext2_open_dir_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ext2_open_inode_t	*open_inode;
+	u32_t	position;
+	u32_t	buffer_start;
+	u32_t	buffer_bytes;
+	u8_t	*buffer;
+} ext2__open_file_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ext2_open_inode_t	*open_inode;
+	u32_t	block;
+} ext2__open_block_file_t;
+
+static inline u32_t	ext2_diskToFSBlock(u32_t block, ext2_super_block_t *super)
+{
+	// convert # of disk blocks to # of filesystem blocks
+	return block >> (super->s_log_block_size + 1);
+}
+
+static inline u32_t	ext2_FSToDiskBlock(u32_t block, ext2_super_block_t *super)
+{
+	// convert # of filesystem blocks to # of disk blocks
+	return block << (super->s_log_block_size + 1);
+}
+
+
+int	ext2_init(int fsID);
+int	ext2_read_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode, ext2_inode_t *dat);
+int	ext2_write_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode, ext2_inode_t *dat);
+ext2_group_desc_t	ext2_get_group_desc(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t group);
+void	ext2_write_group_desc(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t group_num, ext2_group_desc_t *gd);
+ext2_open_inode_t *ext2_open_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+int	ext2_close_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode);
+int	ext2_read_inode_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode, void *block);
+u32_t	ext2_block_number(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode);
+int	ext2_inode_seek(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_inode_t *open_inode, u32_t block_number);
+
+int	ext2_inode_status(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+int	ext2_block_status(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number);
+
+u32_t	ext2_alloc_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2_free_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+u32_t	ext2_alloc_block(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2_free_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number);
+
+u32_t	ext2_reserve_node(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t bitmap_block_num, u32_t bitmap_size);
+int	ext2_free_node(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t bitmap_block_num, u32_t node_number);
+int	ext2_num_block_groups(ext2_super_block_t *super);
+void	ext2_write_super(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+
+int	ext2_resize_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, u32_t new_size);
+
+ext2_open_dir_t *ext2_open_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+int	ext2_dir_read_entry(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir, ext2_dir_entry_t *dentry);
+int	ext2_close_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, ext2_open_dir_t *open_dir);
+int	ext2_dir_lookup(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t dir_inode, char *fileName, ext2_dir_entry_t *direntry);
+
+
+void	*ext2_mount_super(major_t major, minor_t minor);
+int	ext2_umount_super(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2_stat(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_stat_t *stat);
+u32_t	ext2__get_root_dir_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2__link_deref(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t link_inode, char *link);
+int	ext2__free_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2__total_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2__free_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	ext2__total_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+
+
+int	ext2__open_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *dir);
+int	ext2__read_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir, vfs_dir_entry_t *dentry);
+int	ext2__close_dir(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir);
+
+int	ext2__open_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+int	ext2__read_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+int	ext2__close_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+
+int	ext2__open_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+int	ext2__read_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, void *buffer);
+int	ext2__block_file_seek(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, u32_t block_number);
+int	ext2__close_block_file(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/fs/sysfs/sysfs.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/sysfs/sysfs.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// sysfs.cpp
+// sysfs filesystem driver for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/27/05
+// Modified: 06/27/05
+
+extern "C" {
+#include "display/kout.h"
+}
+
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+#include "sysfs.h"
+#include "sysfs_entry.h"
+
+int	sysfs_init()
+{
+	vfs_register("sysfs", sysfs__mount_func);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+FileSystem *sysfs__mount_func(device_t dev)
+{
+	if (dev)
+		kprintf("sysfs: warning: device parameter ignored\n");
+	return new Sysfs();
+}
+
+Sysfs::Sysfs()
+{
+	myEntries.add(Sysfs_Entry(SYSFS_FILE, "timer", SYSFS_TIMER));
+	
+}
+
+Sysfs::~Sysfs()
+{
+
+}
+
+u32_t	Sysfs::getRootInodeNumber()
+{
+	return 2;
+}
--- a/kernel/fs/sysfs/sysfs.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/sysfs/sysfs.h
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// sysfs.h
+// sysfs filesystem driver for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/27/05
+// Modified: 06/27/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_SYSFS_H__
+#define __HOS_SYSFS_H__ __HOS_SYSFS_H__
+
+#define SYSFS_TIMER	1
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+
+#include "fs/FileSystem.h"
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+#include "lang/vector.h"
+#include "lang/string.h"
+#include "sysfs_entry.h"
+
+int	sysfs_init();
+FileSystem *sysfs__mount_func(device_t dev);
+
+class Sysfs : public FileSystem
+{
+protected:
+	vector<Sysfs_Entry>	myEntries;
+
+public:
+	Sysfs();
+	~Sysfs();
+	u32_t	getRootInodeNumber();
+};
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// sysfs_entry.cpp
+// sysfs filesystem driver for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/27/05
+// Modified: 06/27/05
+
+#include "sysfs_entry.h"
+#include "lang/string.h"
+
+Sysfs_Entry::Sysfs_Entry(int type, string name, int id)
+{
+	myType = type;
+	myName = name;
+	myID = id;
+}
+
+Sysfs_Entry::~Sysfs_Entry()
+{
+}
+
--- a/kernel/fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/sysfs/sysfs_entry.h
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// sysfs_entry.h
+// sysfs filesystem driver for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/27/05
+// Modified: 06/27/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_SYSFS_ENTRY_H__
+#define __HOS_SYSFS_ENTRY_H__ __HOS_SYSFS_ENTRY_H__
+
+#include "lang/vector.h"
+#include "lang/string.h"
+
+#define SYSFS_DIR	1
+#define SYSFS_FILE	2
+
+class Sysfs_Entry
+{
+protected:
+	int	myType;
+	string	myName;
+	int	myID;
+	vector<Sysfs_Entry> myChildren;
+
+public:
+	Sysfs_Entry(int type, string name, int id);
+	~Sysfs_Entry();
+};
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/fs/vfs.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/vfs.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+// vfs.cpp
+// Virtual file system subsystem for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/10/05
+// Modified: 12/26/05
+
+extern "C" {
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "display/kout.h"
+#include "functions.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+}
+
+#include "vfs.h"
+#include "fs/FileSystem.h"
+#include "fs/VFSMount.h"
+#include "fs/ext2/ext2.h"
+#include "lang/vector.h"
+#include "lang/string.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+
+
+/* Internal module function prototypes */
+FileSystem *vfs_attempt_mount(device_t device, char *fsType);
+mount_func_t vfs_get_mount_func(const string & fsName);
+inode_num_t vfs_get_inode(const string & path);
+inode_num_t vfs_get_dir_inode(const string & path);
+inode_num_t vfs_get_inode_rel(const string & path, inode_num_t start_dir);
+inode_num_t vfs_get_dir_entry_inode(inode_num_t dir, const string & fname);
+int	vfs_stat_inode(inode_num_t inum, vfs_stat_t *statptr);
+int	vfs_link_deref_inode(inode_num_t inum, char *link);
+VFSMount *vfs_get_mount(u32_t mt_id);
+vector<string> vfs_split_dirs(const string & path);
+OpenDirectory *vfs_open_directory_inode(inode_num_t inum, int mode);
+OpenFile *vfs_open_file_inode(inode_num_t inum, int mode);
+void	vfs_close_directory_real(OpenDirectory *o);
+void	vfs_close_file_real(OpenFile *o);
+inode_num_t vfs_get_real_inode(inode_num_t inum);
+
+/* Global module data members */
+vector<VFSMount *> *mountPoints;
+vector<FSHandle> *fses;
+
+u32_t	mount_id = 0;
+
+/* initialize the VFS module */
+int	vfs_init()
+{
+	mountPoints = new vector<VFSMount *>;
+	fses = new vector<FSHandle>;
+	ext2_init();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* register a filesystem driver to the VFS module */
+int	vfs_register(char *fs, mount_func_t mount_func)
+{
+	string fsName(fs);
+	if (vfs_get_mount_func(fsName))
+		return -1;
+	FSHandle fsh = {fsName, mount_func};
+	fses->add(fsh);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* mount a device with a filesystem to a mount point */
+int	vfs_mount(device_t device, char *fsType, char *mountPoint)
+{
+	string mountPt(mountPoint);
+	string fsName(fsType);
+	/* Bad filesystem type */
+	if (!vfs_get_mount_func(fsName))
+	{
+		kprintf("vfs_mount: %s: unrecognized filesystem\n", fsType);
+		return -501;
+	}
+	if (mountPt == "/")
+	{
+		if (mountPoints->size())
+		{
+			kprintf("/ must be the first filesystem mounted!\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		FileSystem *fs = vfs_attempt_mount(device, fsType);
+		/* Couldn't mount root */
+		if (fs == NULL)
+			return -2;
+		mountPoints->add(new VFSMount(device, fsName, fs, mountPt, 0, fs->getRootInodeNumber()));
+		mount_id++;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	inode_num_t mtInode = vfs_get_inode(mountPt);
+	/* Invalid mount point */
+	if (mtInode == 0)
+		return -3;
+	FileSystem *fs = vfs_attempt_mount(device, fsType);
+	/* Couldn't mount */
+	if (fs == NULL)
+		return -2;
+	inode_num_t thisInode = (((u64_t)(mount_id++)) << 32) | fs->getRootInodeNumber();
+	mountPoints->add(new VFSMount(device, fsName, fs, mountPt, mtInode, thisInode));
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* get mount information about the mount point */
+int	vfs_get_mount_info(unsigned int mountNum, vfs_mount_info_t *infoptr)
+{
+	if (mountNum >= mountPoints->size())
+		return -1;
+	VFSMount *mt = (*mountPoints)[mountNum];
+	strcpy(infoptr->fs, mt->myFSType.data());
+	strcpy(infoptr->mountPoint, mt->myMountPoint.data());
+	infoptr->totalBlocks	= mt->myFS->totalBlocks();
+	infoptr->freeBlocks	= mt->myFS->freeBlocks();
+	infoptr->totalInodes	= mt->myFS->totalInodes();
+	infoptr->freeInodes	= mt->myFS->freeInodes();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* unmount a device */
+int	vfs_umount(device_t dev)
+{
+	unsigned int max = mountPoints->size();
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+	{
+		if ((*mountPoints)[i]->myDev == dev)
+		{
+			if ((*mountPoints)[i]->umount_safe())
+				return -502;
+			delete (*mountPoints)[i];
+			mountPoints->remove(i);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+	return -501;
+}
+
+/* stat a filename */
+int	vfs_stat(char *name, vfs_stat_t *buff)
+{
+	string sname = string(name);
+	inode_num_t inum;
+	if ((inum = vfs_get_inode(sname)) == 0ULL)
+		return -502;
+	return vfs_stat_inode(inum, buff);
+}
+
+/* dereference a symbolic link */
+int	vfs_link_deref(char *name, char *buff)
+{
+	string sname = string(name);
+	inode_num_t inum;
+	if ((inum = vfs_get_inode(sname)) == 0ULL)
+		return -502;
+	return vfs_link_deref_inode(inum, buff);
+}
+
+void	*vfs_open_dir(char *name)
+{
+	string sname(name);
+	inode_num_t inum = vfs_get_inode(sname);
+	return (void *) vfs_open_directory_inode(inum, VFS_MODE_READ);
+}
+
+void	*vfs_open_file(char *name, int mode)
+{
+	string sname(name);
+	inode_num_t inum = vfs_get_inode(sname);
+	return (void *) vfs_open_file_inode(inum, mode);
+}
+
+void	vfs_close_dir(void *o)
+{
+	vfs_close_directory_real((OpenDirectory *) o);
+}
+
+void	vfs_close_file(void *o)
+{
+	vfs_close_file_real((OpenFile *) o);
+}
+
+int	vfs_read_dir(void *o, vfs_dir_entry_t *dirent)
+{
+	OpenDirectory *odir = (OpenDirectory *) o;
+	return odir->read(dirent);
+}
+
+int	vfs_seek_dir(void *o, int pos, int mode)
+{
+	OpenDirectory *odir = (OpenDirectory *) o;
+	return odir->seek(pos, mode);
+}
+
+int	vfs_read_file(void *o)
+{
+	OpenFile *ofile = (OpenFile *) o;
+	return ofile->read();
+}
+
+int	vfs_read_file_block(void *o, void *buf, u32_t num)
+{
+	OpenFile *ofile = (OpenFile *) o;
+	return ofile->read(buf, num);
+}
+
+int	vfs_write_file(void *o, int chr)
+{
+	OpenFile *ofile = (OpenFile *) o;
+	return ofile->write(chr);
+}
+
+int	vfs_write_file_block(void *o, void *buf, u32_t num)
+{
+	OpenFile *ofile = (OpenFile *) o;
+	return ofile->write(buf, num);
+}
+
+int	vfs_seek_file(void *o, int pos, int mode)
+{
+	OpenFile *ofile = (OpenFile *) o;
+	return ofile->seek(pos, mode);
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+/**************************** Internal functions ****************************/
+/* "attempt" a mount */
+FileSystem *vfs_attempt_mount(device_t device, char *fsType)
+{
+	mount_func_t mount_func;
+	if (( mount_func = vfs_get_mount_func(string(fsType)) ))
+		return mount_func(device);
+	else
+		return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Trace a file name to make an inode */
+inode_num_t vfs_get_inode(const string & path)
+{
+	return vfs_get_inode_rel(path, 0ULL);
+}
+
+/* Just get the inode of the directory containing the file */
+inode_num_t vfs_get_dir_inode(const string & path)
+{
+	vector<string> paths = vfs_split_dirs(path);
+	string dirPath("");
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < paths.size()-1; i++)
+	{
+		dirPath += "/";
+		dirPath += paths[i];
+	}
+	return vfs_get_inode_rel(dirPath, 0ULL);
+}
+
+/* Trace file name to inode starting from this directory (recursive) */
+inode_num_t vfs_get_inode_rel(const string & path, inode_num_t start_dir)
+{
+	vector<string> paths = vfs_split_dirs(path);
+	unsigned int paths_size = paths.size();
+	inode_num_t currentInum = start_dir;
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < paths_size; i++)
+	{
+		currentInum = vfs_get_dir_entry_inode(currentInum, paths[i]);
+		if (currentInum == 0ULL)
+			return 0ULL;
+		currentInum = vfs_get_real_inode(currentInum);
+	}
+	return currentInum;
+}
+
+/* return the inode of a directory entry in the directory pointed to by dir */
+inode_num_t vfs_get_dir_entry_inode(inode_num_t dir, const string & fname)
+{
+	OpenDirectory *odir = vfs_open_directory_inode(dir, VFS_MODE_READ);
+	if (odir == NULL)
+		return 0ULL;
+	vfs_dir_entry_t dir_ent;
+	inode_num_t inum = 0ULL;
+	while (vfs_read_dir(odir, &dir_ent) == 0)
+	{
+		if (strcmp(dir_ent.name, fname.data()) == 0)
+		{
+			inum = (dir & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000ULL) | dir_ent.inum;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	vfs_close_directory_real(odir);
+	return inum;
+}
+
+/* Just split up a string into a vector of strings based on the path
+ * delimeter character ('/').
+ */
+vector<string> vfs_split_dirs(const string & path)
+{
+	char *sptr = new char[path.size() + 1];
+	strcpy(sptr, path.data());
+	char *bptr = sptr;
+	char *cptr = sptr;
+	vector<string> parts;
+	while (*cptr)
+	{
+		if (*cptr == '/')
+		{
+			*cptr = 0;
+			string dir(bptr);
+			if (dir.size() > 0)
+				parts.add(dir);
+			bptr = cptr + 1;
+		}
+		cptr++;
+	}
+	string dir(bptr);
+	if (dir.size() > 0)
+		parts.add(dir);
+	delete sptr;
+	return parts;
+}
+
+/* Return a pointer to the mount function for a certain file system type */
+mount_func_t vfs_get_mount_func(const string & fsName)
+{
+	unsigned int max = fses->size();
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+	{
+		if (fsName == (*fses)[i].name)
+			return (*fses)[i].mount_func;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Return a pointer to a VFSMount by the "mount id" (upper 32 bits of inode) */
+VFSMount *vfs_get_mount(u32_t mt_id)
+{
+	int max = mountPoints->size();
+	for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+	{
+		if (((*mountPoints)[i]->myThisInode >> 32) == mt_id)
+			return (*mountPoints)[i];
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/* FS function: stat a inode, return error code */
+int	vfs_stat_inode(inode_num_t inum, vfs_stat_t *statptr)
+{
+	inum = vfs_get_real_inode(inum);
+	VFSMount *mt = vfs_get_mount(inum >> 32);
+	if (mt == NULL)
+		return -501;
+	return mt->myFS->stat((u32_t)inum, statptr);
+}
+
+/* FS function: dereference a link by inode number, return error code */
+int	vfs_link_deref_inode(inode_num_t inum, char *link)
+{
+	inum = vfs_get_real_inode(inum);
+	VFSMount *mt = vfs_get_mount(inum >> 32);
+	if (mt == NULL)
+		return -501;
+	return mt->myFS->link_deref((u32_t)inum, link);
+}
+
+/* FS function: open a directory based on the inode number */
+OpenDirectory *vfs_open_directory_inode(inode_num_t inum, int mode)
+{
+	inum = vfs_get_real_inode(inum);
+	VFSMount *mt = vfs_get_mount(inum >> 32);
+	if (mt == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	return mt->myFS->openDirectory((u32_t)inum, mode);
+}
+
+/* FS function: open a file based on the inode number */
+OpenFile *vfs_open_file_inode(inode_num_t inum, int mode)
+{
+	inum = vfs_get_real_inode(inum);
+	VFSMount *mt = vfs_get_mount(inum >> 32);
+	if (mt == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	return mt->myFS->openFile((u32_t)inum, mode);
+}
+
+/* FS function: close a directory */
+void	vfs_close_directory_real(OpenDirectory *o)
+{
+	delete o;
+}
+
+/* FS function: close a file */
+void	vfs_close_file_real(OpenFile *o)
+{
+	delete o;
+}
+
+/* return the "real" inode number based on the given one
+ * This function enables inode numbers for directories that have something
+ * mounted in them to be converted to the inode number for the root directory
+ * of that mounted filesystem
+ */
+inode_num_t vfs_get_real_inode(inode_num_t inum)
+{
+	unsigned int mounts = mountPoints->size();
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mounts; i++)
+	{
+		if ((*mountPoints)[i]->myMountInode == inum)
+			return (*mountPoints)[i]->myThisInode;
+	}
+	return inum;
+}
--- a/kernel/fs/vfs.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/vfs.h
@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// vfs.h
+// Virtual file system subsystem for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/10/05
+// Modified: 12/26/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_VFS_H__
+#define __HOS_VFS_H__ __HOS_VFS_H__
+
+#define VFS_FT_UNKNOWN		0
+#define VFS_FT_FILE		1
+#define VFS_FT_DIR		2
+#define VFS_FT_CHAR		3
+#define VFS_FT_BLOCK		4
+#define VFS_FT_FIFO		5
+#define VFS_FT_SOCK		6
+#define VFS_FT_SYMLINK		7
+
+#define VFS_PERMS_OX		0x0001
+#define VFS_PERMS_OW		0x0002
+#define VFS_PERMS_OR		0x0004
+#define VFS_PERMS_GX		0x0008
+#define VFS_PERMS_GW		0x0010
+#define VFS_PERMS_GR		0x0020
+#define VFS_PERMS_UX		0x0040
+#define VFS_PERMS_UW		0x0080
+#define VFS_PERMS_UR		0x0100
+#define VFS_PERMS_STICKY	0x0200
+#define VFS_PERMS_SGID		0x0400
+#define VFS_PERMS_SUID		0x0800
+
+#define EOF			-256
+
+#define VFS_MAX_FILENAME	255
+#define VFS_MAX_PATH_LENGTH	1024
+
+#define SEEK_ABSOLUTE	0
+#define SEEK_RELATIVE	1
+#define SEEK_END	2
+
+#define VFS_MODE_RW_MASK	0x1
+#define VFS_MODE_READ		0x0
+#define VFS_MODE_WRITE		0x1
+#define VFS_MODE_WRITE_MASK	0x2
+#define VFS_MODE_TRUNCATE	0x0
+#define VFS_MODE_APPEND		0x2
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u16_t	type;			// file type, of VFS_FT_*
+	u32_t	size;
+	u32_t	inode;
+	u16_t	permissions;
+	u16_t	uid;
+	u16_t	gid;
+	u32_t	atime;
+	u32_t	mtime;
+	u32_t	ctime;
+	u16_t	links;
+	u32_t	dev;
+} vfs_stat_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	char	name[VFS_MAX_FILENAME + 1];
+	u32_t	inum;
+} vfs_dir_entry_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	char	fs[16];
+	char	mountPoint[256];
+	u32_t	totalBlocks;
+	u32_t	freeBlocks;
+	u32_t	totalInodes;
+	u32_t	freeInodes;
+} vfs_mount_info_t;
+
+typedef	u64_t inode_num_t;
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+int	vfs_init();
+int	vfs_mount(device_t device, char *fsType, char *mountPoint);
+int	vfs_umount(device_t dev);
+int	vfs_stat(char *name, vfs_stat_t *buff);
+int	vfs_link_deref(char *name, char *buff);
+int	vfs_get_mount_info(unsigned int mountNum, vfs_mount_info_t *infoptr);
+void	*vfs_open_dir(char *name);
+void	*vfs_open_file(char *name, int mode);
+void	vfs_close_dir(void *o);
+void	vfs_close_file(void *o);
+int	vfs_read_dir(void *o, vfs_dir_entry_t *dirent);
+int	vfs_seek_dir(void *o, int pos, int mode);
+int	vfs_read_file(void *o);
+int	vfs_read_file_block(void *o, void *buf, u32_t num);
+int	vfs_write_file(void *o, int chr);
+int	vfs_write_file_block(void *o, void *buf, u32_t num);
+int	vfs_seek_file(void *o, int pos, int mode);
+
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+}
+
+#include "lang/string.h"
+#include "lang/vector.h"
+#include "fs/FileSystem.h"
+#include "fs/VFSMount.h"
+
+typedef FileSystem *(*mount_func_t)(device_t);
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	string name;
+	mount_func_t	mount_func;
+} FSHandle;
+
+int	vfs_register(char *fs, mount_func_t mount_func);
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/fs/vfs_old.cpp
+++ b/kernel/fs/vfs_old.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+// vfs.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/22/04
+// Modified: 12/21/04
+
+#define _HOS_CPP_ _HOS_CPP_
+
+extern "C"
+{
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "display/kout.h"
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+#include "fs/ext2.h"
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+}
+
+
+vfs_fs_t *fses[VFS_MAX_FS];			// a vfs_fs structure for every filesystem we support
+vfs_mount_t *mounts;
+
+// basic initialization routine, init all filesystem drivers
+int	vfs_init()
+{
+	k_check(ext2_init(FS_EXT2), "ext2_init() failed!");
+	FileSystem fs;
+	FileSystem *ext2 = new Ext2();
+	FileSystem *jfs = new JoshsFS();
+	fs.out();
+	ext2->out();
+	jfs->out();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// called by a filesystem driver to let us know that it is ready to handle fs requests
+int	vfs_register_fs(int fsn, vfs_fs_t *fs)
+{
+	if (fsn < 0 || fsn >= VFS_MAX_FS || fses[fsn])
+	{
+		kprintf("Invalid filesystem register: %d\n", fsn);
+		return -1;
+	}
+	fses[fsn] = fs;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// called to mount a block device with a certain filesystem to a part of our VFS Mount Tree
+int	vfs_mount(major_t maj, minor_t min, int fsType, char *mountPoint)
+{
+	if (fsType < 0 || fsType >= VFS_MAX_FS || !fses[fsType])
+		return -1;				// invalid filesystem type
+	if (!strcmp("/", mountPoint))
+	{
+		if (mounts)
+			return -2;			// root already mounted
+		void *super = fses[fsType]->mount_super(maj, min);
+		if (!super)
+			return -3;			// didn't mount superblock
+		vfs_mount_t *mnt = (vfs_mount_t *) New(vfs_mount_t);
+		mnt->refs = 0;
+		mnt->fs = fsType;
+		mnt->major = maj;
+		mnt->minor = min;
+		mnt->super = super;
+		mnt->next = NULL;
+		mnt->prev = NULL;
+		mnt->mountPoint = (char *) kmalloc(2);
+		strcpy(mnt->mountPoint, mountPoint);
+		mnt->vfs_mount_inode = 0;		// root not mounted on another fs
+		mnt->vfs_root_inode = ((vfs_inode_t)maj << 40) | ((vfs_inode_t)min << 32) | fses[fsType]->get_root_inode(mnt);
+		mnt->vfs_up_inode = mnt->vfs_root_inode;
+		mounts = mnt;
+		return 0;				// successfully mounted root
+	}
+	if (mountPoint[0] != '/')
+		return -3;				// mount point must be absolute
+	if (!mounts)
+		return -4;				// no root dir yet
+	vfs_stat_t stat;
+	if (vfs_stat(mountPoint, &stat))
+		return -5;				// error statting
+	if (stat.type != VFS_FT_DIR)
+		return -6;				// mountPoint not a directory
+	vfs_inode_t vfs_inode = vfs_get_inode_number(mountPoint);
+	vfs_inode_t updir = vfs_entry_lookup(vfs_inode, "..");
+	if (!updir || (updir & 0x8000000000000000ULL))
+		return -7;
+	void *super = fses[fsType]->mount_super(maj, min);
+	if (!super)
+		return -3;				// didn't mount superblock
+	vfs_mount_t *mnt = (vfs_mount_t *) New(vfs_mount_t);
+	mnt->refs = 0;
+	mnt->super = super;
+	mnt->fs = fsType;
+	mnt->major = maj;
+	mnt->minor = min;
+	mnt->mountPoint = (char *) kmalloc(strlen(mountPoint) + 1);
+	strcpy(mnt->mountPoint, mountPoint);
+	mnt->vfs_mount_inode = vfs_inode;
+	mnt->vfs_up_inode = updir;
+	mnt->vfs_root_inode = ((vfs_inode_t)maj << 40) | ((vfs_inode_t)min << 32) | fses[fsType]->get_root_inode(mnt);
+	vfs_mount_t *mount = mounts;
+	while (mount->next)
+		mount = mount->next;
+	mount->next = mnt;				// add mnt to end of mounts list
+	mnt->prev = mount;
+	mnt->next = NULL;
+	vfs_get_file_addr(updir).mount->refs++;
+	return -256;
+}
+
+int	vfs_umount(char *mountPoint)
+{
+	vfs_inode_t vfs_inode = vfs_get_inode_number(mountPoint);
+	if (!vfs_inode || (vfs_inode & 0x8000000000000000ULL))
+		return -1;				// invalid
+	vfs_mount_t *mnt = mounts;
+	while (mnt)
+	{
+		if (mnt->vfs_root_inode == vfs_inode)	// found mount point to unmount
+		{
+			if (mnt->refs)
+				return -2;		// open references to mount point;
+			if (mnt->prev)
+				mnt->prev->next = mnt->next;
+			if (mnt->next)
+				mnt->next->prev = mnt->prev;
+			if (mnt == mounts)
+				mounts = NULL;
+			kfree(mnt->mountPoint);
+			kfree(mnt);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+	return -3;					// invalid mount point
+}
+
+vfs_inode_t	vfs_get_inode_number(char *path)
+{
+	if (path[0] != '/')
+		return 0;
+	if (!mounts)
+		return 0;
+	return vfs_get_inode_number_rel(mounts->vfs_root_inode, path + 1);
+}
+
+vfs_inode_t	vfs_get_inode_number_rel(vfs_inode_t dir_inode, char *path)
+{
+	char *path_copy = (char *) kmalloc(strlen(path) + 1);
+	strcpy(path_copy, path);
+	int stanzas = str_split(path_copy, '/');
+	char *lookup = path_copy;
+	vfs_inode_t vfs_inode = dir_inode;
+	for (; stanzas > 0; stanzas--)
+	{
+		vfs_inode_t vfs_inode_this_dir = vfs_inode;
+		vfs_inode = (strcmp("", lookup) ? vfs_entry_lookup(vfs_inode, lookup) : vfs_inode_this_dir);
+		vfs_stat_t stat;
+		if (vfs_stat_inode(vfs_inode, &stat))
+			return 0x8000000000000002ULL;
+		if (stat.type == VFS_FT_SYMLINK)
+		{
+			char *link = (char *) kmalloc(4096);
+			vfs_link_deref(vfs_inode, link);
+			if (link[0] == '/')
+				vfs_inode = vfs_get_inode_number(link);
+			else
+				vfs_inode = vfs_get_inode_number_rel(vfs_inode_this_dir, link);
+			kfree(link);
+		}
+		if (!vfs_inode || (vfs_inode & 0x8000000000000000ULL))
+		{
+			kfree(path_copy);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		lookup = str_advance(lookup);
+	}
+	kfree(path_copy);
+	return vfs_inode;
+}
+
+// look for entry in dir_inode, return the vfs_inode for the entry
+vfs_inode_t	vfs_entry_lookup(vfs_inode_t dir_inode, char *entry)
+{
+	vfs_open_file_t *open_dir = vfs_open_dir_inode(dir_inode);
+	if (!open_dir)
+		return 0x8000000000000001ULL;
+	vfs_dir_entry_t dentry;
+	while (!vfs_read_dir(open_dir, &dentry))
+	{
+		if (!strcmp(dentry.name, entry))
+		{
+			vfs_close_dir(open_dir);
+			return vfs_real_inode((dir_inode & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000ULL) | dentry.inode_number);
+		}
+	}
+	vfs_close_dir(open_dir);
+	return 0x8000000000000002ULL;
+}
+
+// return the "real" vfs inode number (inode of the root of
+//  a mounted filesystem instead of the inode of the folder
+//  that the filesystem is mounted to)
+vfs_inode_t vfs_real_inode(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode)
+{
+	vfs_mount_t *mnt = mounts;
+	while (mnt)
+	{
+		if (mnt->vfs_mount_inode == vfs_inode)
+			return mnt->vfs_root_inode;
+		mnt = mnt->next;
+	}
+	return vfs_inode;
+}
+
+// translage a vfs inode number into a mount pointer and relative
+//  inode for a mounted filesystem
+vfs_file_addr_t vfs_get_file_addr(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode)
+{
+	vfs_inode = vfs_real_inode(vfs_inode);
+	vfs_file_addr_t addr = {mounts, vfs_inode & 0xFFFFFFFF};
+	vfs_mount_t *mnt = mounts;
+	while (mnt)
+	{
+		if ( (mnt->vfs_root_inode & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000ULL) == (vfs_inode & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000ULL) )
+		{
+			addr.mount = mnt;
+			return addr;
+		}
+		mnt = mnt->next;
+	}
+	return addr;
+}
+
+int	vfs_mount_count()
+{
+	vfs_mount_t *mnt = mounts;
+	int count = 0;
+	while (mnt)
+	{
+		count++;
+		mnt = mnt->next;
+	}
+	return count;
+}
+
+vfs_mount_t *vfs_get_mount(int index)
+{
+	vfs_mount_t *mnt = mounts;
+	while (mnt && index)
+	{
+		mnt = mnt->next;
+		index--;
+	}
+	if (!index)
+		return mnt;
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+int	vfs_free_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	if (fses[mount->fs]->free_inodes)
+		return fses[mount->fs]->free_inodes(mount);
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int	vfs_total_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	if (fses[mount->fs]->total_inodes)
+		return fses[mount->fs]->total_inodes(mount);
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int	vfs_free_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	if (fses[mount->fs]->free_blocks)
+		return fses[mount->fs]->free_blocks(mount);
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int	vfs_total_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	if (fses[mount->fs]->total_blocks)
+		return fses[mount->fs]->total_blocks(mount);
+	return -1;
+}
+
+vfs_inode_t	vfs_alloc_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	if (fses[mount->fs]->alloc_inode)
+	{
+		u32_t fs_inode = fses[mount->fs]->alloc_inode(mount);
+		if (!fs_inode)
+			return 0;
+		return (mount->vfs_root_inode & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000ULL) | fs_inode;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	vfs_free_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number)
+{
+	if (fses[mount->fs]->free_inode)
+		return fses[mount->fs]->free_inode(mount, inode_number);
+	return -256;
+}
+
+u32_t	vfs_alloc_block(vfs_mount_t *mount)
+{
+	if (fses[mount->fs]->alloc_block)
+		return fses[mount->fs]->alloc_block(mount);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	vfs_free_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number)
+{
+	if (fses[mount->fs]->free_block)
+		return fses[mount->fs]->free_block(mount, block_number);
+	return -256;
+}
+
+int	vfs_link_deref(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode, char *link)
+{
+	vfs_stat_t stat;
+	if (vfs_stat_inode(vfs_inode, &stat))
+		return -1;
+	if (stat.type != VFS_FT_SYMLINK)
+		return -2;
+	vfs_file_addr_t addr = vfs_get_file_addr(vfs_inode);
+	if (fses[addr.mount->fs]->link_deref)
+		return fses[addr.mount->fs]->link_deref(addr.mount, addr.inode, link);
+	return -3;
+}
+
+// stat a file, fills a vfs_stat_t structure with stat information and returns standard status
+int	vfs_stat(char *file, vfs_stat_t *stat)
+{
+	vfs_inode_t vfs_inode = vfs_get_inode_number(file);
+	if (!vfs_inode || (vfs_inode & 0x8000000000000000ULL))
+		return -256;
+	return vfs_stat_inode(vfs_inode, stat);
+}
+
+int	vfs_stat_inode(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode, vfs_stat_t *stat)
+{
+	vfs_file_addr_t addr = vfs_get_file_addr(vfs_inode);
+	if (fses[addr.mount->fs]->stat)
+		return fses[addr.mount->fs]->stat(addr.mount, addr.inode, stat);
+	return -257;
+}
+
+vfs_open_file_t *vfs_open_dir(char *path)
+{
+	vfs_inode_t vfs_inode = vfs_get_inode_number(path);
+	if (!vfs_inode || (vfs_inode & 0x8000000000000000ULL))
+		return NULL;
+	return vfs_open_dir_inode(vfs_inode);
+}
+
+vfs_open_file_t *vfs_open_dir_inode(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode)
+{
+	vfs_file_addr_t addr = vfs_get_file_addr(vfs_inode);
+	vfs_open_file_t *open_dir = (vfs_open_file_t *) New(vfs_open_file_t);
+	if (fses[addr.mount->fs]->open_dir && !(fses[addr.mount->fs]->open_dir(addr.mount, addr.inode, open_dir)))
+	{
+		open_dir->mount = addr.mount;
+		return open_dir;
+	}
+	kfree(open_dir);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+int	vfs_read_dir(vfs_open_file_t *open_dir, vfs_dir_entry_t *dentry)
+{
+	return !(fses[open_dir->mount->fs]->read_dir &&
+		!(fses[open_dir->mount->fs]->read_dir(open_dir->mount, open_dir, dentry)));
+}
+
+int	vfs_close_dir(vfs_open_file_t *open_dir)
+{
+	int status = 0;
+	if (fses[open_dir->mount->fs]->close_dir)
+		status = fses[open_dir->mount->fs]->close_dir(open_dir->mount, open_dir);
+	kfree(open_dir);
+	return status;
+}
+
+vfs_open_file_t *vfs_open_block_file(char *path)
+{
+	vfs_inode_t vfs_inode = vfs_get_inode_number(path);
+	if (!vfs_inode || (vfs_inode & 0x8000000000000000ULL))
+		return NULL;
+	return vfs_open_block_file_inode(vfs_inode);
+}
+
+vfs_open_file_t *vfs_open_block_file_inode(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode)
+{
+	vfs_file_addr_t addr = vfs_get_file_addr(vfs_inode);
+	vfs_open_file_t *open_file = (vfs_open_file_t *) New(vfs_open_file_t);
+	if (fses[addr.mount->fs]->open_block_file && !(fses[addr.mount->fs]->open_block_file(addr.mount, addr.inode, open_file)))
+	{
+		open_file->mount = addr.mount;
+		return open_file;
+	}
+	kfree(open_file);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+int	vfs_read_block_file(vfs_open_file_t *open_file, void *buffer)
+{
+	if (fses[open_file->mount->fs]->read_block_file)
+		return fses[open_file->mount->fs]->read_block_file(open_file->mount, open_file, buffer);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	vfs_block_file_seek(vfs_open_file_t *open_file, u32_t block_number)
+{
+	if (fses[open_file->mount->fs]->block_file_seek)
+		return fses[open_file->mount->fs]->block_file_seek(open_file->mount, open_file, block_number);
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int	vfs_close_block_file(vfs_open_file_t *open_file)
+{
+	int status = 0;
+	if (fses[open_file->mount->fs]->close_block_file)
+		status = fses[open_file->mount->fs]->close_block_file(open_file->mount, open_file);
+	kfree(open_file);
+	return status;
+}
+
--- a/kernel/fs/vfs_old.h
+++ b/kernel/fs/vfs_old.h
@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// vfs.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/22/04
+// Modified: 12/21/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_VFS_H__
+#define __HOS_VFS_H__ __HOS_VFS_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "fs/devices.h"
+
+#define FS_EXT2 1
+#define VFS_MAX_FS 10
+
+#define VFS_FT_UNKNOWN	0
+#define VFS_FT_FILE	1
+#define VFS_FT_DIR	2
+#define VFS_FT_CHAR	3
+#define VFS_FT_BLOCK	4
+#define VFS_FT_FIFO	5
+#define VFS_FT_SOCK	6
+#define VFS_FT_SYMLINK	7
+
+#define VFS_PERMS_OX		0x0001
+#define VFS_PERMS_OW		0x0002
+#define VFS_PERMS_OR		0x0004
+#define VFS_PERMS_GX		0x0008
+#define VFS_PERMS_GW		0x0010
+#define VFS_PERMS_GR		0x0020
+#define VFS_PERMS_UX		0x0040
+#define VFS_PERMS_UW		0x0080
+#define VFS_PERMS_UR		0x0100
+#define VFS_PERMS_STICKY	0x0200
+#define VFS_PERMS_SGID		0x0400
+#define VFS_PERMS_SUID		0x0800
+
+#define EOF 1000000
+
+typedef u64_t vfs_inode_t;
+
+/* Structure to hold information about a mount point */
+typedef struct vfs_mount_s
+{
+	int			refs;
+	void			*super;
+	int			fs;
+	major_t 		major;
+	minor_t 		minor;
+	char			*mountPoint;
+	vfs_inode_t		vfs_mount_inode;
+	vfs_inode_t		vfs_up_inode;
+	vfs_inode_t		vfs_root_inode;
+	struct vfs_mount_s	*next;
+	struct vfs_mount_s	*prev;
+} vfs_mount_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u16_t	type;			// file type, of VFS_FILE_TYPE_*
+	u32_t	size;
+	u32_t	inode;
+	u16_t	permissions;
+	u16_t	uid;
+	u16_t	gid;
+	u32_t	atime;
+	u32_t	mtime;
+	u32_t	ctime;
+	u16_t	links;
+	u32_t	dev;
+} vfs_stat_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	vfs_mount_t *mount;
+	void *fs_data;
+} vfs_open_file_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	char	name[257];
+	u32_t	inode_number;		// relative inode number returned from fs
+} vfs_dir_entry_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	vfs_mount_t *mount;
+	u32_t inode;
+} vfs_file_addr_t;
+
+/* Every filesystem must provide pointers to its respective functions in a structure like this */
+typedef struct
+{
+	void	*(*mount_super)(major_t major, minor_t minor);
+	int	(*umount_super)(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+	int	(*stat)(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_stat_t *stat);
+	u32_t	(*get_root_inode)(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+	int	(*link_deref)(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, char *link);
+	int	(*free_inodes)(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+	int	(*total_inodes)(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+	int	(*free_blocks)(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+	int	(*total_blocks)(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+
+	u32_t	(*alloc_inode)(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+	int	(*free_inode)(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+	u32_t	(*alloc_block)(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+	int	(*free_block)(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number);
+
+	int	(*open_dir)(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *dir);
+	int	(*read_dir)(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir, vfs_dir_entry_t *dentry);
+	int	(*close_dir)(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *dir);
+
+	int	(*open_file)(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+	int	(*read_file)(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+	int	(*close_file)(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+
+	int	(*open_block_file)(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+	int	(*read_block_file)(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, void *buffer);
+	int	(*block_file_seek)(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file, u32_t block_number);
+	int	(*close_block_file)(vfs_mount_t *mount, vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+
+} vfs_fs_t;
+
+
+int	vfs_init();
+int	vfs_mount(major_t maj, minor_t min, int fsType, char *mountPoint);
+int	vfs_umount(char *mountPoint);
+int	vfs_register_fs(int fsn, vfs_fs_t *fs);
+int	vfs_umount(char *mountPoint);
+vfs_inode_t	vfs_get_inode_number(char *path);
+vfs_inode_t	vfs_get_inode_number_rel(vfs_inode_t dir_inode, char *path);
+vfs_inode_t vfs_real_inode(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode);
+vfs_file_addr_t vfs_get_file_addr(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode);
+vfs_inode_t	vfs_entry_lookup(vfs_inode_t dir_inode, char *entry);
+
+int	vfs_mount_count();
+vfs_mount_t *vfs_get_mount(int index);
+int	vfs_free_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	vfs_total_inodes(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	vfs_free_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	vfs_total_blocks(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+
+vfs_inode_t	vfs_alloc_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	vfs_free_inode(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t inode_number);
+u32_t	vfs_alloc_block(vfs_mount_t *mount);
+int	vfs_free_block(vfs_mount_t *mount, u32_t block_number);
+
+
+int	vfs_link_deref(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode, char *link);
+
+int	vfs_stat(char *file, vfs_stat_t *stat);
+int	vfs_stat_inode(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode, vfs_stat_t *stat);
+
+vfs_open_file_t *vfs_open_dir(char *path);
+vfs_open_file_t *vfs_open_dir_inode(vfs_inode_t inode);
+int	vfs_read_dir(vfs_open_file_t *open_dir, vfs_dir_entry_t *dentry);
+int	vfs_close_dir(vfs_open_file_t *open_dir);
+
+vfs_open_file_t *vfs_open_block_file(char *file);
+vfs_open_file_t *vfs_open_block_file_inode(vfs_inode_t vfs_inode);
+int	vfs_read_block_file(vfs_open_file_t *open_file, void *buffer);
+int	vfs_block_file_seek(vfs_open_file_t *open_file, u32_t block_number);
+int	vfs_close_block_file(vfs_open_file_t *open_file);
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/functions.h
+++ b/kernel/functions.h
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//functions.h
+//05/07/03 Josh Holtrop
+//for HOS
+//Modified: 02/26/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_FUNCTIONS__
+#define __HOS_FUNCTIONS__ __HOS_FUNCTIONS__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "sys/io.h"
+
+extern u32_t _code;
+extern u32_t _bss;
+extern u32_t _end;
+
+//Enables (SeTs) Interrupt Flag on the processor
+static inline void enable_ints()
+{
+	asm("sti");
+}
+
+//Disables (CLears) Interrupt Flag on the processor
+static inline void disable_ints()
+{
+	asm("cli");
+}
+
+//Restarts the computer
+static inline void restart()
+{
+ 	enable_ints();
+ 	byte temp;
+	do
+	{
+		temp = inportb(0x64);
+		if (temp & 1)
+		inportb(0x60);
+	} while(temp & 2);
+
+
+	outportb (0x64, 0xfe);
+	for (;;) {}
+}
+
+//Halts (freezes) the computer
+static inline void halt()
+{
+ 	asm("cli");
+ 	asm("hlt");
+ 	while (1) ;
+}
+
+//Initializes 8253 Programmable Interrupt Timer
+static inline void timer_init(u32_t freq)
+{
+	u32_t	wait = 1193180 / freq;	//how many ticks the PIT must wait before issuing an interrupt
+	outportb(0x43, 0x34);
+	outportb(0x40, wait); //lsb
+	outportb(0x40, wait >> 8); //msb
+}
+
+//Returns the size of the kernel (code & data & bss)
+// - this should be 4kb aligned per the linker script
+// - this is the amount of RAM the kernel code, data, & bss take
+static inline u32_t kernel_size_used()
+{
+	return (u32_t)(&_end)-(u32_t)(&_code);
+}
+
+//Returns the size of the kernel (code & data)
+// - this does not include the bss section
+// - this should be 4kb aligned per the linker script
+// - this should be the size of kernel.bin
+static inline u32_t kernel_size()
+{
+	return (u32_t)(&_bss)-(u32_t)(&_code);
+}
+
+//converts a binary-coded-decimal byte to its decimal equivalent
+static inline byte bcd2byte(byte bcd)
+{
+ 	return (10 * ((bcd & 0xF0) >> 4)) + (bcd & 0x0F);
+}
+
+//converts a binary-coded-decimal byte to its decimal equivalent
+static inline byte byte2bcd(byte bite)
+{
+	return ((bite / 10) << 4) | (bite % 10);
+}
+
+// get the maximum of two values
+static inline u32_t max(u32_t v1, u32_t v2)
+{
+	return ( (v2 > v1) ? v2 : v1 );
+}
+
+// get the minimum of two values
+static inline u32_t min(u32_t v1, u32_t v2)
+{
+	return ( (v2 > v1) ? v1 : v2 );
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
--- a/kernel/gdt.inc
+++ b/kernel/gdt.inc
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+;gdt.inc
+;Author: Josh Holtrop
+;Date: 10/30/03
+;Modified: 03/02/04
+
+gdtr:
+	dw	gdt_end-gdt-1
+	dd	GDT_V
+gdt:			; 0
+	dd	0
+	dd	0
+
+KERNEL_CODE equ $-gdt	; 8
+	dw	0xffff	;limit 15:0
+	dw	0x0000	;base  15:0
+	db	0x00	;base  23:16
+	db	0x9A	;access ([P][DPL][1][Executable][Direction/Conforming][Writable/Readable][A])
+	db	0xCF	;flags ([G][D/B][0][0]) / limit 19:16
+	db	0x00	;base  31:24
+
+KERNEL_DATA equ $-gdt	; 16
+	dw	0xffff	;limit 15:0
+	dw	0x0000	;base  15:0
+	db	0x00	;base  23:16
+	db	0x92	;access ([P][DPL][1][Executable][Direction/Conforming][Writable/Readable][A])
+	db	0xCF	;flags ([G][D/B][0][0]) / limit 19:16
+	db	0x00	;base  31:24
+
+
+USER_CODE equ $-gdt	; 24
+	dw	0xffff	;limit 15:0
+	dw	0x0000	;base  15:0
+	db	0x00	;base  23:16
+	db	0xFA	;access ([P][DPL][1][Executable][Direction/Conforming][Writable/Readable][A])
+	db	0xCF	;flags ([G][D/B][0][0]) / limit 19:16
+	db	0x00	;base  31:24
+
+USER_DATA equ $-gdt	; 32
+	dw	0xffff	;limit 15:0
+	dw	0x0000	;base  15:0
+	db	0x00	;base  23:16
+	db	0xF2	;access ([P][DPL][1][Executable][Direction/Conforming][Writable/Readable][A])
+	db	0xCF	;flags ([G][D/B][0][0]) / limit 19:16
+	db	0x00	;base  31:24
+
+TSS0_SEG equ $-gdt	; 40
+	dw	0x67	;limit 15:0
+	dw	0	;base  15:0
+	db	0	;base  23:16
+	db	0xE9	;access ([P][DPL][0][1][0][Busy][1])
+	db	0x00	;flags ([G][0][0][AVL]) / limit 19:16
+	db	0	;base  31:24
+
+gdt_end:
+
+
+
--- a/kernel/hos_defines.h
+++ b/kernel/hos_defines.h
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// hos_defines.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/15/04
+// Modified: 08/16/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_DEFINES_H__
+#define __HOS_DEFINES_H__ __HOS_DEFINES_H__
+
+#define PARALLEL_DEBUG
+
+#define HOS_TIMER_FREQ	1000
+#define KERNEL_MSG_CONSOLE 11
+
+#define VIRT_OFFSET	0xC0000000
+#define PHYS_LOAD	0x00108000
+#define PDBR		0x00104000
+#define VIRT_STACK_TOP	0xD0000000
+#define HEAP_START	0xD0000000
+#define HEAP_LENGTH	0x20000000
+
+#define CONSOLE_MEMORY	0xC00B8000
+#define BIOS_CHAR_MAP	0xC00FFA6E
+#define LFB_MEMORY	0xF0000000
+
+#define SEG_KERNEL_CODE	8
+#define SEG_KERNEL_DATA	16
+#define SEG_USER_CODE	24
+#define SEG_USER_DATA	32
+#define SEG_TSS0	40
+
+#define MAX_MODULES	16
+#define MAX_MMAP	16
+
+#define NULL		0
+
+#define HOS_INIT_TASK	"/bin/init"
+
+#define New(x) kcalloc(1, sizeof(x))
+
+typedef unsigned long long	u64_t;
+typedef unsigned int		u32_t;
+typedef unsigned short		u16_t;
+typedef unsigned char		u8_t;
+typedef unsigned char		byte;
+typedef	int			lock_t;
+
+extern u32_t _end;
+extern u32_t _bss;
+extern u32_t start;
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/idt.inc
+++ b/kernel/idt.inc
@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+;idt.inc
+;Author: Josh Holtrop
+;Date: 10/30/03
+;Modified: 01/02/06
+
+idtr:
+	dw	50*8-1		;size of idt
+	dd	IDT_V		;address of idt
+
+
+%macro isr_label 1
+isr_%1:
+	push	eax
+	mov	eax, %1
+	jmp	isr_main
+%endmacro
+
+isr_label	0
+isr_label	1
+isr_label	2
+isr_label	3
+isr_label	4
+isr_label	5
+isr_label	6
+isr_label	7
+isr_label	8
+isr_label	9
+isr_label	10
+isr_label	11
+isr_label	12
+isr_label	13
+isr_label	14
+isr_label	15
+isr_label	16
+isr_label	17
+isr_label	18
+isr_label	19
+isr_label	20
+isr_label	21
+isr_label	22
+isr_label	23
+isr_label	24
+isr_label	25
+isr_label	26
+isr_label	27
+isr_label	28
+isr_label	29
+isr_label	30
+isr_label	31
+isr_label	32
+isr_label	33
+isr_label	34
+isr_label	35
+isr_label	36
+isr_label	37
+isr_label	38
+isr_label	39
+isr_label	40
+isr_label	41
+isr_label	42
+isr_label	43
+isr_label	44
+isr_label	45
+isr_label	46
+isr_label	47
+isr_label	48
+isr_label	49
+
+isr_main:
+	; ok, here, we need to duplicate the top item on the stack
+	; (the old eax) if the interrupt number is not 8 or 10-14
+	; this is to properly align the stack for both exceptions
+	; having and not having error codes
+	cmp	eax, 8
+	jz	isr_main_nodup		; if int=8, no dup
+	cmp	eax, 10
+	jb	isr_main_dup		; if int<10, dup
+	cmp	eax, 14
+	jbe	isr_main_nodup		; if int<=14, no dup
+isr_main_dup:				; else dup
+	sub	esp, 4
+	push	eax
+	mov	eax, [esp+8]
+	mov	[esp+4], eax
+	pop	eax
+isr_main_nodup:
+	push	ebx
+	push	ecx
+	push	edx
+	push	edi
+	push	esi
+	push	ebp
+	push	ds
+	push	es
+	push	fs
+	push	gs
+
+	push	esp
+	push	eax		;interrupt number
+	call	_isr
+	add	esp, 8
+
+	pop	gs
+	pop	fs
+	pop	es
+	pop	ds
+	pop	ebp
+	pop	esi
+	pop	edi
+	pop	edx
+	pop	ecx
+	pop	ebx
+	add	esp, 4		;bypass error code
+	pop	eax		;original saved eax
+
+	iret
+
--- a/kernel/kernel.c
+++ b/kernel/kernel.c
@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+/* kernel.h
+ * Author: Josh Holtrop
+ * Date: 08/16/04
+ * Modified: 11/02/05
+ * This is the main kernel initialization and boot-strapping file
+ */
+
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "multiboot.h"
+#include "module.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+#include "functions.h"
+#include "mm/mm.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "lang/conv.h"
+#include "devices.h"
+#include "display/display.h"
+#include "display/kout.h"
+#include "sys/io.h"
+#include "sys/pic.h"
+#include "char/keyboard.h"
+#include "block/ramdisk.h"
+#include "fs/vfs.h"
+#include "fs/ext2/ext2.h"
+#include "sys/pci.h"
+#include "proc/proc.h"
+#include "syscall.h"
+
+mb_info_t mb_info_block;
+mb_mmap_t mb_mmap[MAX_MMAP];
+u32_t mmap_entries;
+mb_module_t mb_modules[MAX_MODULES];
+mb_apm_t mb_apm_table;
+mb_module_t *real_mode_module;		// pointer to real mode module (if present)
+real_mode_param_t rm_params;
+char mb_cmdline[256];
+int criticalCounter;			// semaphore for if interrupts are disabled
+u32_t timer;				// number of IRQ 0's
+
+extern u32_t mm_freepages;
+extern u32_t proc_new_esp;
+extern u32_t cur_task;
+
+/* This function runs in segmented memory - 0xC000_0000 is mapped to 0x0 but 0x0
+   itself is an invalid linear address. Therefore, the multiboot information addresses
+   must be manually adjusted by VIRT_OFFSET to become valid linear addresses. */
+mb_module_t *k_mbsave(mb_info_t *mbinfo, unsigned int mb_magic)
+{
+	real_mode_module = NULL;
+	if (mb_magic != MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC)
+	{
+		char *msg = "Bad multiboot magic identifier!";
+		char *dest = (char *) CONSOLE_MEMORY;
+		while (*msg)
+		{
+			*dest++ = *msg++;
+			*dest++ = 0x04;		//red error message
+		}
+		for (;;) ;
+	}
+	mb_info_block = *mbinfo;
+	if (mb_info_block.flags & MB_BOOTLOADER_COMMAND_LINE)
+	{
+		mb_info_block.cmdline += VIRT_OFFSET;
+		memcpy(mb_cmdline, (void *)mb_info_block.cmdline, 256);
+		mb_cmdline[255] = 0;
+	}
+	if (mb_info_block.flags & MB_BOOTLOADER_MODS)
+	{
+		mb_info_block.mods_addr += VIRT_OFFSET;
+		int i;
+		for (i = 0; i < mb_info_block.mods_count && i < MAX_MODULES; i++)
+		{
+			mb_modules[i] = ((mb_module_t *)mb_info_block.mods_addr)[i];
+			mb_modules[i].mod_start += VIRT_OFFSET;
+			mb_modules[i].mod_end += VIRT_OFFSET;
+			hos_module_header_t *mod = (hos_module_header_t *)mb_modules[i].mod_start;
+			if (mod->mod_magic == 0x4D534F48 && mod->mod_type == MOD_REAL_MODE)
+				real_mode_module = &mb_modules[i];
+		}
+	}
+	if (mb_info_block.flags & MB_BOOTLOADER_MMAP)
+	{
+		mb_info_block.mmap_addr += (VIRT_OFFSET - 4);	//-4 to get to size field, not base_addr_low field
+		mb_mmap_t *mmap = (mb_mmap_t *)mb_info_block.mmap_addr;
+		int i, sz = 0;
+		for (i = 0; sz < mb_info_block.mmap_length && i < MAX_MMAP; i++)
+		{
+			sz += mmap->size + 4;
+			mb_mmap[i] = *mmap;
+			mmap = (mb_mmap_t *)(((u32_t) mmap) + mmap->size + 4);
+			mmap_entries++;
+		}
+	}
+	if (mb_info_block.flags & MB_BOOTLOADER_APM)
+	{
+		mb_info_block.apm_table += VIRT_OFFSET;
+		mb_apm_table = *(mb_apm_t *)mb_info_block.apm_table;
+	}
+	return real_mode_module;
+}
+
+/* Main kernel initialization routine */
+void k_init()
+{
+	criticalCounter++;
+	pic_remap(0x20, 0x28);
+	pic_mask1(0);			//unmask IRQ's 0-7
+	pic_mask2(0);			//unmask IRQ's 8-15
+	timer_init(HOS_TIMER_FREQ);
+	mm_init();
+	vmm_init();
+	devices_init();
+	if (real_mode_module)
+	{
+		if (rm_params.vid_addr)  // there is video memory to map in
+		{
+			u32_t vid_mem = rm_params.width * rm_params.height;
+			switch (rm_params.bpp)
+			{
+			case 15: case 16:
+				vid_mem <<= 1;	break;
+			case 24:
+				vid_mem *= 3;	break;
+			case 32:
+				vid_mem <<= 2;	break;
+			}
+			// map in video memory so we can access the video card's LFB
+			vmm_mapn(LFB_MEMORY, (u32_t)rm_params.vid_addr, (vid_mem >> 12) + 1);
+		}
+	}
+	display_init();			// initialize display subsystem
+	kprintf("HOS v0.16 initializing...\n");
+	kprintf("Kernel load line: '%s'\n", mb_cmdline);
+	kprintf("Kernel load size: %d (0x%x) bytes (%d kb)\n", kernel_size(), kernel_size(), kernel_size() >> 10);
+	kprintf("Kernel memory size: %d (0x%x) bytes (%d kb)\n", kernel_size_used(), kernel_size_used(), kernel_size_used() >> 10);
+
+	k_check(pci_init(), "pci_init() failed!");
+	k_check(vfs_init(), "vfs_init() failed!");
+	k_check(proc_init(), "proc_init() failed!");
+
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < mb_info_block.mods_count; i++)
+	{
+		kprintf("Loaded kernel module %d: 0x%x - 0x%x (%d bytes, type %d)\n", i, mb_modules[i].mod_start, mb_modules[i].mod_end, mb_modules[i].mod_end - mb_modules[i].mod_start, ((hos_module_header_t*)mb_modules[i].mod_start)->mod_type);
+		if (((mb_modules[i].mod_end - mb_modules[i].mod_start) > 2048) &&
+			((ext2_super_block_t *)(mb_modules[i].mod_start + 1024))->s_magic == EXT2_MAGIC)
+		{
+			// we found an initrd
+			minor_t initrd_minor = ramdisk_register((void *)mb_modules[i].mod_start, mb_modules[i].mod_end - mb_modules[i].mod_start);
+			kprintf("initrd (%dkb) loaded\n", (mb_modules[i].mod_end - mb_modules[i].mod_start) >> 10);
+			k_check(vfs_mount(DEV(MAJOR_RAMDISK, initrd_minor), "ext2", "/"), "Kernel panic: Could not mount initrd to /!");
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	void *root = vfs_open_dir("///");
+	char name[VFS_MAX_PATH_LENGTH];
+	if (root)
+	{
+		vfs_dir_entry_t dentry;
+		vfs_stat_t fstat;
+		while (!vfs_read_dir(root, &dentry))
+		{
+			strcpy(name, "/");
+			strcat(name, dentry.name);
+			vfs_stat(name, &fstat);
+			kprintf("%d\t", fstat.inode);
+			putc(fstat.type == VFS_FT_DIR ? 'd' : fstat.type == VFS_FT_CHAR ? 'c' : fstat.type == VFS_FT_BLOCK ? 'b' : fstat.type == VFS_FT_SYMLINK ? 'l' : '-');
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_UR ? 'r' : '-');
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_UW ? 'w' : '-');
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_UX ? 'x' : '-');
+
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_GR ? 'r' : '-');
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_GW ? 'w' : '-');
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_GX ? 'x' : '-');
+
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_OR ? 'r' : '-');
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_OW ? 'w' : '-');
+			putc(fstat.permissions & VFS_PERMS_OX ? 'x' : '-');
+
+			kprintf(" %d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%s", fstat.links, fstat.uid, fstat.gid, fstat.size, dentry.name);
+			if (fstat.type == VFS_FT_CHAR || fstat.type == VFS_FT_BLOCK)
+				kprintf("\t(%d, %d)", fstat.dev >> 8, fstat.dev & 0xFF);
+			if (fstat.type == VFS_FT_SYMLINK)
+			{
+				char *link = kmalloc(4096);
+				vfs_link_deref(name, link);
+				kprintf(" -> %s", link);
+				kfree(link);
+			}
+			putc('\n');
+		}
+		vfs_close_dir(root);
+	}
+	else
+		kprintf("Error: Could not open directory\n");
+
+	/* Create the initial task */
+	vfs_stat_t stat;
+	if (!vfs_stat(HOS_INIT_TASK, &stat))
+	{
+		if (stat.permissions &
+			(VFS_PERMS_UX | VFS_PERMS_GX | VFS_PERMS_UX))
+		{
+			u8_t *buf = kmalloc(stat.size);
+			void *file = vfs_open_file(HOS_INIT_TASK, VFS_MODE_READ);
+			vfs_read_file_block(file, buf, stat.size);
+			vfs_close_file(file);
+			create_task(buf, stat.size, 0, 0);
+		}
+	}
+
+	criticalCounter--;
+}
+
+void isr(u32_t num, int_stack_t *int_stack)
+{
+	criticalCounter++;
+	switch (num)
+	{
+	case 0x0:				/* divide by zero */
+		kprintf("divide by zero, current process: %u\n", cur_task);
+		break;
+	case 0x20:				// timer
+		timer++;
+		(*(u16_t *)CONSOLE_MEMORY)++;
+		proc_sched(int_stack);
+		pic_eoi();
+		break;
+	case 0x21:				// keyboard
+		isr_keyboard();
+		pic_eoi();
+		break;
+	case 0x30:
+		syscall(cur_task, int_stack);
+		break;
+	case 0x0D:				/* general protection (error code) */
+		kprintf("General protection fault process %u, error #%u\n", cur_task, int_stack->error);
+		break;
+	case 0x0E:				/* Page fault (error code) */
+		kprintf("Page fault process %u, error #%u\n", cur_task, int_stack->error);
+		break;
+	case 0x01:				/* debug exception */
+	case 0x02:				/* non-maskable interrupt */
+	case 0x03:				/* breakpoint */
+	case 0x04:				/* overflow */
+	case 0x05:				/* bound exception */
+	case 0x06:				/* invalid opcode */
+	case 0x07:				/* FPU not available */
+	case 0x08:				/* Double fault (error code) */
+	case 0x09:				/* coprocessor segment overrun */
+	case 0x0A:				/* invalid TSS (error code) */
+	case 0x0B:				/* segment not present (error code) */
+	case 0x0C:				/* stack exception (error code) */
+	case 0x10:				/* floating point error */
+	case 0x11:				/* alignment check */
+	case 0x12:				/* machine check */
+	default:
+		kprintf("Unhandled interrupt #%d, CR2 = 0x%x, int_stack at 0x%x!\n", num, read_cr2(), int_stack);
+		halt();
+	}
+	criticalCounter--;
+}
+
+
+void	k_enter_critical()	// functions for implementing "atomic actions"
+{
+	disable_ints();
+	criticalCounter++;
+}
+
+void	k_leave_critical()
+{
+	criticalCounter--;
+	if (!criticalCounter)
+		enable_ints();
+}
+
+void	k_check(int val, char *msg)
+{
+	if (val)
+	{
+		kprintf("\e[31;1m%s\n", msg);
+		halt();
+	}
+}
+
--- a/kernel/kernel.h
+++ b/kernel/kernel.h
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// kernel.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/16/04
+// Modified: 08/18/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_KERNEL_H__
+#define __HOS_KERNEL_H__ __HOS_KERNEL_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "multiboot.h"
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	void	*vid_addr;	// address of LFB, 0 if console mode
+	u32_t	width;		// width in pixels or columns if vid_mem == 0
+	u32_t	height;		// height in pixels or columns if vid_mem == 0
+	u32_t	bpp;		// bits per pixel - 15/16/24/32
+} __attribute__ ((packed)) real_mode_param_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	gs;
+	u32_t	fs;
+	u32_t	es;
+	u32_t	ds;
+
+	u32_t	ebp;
+	u32_t	esi;
+	u32_t	edi;
+	u32_t	edx;
+
+	u32_t	ecx;
+	u32_t	ebx;
+	u32_t	eax;
+
+	u32_t	error;		/* valid on exceptions 8, 10-14 */
+	u32_t	eip;
+	u32_t	cs;
+	u32_t	eflags;
+	u32_t	esp;		/* present if privilege transition */
+	u32_t	ss;
+} int_stack_t;
+
+/* returns true to callee if we should jump to a real mode module */
+mb_module_t *k_mbsave(mb_info_t *mbinfo, unsigned int mb_magic);
+void	_init();
+void	isr(u32_t num, int_stack_t *stack_frame);
+void	k_enter_critical();	// functions for implementing "atomic actions"
+void	k_leave_critical();
+void	k_check(int val, char *msg);
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/lang/conv.c
+++ b/kernel/lang/conv.c
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// conv.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/02/04
+// Modified: 12/30/04
+
+#include "conv.h"
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+// BCD to string
+// returns number of characters generated before null terminator
+int	bcdtoa(u32_t bcd, char *buf)
+{
+	*buf++ = ((bcd & 0xF0) >> 4) + '0';
+	*buf++ = (bcd & 0xF) + '0';
+	*buf = 0;
+	return 2;
+}
+
+
+// convert integer to hexadecimal string
+int	itox(u32_t num, char *buf)
+{
+	int s, i = 0;
+	for (s = 28; s >= 0; s -= 4)
+	{
+		u32_t val = (num >> s) & 0xF;
+		if (i || val || (!s))
+		{
+			val = (val > 9) ? (val + 'A' - 10) : (val + '0');
+			buf[i++] = val;
+		}
+	}
+	buf[i] = 0;
+	return i - 1;
+}
+
+
+// convert integer to an octal string
+int	itoo(u32_t num, char *buf)
+{
+	int s, i = 0;
+	for (s = 30; s >= 0; s -= 3)
+	{
+		u32_t val = (num >> s) & 0x7;
+		if (i || val || (!s))
+			buf[i++] = val + '0';
+	}
+	buf[i] = 0;
+	return i - 1;
+}
+
+
+// convert signed integer to decimal string
+int	itoa(int num, char *buf)
+{
+	// 4,294,967,296
+	int hitNum = 0, i = 0, mod, val;
+	if (num < 0)
+	{
+		buf[i++] = '-';
+		num = -num;
+	}
+	for (mod = 1000000000; mod >= 1; mod /= 10)
+	{
+		val = num / mod;
+		num %= mod;
+		if (val || (mod == 1))
+			hitNum = 1;
+		if (hitNum)
+		{
+			buf[i++] = val + '0';
+		}
+	}
+	buf[i] = 0;
+	return i - 1;
+}
+
+
+// convert an unsigned integer to decimal string
+int	utoa(u32_t num, char *buf)
+{
+	// 4,294,967,296
+	int hitNum = 0, i = 0, mod, val;
+	for (mod = 1000000000; mod >= 1; mod /= 10)
+	{
+		val = num / mod;
+		num %= mod;
+		if (val || (mod == 1))
+			hitNum = 1;
+		if (hitNum)
+		{
+			buf[i++] = val + '0';
+		}
+	}
+	buf[i] = 0;
+	return i - 1;
+}
+
+
+char	asciiSwitchCase(char chr)
+{
+	if (chr >= 'A' && chr <= 'Z')
+		return chr + ('a' - 'A');
+	if (chr >= 'a' && chr <= 'z')
+		return chr - ('a' - 'A');
+	return chr;
+}
+
+
--- a/kernel/lang/conv.h
+++ b/kernel/lang/conv.h
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// conv.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/02/04
+// Modified: 12/30/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_CONV__
+#define __HOS_CONV__ __HOS_CONV__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+int	bcdtoa(u32_t bcd, char *buf);
+int	itox(u32_t num, char *buf);
+int	itoo(u32_t num, char *buf);
+int	itoa(int num, char *buf);
+int	utoa(u32_t num, char *buf);
+
+char	asciiSwitchCase(char chr);
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/lang/lang.asm
+++ b/kernel/lang/lang.asm
@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+; lang.asm
+; Josh Holtrop
+; Created: 10/23/03
+; Modified: 12/30/04
+
+[bits 32]
+
+%macro jzfar 1
+	jnz	%%skip
+	jmp	%1
+%%skip:
+
+%endmacro
+
+;implements a lock
+[global _lock]
+_lock:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	eax
+	push	ebx
+	push	esi
+
+	mov	esi, [ebp + 8]
+_lock_loop0:
+	xor	eax, eax
+	mov	ebx, 1
+	cmpxchg	[esi], ebx
+	jnz	_lock_loop0		; failed to acquire lock
+
+	pop	esi
+	pop	ebx
+	pop	eax
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+;releases a lock
+[global _unlock]
+_unlock:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	esi
+
+	mov	esi, [ebp + 8]
+	mov	[esi], dword 0
+
+	pop	esi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+;returns the value in the CR0 register
+;extern dword read_cr0();
+[global _read_cr0]
+_read_cr0:
+	mov	eax, cr0;
+	ret
+
+;stores the parameter to the CR0 register
+;extern dword write_cr0(dword cr0);
+[global _write_cr0]
+_write_cr0:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	mov	eax, [ebp+8]
+	mov	cr0, eax
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+;returns the value in the CR2 register
+;extern dword read_cr2();
+[global _read_cr2]
+_read_cr2:
+	mov	eax, cr2;
+	ret
+
+
+
+;returns the value in the CR3 register
+;extern dword read_cr3();
+[global _read_cr3]
+_read_cr3:
+	mov	eax, cr3;
+	ret
+
+
+;stores the parameter to the CR3 register
+;extern dword write_cr3(dword cr3);
+[global _write_cr3]
+_write_cr3:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	mov	eax, [ebp+8]
+	mov	cr3, eax
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+
+; read ss register
+[global _read_ss]
+_read_ss:
+	mov	ax, ss
+	ret
+
+
+;copies a string from the source to the destination parameter
+;extern void strcpy(char *dest, char *src);
+[global _strcpy]
+_strcpy:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	esi
+	push	edi
+	mov	edi, [ebp+8]
+	mov	esi, [ebp+12]
+strcpyloop:
+	lodsb
+	stosb
+	or	al, al
+	jnz	strcpyloop
+	pop	edi
+	pop	esi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+;copies memory of n bytes from src to destination
+;void memcpy(void *dest, void *src, dword n);
+[global _memcpy]
+_memcpy:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	esi
+	push	edi
+	push	ecx
+	mov	edi, [ebp+8]
+	mov	esi, [ebp+12]
+	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
+
+	cld
+	rep	movsb
+
+	pop	ecx
+	pop	edi
+	pop	esi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+
+;copies memory of n words (n*2 bytes) from src to destination
+;void memcpyw(void *dest, void *src, dword n);
+[global _memcpyw]
+_memcpyw:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	esi
+	push	edi
+	push	ecx
+	mov	edi, [ebp+8]
+	mov	esi, [ebp+12]
+	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
+
+	cld
+	rep	movsw
+
+	pop	ecx
+	pop	edi
+	pop	esi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+
+;copies memory of n dwords (n*4 bytes) from src to destination
+;void memcpyd(void *dest, void *src, dword n);
+[global _memcpyd]
+_memcpyd:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	esi
+	push	edi
+	push	ecx
+	mov	edi, [ebp+8]
+	mov	esi, [ebp+12]
+	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
+
+	cld
+	rep	movsd
+
+	pop	ecx
+	pop	edi
+	pop	esi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+
+;sets num bytes at buffer to the value of c
+;void *memset(void *buffer, int c, int num);
+[global _memset]
+_memset:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	edi
+	push	ecx
+	mov	edi, [ebp+8]
+	push	edi		;save for return address
+	mov	eax, [ebp+12]
+	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
+
+	rep	stosb
+
+        pop	eax
+	pop	ecx
+	pop	edi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+
+;sets num words at buffer to the value of c
+;void *memsetw(void *buffer, int c, int num);
+[global _memsetw]
+_memsetw:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	edi
+	push	ecx
+	mov	edi, [ebp+8]
+	push	edi		;save for return address
+	mov	eax, [ebp+12]
+	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
+
+	rep	stosw
+
+        pop	eax
+	pop	ecx
+	pop	edi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+        
+;sets num dwords at buffer to the value of c
+;void *memsetd(void *buffer, int c, int num);
+[global _memsetd]
+_memsetd:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	edi
+	push	ecx
+	mov	edi, [ebp+8]
+	push	edi		;save for return address
+	mov	eax, [ebp+12]
+	mov	ecx, [ebp+16]
+
+	rep	stosd
+
+        pop	eax
+	pop	ecx
+	pop	edi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+
+;returns the number of characters in a string
+;extern dword strlen(char *str);
+[global _strlen]
+_strlen:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+	push	esi
+	push	ebx
+	mov	esi, [ebp+8]
+	xor	ebx, ebx
+strlenloop:
+	lodsb
+	or	al, al
+	jz	strlendone
+	inc	ebx
+	jmp	strlenloop
+strlendone:
+	mov	eax, ebx
+	pop	ebx
+	pop	esi
+	pop	ebp
+	ret
+
+
+;this function invalidates the page directory/table entry that
+; would be used to access the memory address given in the parameter
+;extern void invlpg_(dword addr);
+[global _invlpg_]
+_invlpg_:
+	mov	eax, [esp+4]
+	invlpg	[eax]
+	ret
+
+
+;
+;void writeCursorPosition(word pos)
+;
+[global _writeCursorPosition]
+_writeCursorPosition:
+	push	ebp
+	mov	ebp, esp
+
+	push	eax
+	push	ebx
+	push	edx
+
+	mov	eax, [ebp+8]	;cursor position in ax
+
+	mov	bl, al
+	mov	dx, 0x03D4
+	mov	al, 0x0E
+	out	dx, al
+
+	inc	dx
+	mov	al, ah
+	out	dx, al
+
+	dec	dx
+	mov	al, 0x0F
+	out	dx, al
+
+	inc	dx
+	mov	al, bl
+	out	dx, al
+
+	pop	edx
+	pop	ebx
+	pop	eax
+	pop	ebp
+
+	ret
+
+
+;
+;word getCursorPosition()
+;
+[global _getCursorPosition]
+_getCursorPosition:
+	push	ebx
+	push	edx
+
+	xor	eax, eax
+	mov	dx, 0x03D4
+	mov	al, 0x0E
+	out	dx, al
+
+	inc	dx
+	in	al, dx
+	mov	bl, al
+
+	dec	dx
+	mov	al, 0x0F
+	out	dx, al
+
+	inc	dx
+	in	al, dx
+	mov	ah, bl
+
+	pop	edx
+	pop	ebx
+
+	ret
+
--- a/kernel/lang/lang.c
+++ b/kernel/lang/lang.c
@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// lang.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 12/30/04
+// Modified: 12/30/04
+
+#include "lang.h"
+
+
+/* strcmp compares two strings
+ * Returns:
+ *  0 if the strings are equal
+ * <0 if the second string is less than the first
+ * >0 if the second string is greater than the first
+ */
+int	strcmp(char *str1, char *str2)
+{
+	while (*str1 || *str2)
+	{
+		if (*str1 != *str2)
+			return *str2 - *str1;
+		str1++;
+		str2++;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* strncmp compares up to n characters of two strings
+ * Returns:
+ *  0 if the strings are equal
+ * <0 if the second string is less than the first
+ * >0 if the second string is greater than the first
+ */
+int	strncmp(char *str1, char *str2, int n)
+{
+	while (n > 0 && (*str1 || *str2))
+	{
+		if (*str1 != *str2)
+			return *str2 - *str1;
+		str1++;
+		str2++;
+		n--;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* str_change changes a certain character in a string
+ *  to a different character
+ * Returns: how many characters were changed
+ */
+int str_change(char *str, char ch1, char ch2)
+{
+  int count = 0;
+  while (*str)
+    {
+      if (*str == ch1)
+	{
+	  *str = ch2;
+	  count++;
+	}
+      str++;
+    }
+  return count;
+}
+
+// counts the occurrences of lookfor in str
+int	str_count(char *str, char lookfor)
+{
+	int count = 0;
+	while (*str)
+	{
+		if (*str == lookfor)
+			count++;
+		str++;
+	}
+	return count;
+}
+
+// split the string into substrings by the splitchar, return number of substrings
+int	str_split(char *str, char splitchar)
+{
+  if (!(*str))
+    return 0;
+	int subs = 1;
+	while (*str)
+	{
+		if (*str == splitchar)
+		{
+			*str = 0;
+			subs++;
+		}
+		str++;
+	}
+	return subs;
+}
+
+// advance the string pointer to the next substring, return a pointer to the next substring
+char	*str_advance(char *str)
+{
+	char *next = str;
+	while (*next)
+		next++;			// advance pointer to end of this substring (null character)
+	return next + 1;
+}
+
+
+// concatentate src onto the end of dest
+void	strcat(char *dest, char *src)
+{
+	while (*dest)
+		dest++;
+	strcpy(dest, src);
+}
+
--- a/kernel/lang/lang.h
+++ b/kernel/lang/lang.h
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// lang.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Created: 02/26/04
+// Modified: 12/30/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_LANG__
+#define __HOS_LANG__ __HOS_LANG__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+/* lang.asm */
+void	lock(lock_t *addr);
+void	unlock(lock_t *addr);
+u32_t read_cr0();
+u32_t write_cr0(u32_t cr0);
+u32_t read_cr2();
+u32_t read_cr3();
+u32_t write_cr3(u32_t cr3);
+u32_t read_ss();
+void writeCursorPosition(u32_t pos);
+u32_t getCursorPosition();
+void strcpy(char *dest, const char *src);
+void memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, u32_t n);
+void memcpyw(void *dest, const void *src, u32_t n);
+void memcpyd(void *dest, const void *src, u32_t n);
+void *memset(void *buffer, int c, int num);
+void *memsetw(void *buffer, int c, int num);
+void *memsetd(void *buffer, int c, int num);
+u32_t strlen(const char *str);
+void invlpg_(u32_t addr);
+
+/* lang.c */
+int	strcmp(char *str1, char *str2);
+int	strncmp(char *str1, char *str2, int n);
+int	str_change(char *str, char ch1, char ch2);
+int	str_count(char *str, char lookfor);
+int	str_split(char *str, char splitchar);
+char	*str_advance(char *str);
+void	strcat(char *dest, char *src);
+
+#endif
+
+
--- a/kernel/lang/new.cpp
+++ b/kernel/lang/new.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/10/05
+// Adds C++ support for new, delete functions
+
+extern "C"
+{
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+}
+
+//overload the operator "new"
+void * operator new (u32_t size)
+{ return kmalloc(size); }
+
+//overload the operator "new[]"
+void * operator new[] (u32_t size)
+{ return kmalloc(size); }
+
+//overload the operator "delete"
+void operator delete (void *p)
+{ kfree(p); }
+
+//overload the operator "delete[]"
+void operator delete[] (void *p)
+{ kfree(p); }
--- a/kernel/lang/string.cpp
+++ b/kernel/lang/string.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+
+// string.cpp
+// implements c++ string object for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/01/04
+// Modified: 05/10/05
+
+extern "C"
+{
+#include "string.h"		//string class declaration
+#include "lang/lang.h"		//memcpy(void *dest, void *src, int n), strlen(char *str)
+}
+
+string::string()
+{
+	myLength = 0;
+	myChars = new char;	//myChars must be a valid pointer at all times
+	*myChars = 0;
+}
+
+string::~string()
+{
+	delete[] myChars;
+}
+
+string::string(const string & orig)
+{
+	myLength = orig.myLength;
+	myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(myChars, orig.myChars, myLength + 1);
+}
+
+string::string(const char *cstring)
+{
+	myLength = strlen(cstring);
+	myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(myChars, cstring, myLength + 1);
+}
+
+string & string::operator=(const string & orig)
+{
+	if (this != &orig)
+	{
+		delete[] myChars;
+		myLength = orig.myLength;
+		myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+		memcpy(myChars, orig.myChars, myLength + 1);
+	}
+	return *this;
+}
+
+string & string::operator=(const char *cstring)
+{
+	if (myChars != cstring)
+	{
+		delete[] myChars;
+		myLength = strlen(cstring);
+		myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+		memcpy(myChars, cstring, myLength + 1);
+	}
+	return *this;
+}
+
+char * string::data() const { return myChars; }
+
+int string::size() const { return myLength; }
+
+string & string::operator+=(const string & str)
+{
+	char *newStr = new char[myLength + str.myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(newStr, myChars, myLength);
+	memcpy(newStr + myLength, str.myChars, str.myLength + 1);
+	delete[] myChars;
+	myChars = newStr;
+	myLength += str.myLength;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+string & string::operator+=(const char *cstring)
+{
+	char *newStr = new char[myLength + strlen(cstring) + 1];
+	memcpy(newStr, myChars, myLength);
+	memcpy(newStr + myLength, cstring, strlen(cstring) + 1);
+	delete[] myChars;
+	myChars = newStr;
+	myLength += strlen(cstring);
+	return *this;
+}
+
+string & string::operator+=(char chr)
+{
+	myLength++;
+	char *newStr = new char[myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(newStr, myChars, myLength);
+	newStr[myLength - 1] = chr;
+	newStr[myLength] = 0;
+	delete[] myChars;
+	myChars = newStr;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+
+string string::operator+(const string & str)
+{ return string(*this, str); }
+
+string string::operator+(const char *cstring)
+{ return string(*this, cstring); }
+
+string string::operator+(char chr)
+{ return string(*this, chr); }
+
+
+
+string::string(const string & str1, const string & str2)
+{
+	myLength = str1.myLength + str2.myLength;
+	myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(myChars, str1.myChars, str1.myLength);
+	memcpy(myChars + str1.myLength, str2.myChars, str2.myLength + 1);
+}
+
+string::string(const string & str1, const char *cstring)
+{
+	myLength = str1.myLength + strlen(cstring);
+	myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(myChars, str1.myChars, str1.myLength);
+	memcpy(myChars + str1.myLength, cstring, strlen(cstring) + 1);
+}
+
+string::string(const char *cstring, const string & str)
+{
+	myLength = str.myLength + strlen(cstring);
+	myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(myChars, cstring, strlen(cstring));
+	memcpy(myChars + strlen(cstring), str.myChars, str.myLength + 1);
+}
+
+string::string(const string & str1, char chr)
+{
+	myLength = str1.myLength + 1;
+	myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(myChars, str1.myChars, myLength);
+	myChars[myLength - 1] = chr;
+	myChars[myLength] = 0;
+}
+
+string::string(char chr, const string & str1)
+{
+	myLength = str1.myLength + 1;
+	myChars = new char[myLength + 1];
+	memcpy(myChars  + 1, str1.myChars, myLength + 1);
+	*myChars = chr;
+}
+
+const char & string::operator[](unsigned int index) const
+{
+	if (index < myLength)
+		return myChars[index];
+	return *myChars;		//if index is invalid, return a pointer to the trailing 0
+}
+
+char & string::operator[](unsigned int index)
+{
+	if (index < myLength)
+		return myChars[index];
+	return *myChars;		//if index is invalid, return a pointer to the trailing 0
+}
+
+
+
+bool string::operator==(const string & second) const
+{
+	if (myLength != second.myLength)
+		return false;
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < myLength; i++)
+	{
+		if (myChars[i] != second.myChars[i])
+			return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool string::operator==(const char *cstring) const
+{
+	if (myLength != strlen(cstring))
+		return false;
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < myLength; i++)
+	{
+		if (myChars[i] != cstring[i])
+			return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool string::operator!=(const string & second) const
+{ return !operator==(second); }
+
+bool string::operator!=(const char *cstring) const
+{ return !operator==(cstring); }
+
+bool string::operator<(const string & second) const
+{
+	char *c1 = myChars, *c2 = second.myChars;
+	while (*c1 == *c2 && *c1)
+	{
+		c1++;
+		c2++;
+	}
+	return *c1 < *c2;
+}
+
+bool string::operator>(const string & second) const
+{
+	char *c1 = myChars, *c2 = second.myChars;
+	while (*c1 == *c2 && *c1)
+	{
+		c1++;
+		c2++;
+	}
+	return *c1 > *c2;
+}
+
+bool string::operator<(const char *cstring) const
+{
+	char *c1 = myChars;
+	while (*c1 == *cstring && *c1)
+	{
+		c1++;
+		cstring++;
+	}
+	return *c1 < *cstring;
+}
+
+bool string::operator>(const char *cstring) const
+{
+	char *c1 = myChars;
+	while (*c1 == *cstring && *c1)
+	{
+		c1++;
+		cstring++;
+	}
+	return *c1 > *cstring;
+}
+
+bool string::operator<=(const string & second) const
+{ return !operator>(second); }
+
+bool string::operator>=(const string & second) const
+{ return !operator<(second); }
+
+bool string::operator<=(const char *cstring) const
+{ return operator<(cstring) || operator==(cstring); }
+
+bool string::operator>=(const char *cstring) const
+{ return operator>(cstring) || operator==(cstring); }
+
+
+
--- a/kernel/lang/string.h
+++ b/kernel/lang/string.h
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+
+// string.h
+// implements c++ string object for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 06/01/04
+// Modified: 05/10/05
+
+
+#ifndef __HOS_STRING__
+#define __HOS_STRING__ __HOS_STRING__
+
+class string
+{
+private:
+	/* myChars is a pointer to a character array
+	 * It will always be a valid pointer, not null.
+	 * The constructor is responsible for initializing
+	 *  it to point to a 1-char array with myChars[0] == 0     */
+	char * myChars;
+	
+	/* myLength holds how many characters are in the
+	 *  string, not including the trailing null value
+	 *  (ASCII 0 character)  */
+	unsigned int myLength;
+public:
+	/* Basic constructors */
+	string();
+	~string();
+	
+	/* Copy constructor */
+	string(const string & orig);
+	
+	/* Construct strings from c-style strings:
+	 * Allows declarations like string s = "data";   */
+	string(const char *cstring);
+	
+	/* Assignment operators */
+	string & operator=(const string & orig);
+	string & operator=(const char *cstring);
+	
+	/* Boolean comparison operators */
+	bool operator==(const string & second) const;
+	bool operator==(const char *cstring) const;
+	bool operator!=(const string & second) const;
+	bool operator!=(const char *cstring) const;
+	bool operator<(const string & second) const;
+	bool operator>(const string & second) const;
+	bool operator<(const char *cstring) const;
+	bool operator>(const char *cstring) const;
+	bool operator<=(const string & second) const;
+	bool operator>=(const string & second) const;
+	bool operator<=(const char *cstring) const;
+	bool operator>=(const char *cstring) const;
+	
+	/* Construct strings made up of combinations of other
+	 *  strings, c-style strings, and characters     */
+	string(const string & str1, const string & str2);
+	string(const string & str1, const char *cstring);
+	string(const char *cstring, const string & str);
+	string(const string & str1, char chr);
+	string(char chr, const string & str1);
+
+	/* Append operators */
+	string & operator+=(const string & str);
+	string & operator+=(const char *cstring);
+	string & operator+=(char chr);
+
+	string operator+(const string & str);
+	string operator+(const char *cstring);
+	string operator+(char chr);
+	
+	/* Direct character-access operators */
+	const char & operator[](unsigned int index) const;
+	char & operator[](unsigned int index);
+	
+	/* Returns handle to actual character-array for programs
+	 *  that need raw data instead of a string object    */
+	char * data() const;
+	
+	/* Returns the size of the string. This is myLength
+	 *  and is the number of characters in the string
+	 *  not counting the trailing null (ASCII 0) character  */
+	int size() const;
+};
+
+
+static inline bool operator==(char *cstring, const string & str)
+{ return str == cstring; }
+
+static inline bool operator!=(char *cstring, const string & str)
+{ return str != cstring; }
+
+static inline bool operator<(const char *cstring, const string & str)
+{ return str > cstring; }
+
+static inline bool operator>(const char *cstring, const string & str)
+{ return str < cstring; }
+
+static inline bool operator<=(const char *cstring, const string & str)
+{ return str >= cstring; }
+
+static inline bool operator>=(const char *cstring, const string & str)
+{ return str <= cstring; }
+
+static inline string operator+(const char *cstring, const string & str)
+{ return string(cstring, str); }
+
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/lang/vector.h
+++ b/kernel/lang/vector.h
@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+
+// vector.h
+// implements c++ vector object for HOS
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 05/30/05
+// Modified: 05/30/05
+
+
+#ifndef __HOS_VECTOR__
+#define __HOS_VECTOR__ __HOS_VECTOR__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+template<typename type>
+class vector
+{
+protected:
+	/* Pointers to vector elements */
+	type	**myData;
+
+	/* How many elements are present */
+	unsigned int	mySize;
+
+	/* How many elements there are pointers for */
+	unsigned int	myAllocated;
+
+	/* Causes the vector to double in its allocated size */
+	void	grow();
+
+public:
+	/* Constructors/Destructor */
+	vector<type>();
+	vector<type>(unsigned int size);
+	vector<type>(const vector<type> & v1);
+	~vector<type>();
+
+	/* Assignment operator */
+	vector<type> & operator=(const vector<type> & v1);
+
+	/* Returns the size of the vector */
+	unsigned int	size() const;
+
+	/* Add an element to the end of the vector */
+	vector<type> & add(type elem);
+
+	/* Remove an element from the vector */
+	vector<type> & remove(unsigned int index);
+
+	/* Insert an element into a position in the vector */
+	vector<type> & insert(type elem, unsigned int position);
+
+	/* Direct access operators */
+	const type & operator[](unsigned int index) const;
+	type & operator[](unsigned int index);
+
+	/* Returns pointer to data */
+	type **data();
+};
+
+template<typename type>
+vector<type>::vector<type>()
+{
+	myData = NULL;
+	mySize = 0;
+	myAllocated = 0;
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+vector<type>::vector<type>(unsigned int size)
+{
+	myData = new (type *)[size];
+	mySize = 0;
+	myAllocated = size;
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+vector<type>::vector<type>(const vector<type> & v1)
+{
+	mySize = v1.mySize;
+	myAllocated = v1.myAllocated;
+	myData = new (type *)[myAllocated];
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < mySize; i++)
+		myData[i] = new type(*v1.myData[i]);
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+vector<type>::~vector<type>()
+{
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mySize; i++)
+		delete myData[i];
+	delete[] myData;
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+vector<type> & vector<type>::operator=(const vector<type> & v1)
+{
+	mySize = v1.mySize;
+	myAllocated = v1.myAllocated;
+	myData = new (type *)[myAllocated];
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < mySize; i++)
+		myData[i] = new type(*v1.myData[i]);
+	return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+u32_t	vector<type>::size() const
+{
+	return mySize;
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+const type & vector<type>::operator[](unsigned int index) const
+{
+	return *myData[index];
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+type & vector<type>::operator[](unsigned int index)
+{
+	return *myData[index];
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+vector<type> & vector<type>::add(type elem)
+{
+	while (mySize >= myAllocated)
+		grow();
+	myData[mySize++] = new type(elem);
+	return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+void vector<type>::grow()
+{
+	myAllocated <<= 1;
+	if (myAllocated == 0)
+		myAllocated = 1;
+	type **data_new = new (type *)[myAllocated];
+	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mySize; i++)
+		data_new[i] = myData[i];
+	if (myData)
+		delete[] myData;
+	myData = data_new;
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+vector<type> & vector<type>::remove(unsigned int index)
+{
+	if (index < mySize)
+	{
+		delete myData[index];
+		for (unsigned int i = index; i < (mySize - 1); i++)
+			myData[i] = myData[i+1];
+		mySize--;
+	}
+	return *this;
+}
+
+template<typename type>
+vector<type> & vector<type>::insert(type elem, unsigned int position)
+{
+	if (position <= mySize)
+	{
+		if (mySize >= myAllocated)
+			grow();
+		for (unsigned int i = mySize; i > position; i--)
+			myData[i] = myData[i-1];
+		myData[position] = new type(elem);
+		mySize++;
+	}
+	return *this;
+}
+
+
+template<typename type>
+type **vector<type>::data()
+{
+	return myData;
+}
+
+#endif
--- a/kernel/link.ld
+++ b/kernel/link.ld
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+OUTPUT_FORMAT("binary")
+ENTRY(_start)
+SECTIONS
+{
+  .text  0xC0108000 : {
+    code = .; _code = .; __code = .;
+    *(.text)
+  }
+  .gnulinkonce : {
+    *(.gnu.linkonce*)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+  }
+  .data  : {
+    data = .; _data = .; __data = .;
+    *(.data)
+    *(.rodata)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+  }
+  .bss  : {
+    bss = .; _bss = .; __bss = .;
+    *(.bss)
+    . = ALIGN(4096);
+  }
+  end = .; _end = .; __end = .;
+}
--- a/kernel/mm/mm.c
+++ b/kernel/mm/mm.c
@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// mm.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Created: 09/01/03
+// Modified: 08/19/04
+
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "mm/mm.h"
+#include "multiboot.h"
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+extern	mb_info_t mb_info_block;
+extern	mb_mmap_t mb_mmap[MAX_MMAP];
+extern	u32_t mmap_entries;
+extern	mb_module_t mb_modules[MAX_MODULES];
+
+u32_t	mm_totalmem;
+u32_t	mm_megabytes;
+u32_t	mm_freepages;
+u32_t	mm_first_free_byte;
+byte	page_bitmap[MM_BITMAP_SIZE];	//used to store a bit for each page that is used, 0 if available
+					//0x20000*(8 bits/byte)=0x100000 pages in 4gb total
+
+//This function initializes the memory manager's linked list, filling it with the
+// memory areas returned by bios interrupt 0x8E20
+void	mm_init()
+{
+	u32_t a;
+ 	for (a = 0; a < MM_BITMAP_SIZE; a++)		//mark all pages used
+ 	{
+ 		page_bitmap[a] = 0xFF;
+ 	}
+	for (a = 0; a < mmap_entries; a++)		//free BIOS #1 areas
+	{
+		if (mb_mmap[a].type == 1)		// (1) mem free to OS
+		{
+			mm_totalmem += mb_mmap[a].length;
+			u32_t freethis = mb_mmap[a].base;
+			u32_t limit = mb_mmap[a].base + mb_mmap[a].length - 4096;
+			while (freethis <= limit)
+			{
+				if (freethis >= PHYS_LOAD)	//above physical kernel load point
+					mm_pfree(freethis);
+				freethis += 4096;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	mm_preserven(PHYS_LOAD, (((u32_t)&_end - (u32_t)&start) >> 12) + 1);	//reserve kernel memory
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < mb_info_block.mods_count; i++)	//reserve module memory
+	{
+		mm_preserven(mb_modules[i].mod_start - VIRT_OFFSET, (mb_modules[i].mod_end - mb_modules[i].mod_start + 4095) >> 12);
+	}
+	mm_megabytes = (mm_totalmem >> 20) + ((mm_totalmem % 0x100000) ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+
+// This function frees a certain number of pages starting at the address
+//  specified in base for a length of pages pages
+void	mm_pfreen(u32_t base, u32_t pages)
+{
+	//convert pages to max address
+	for (pages = base + (pages << 12); base < pages; base += 4096)
+		mm_pfree(base);
+}
+
+
+// This function frees a single page
+void	mm_pfree(u32_t base)
+{
+//	u32_t pageNumber = base >> 12;	// >>12 == /4096
+	u32_t byteNumber = base >> 15;	//pageNumber >> 3;	//pageNumber/8
+	u32_t bitNumber = (base >> 12) & 0x07; //pageNumber % 8;
+	page_bitmap[byteNumber] = page_bitmap[byteNumber] & ((0x01 << bitNumber) ^ 0xFF);
+	mm_freepages++;
+	if (byteNumber < mm_first_free_byte)
+		mm_first_free_byte = byteNumber;
+}
+
+
+// This function reserves a certain number of pages starting at the address
+//  specified in base for a length of pages pages
+void	mm_preserven(u32_t base, u32_t pages)
+{
+	//convert pages to max address
+	for (pages = base + (pages << 12); base < pages; base += 4096)
+		mm_preserve(base);
+}
+
+
+// This function reserves a single page
+void	mm_preserve(u32_t base)
+{
+//	u32_t pageNumber = base >> 12;	// >>12 == /4096
+	u32_t byteNumber = base >> 15;	//pageNumber >> 3;	//pageNumber/8
+	u32_t bitNumber = (base >> 12) & 0x07; //pageNumber % 8;
+	page_bitmap[byteNumber] = page_bitmap[byteNumber] | (0x01 << bitNumber);
+	mm_freepages--;
+}
+
+
+// This function allocates a single page, returning its physical address
+u32_t	mm_palloc()
+{
+	u32_t bite;
+	for (bite = mm_first_free_byte; bite < MM_BITMAP_SIZE; bite++)
+	{
+		if (page_bitmap[bite] != 0xFF)	//there is an available page within this 8-page region
+		{
+			int bit;
+			for (bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++)
+			{
+				if (!(page_bitmap[bite] & (1 << bit)))	//this bite/bit combination is available
+				{
+					mm_first_free_byte = bite;	//start searching from here next time
+					mm_freepages--;
+					page_bitmap[bite] = page_bitmap[bite] | (1 << bit);	//set page as used
+					return ((bite << 15) | (bit << 12));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;	//no free page
+}
+
+
+// This function reports the number of bytes of free physical memory
+u32_t	mm_getFreeMem()
+{
+	return mm_freepages << 12;
+}
+
+
+u32_t	mm_getFreePages()
+{
+	return mm_freepages;
+}
+
+
+u32_t	mm_getTotalMem()
+{
+	return mm_totalmem;
+}
+
+
+u32_t	mm_getTotalMegs()
+{
+	return mm_megabytes;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- a/kernel/mm/mm.h
+++ b/kernel/mm/mm.h
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// mm.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Created: 09/01/03
+// Modified: 03/08/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_MM__
+#define __HOS_MM__ __HOS_MM__
+
+#include "kernel.h"
+
+//The total amount of physical memory available (bytes, 1 bit per page)
+#define MM_BITMAP_SIZE	0x20000
+
+void	mm_init();
+void	mm_pfreen(u32_t base, u32_t pages);
+void	mm_pfree(u32_t base);
+void	mm_preserven(u32_t base, u32_t pages);
+void	mm_preserve(u32_t base);
+u32_t	mm_palloc();
+u32_t	mm_getFreeMem();
+u32_t	mm_getFreePages();
+u32_t	mm_getTotalMem();
+u32_t	mm_getTotalMegs();
+
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/mm/vmm.c
+++ b/kernel/mm/vmm.c
@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+// vmm.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 09/30/03
+// Rewritten from scratch: 12/23/03
+// Modified: 09/12/05
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+#include "mm/mm.h"
+
+int	vmm_map_range(void *virt_start, void *virt_end, u32_t phys_start);
+void	*vmm_getFreeChunk(u32_t size);
+void	vmm_removeHeapEntry(u32_t queue, HeapEntry_t *he);
+int	vmm_moreCore(u32_t size);
+int	vmm_coalesceEntry(u32_t queue, HeapEntry_t *newHE);
+void	vmm_heb_init(HeapEntryBlock_t *heb);
+void	vmm_addToQueue(u32_t queue, HeapEntry_t *preceeding, HeapEntry_t *he);
+int	vmm_countHeapEntries(HeapEntry_t *he);
+HeapEntry_t *vmm_followChain(HeapEntry_t *he);
+HeapEntry_t *vmm_getUnusedEntry();
+HeapEntry_t *vmm_stripUnusedEntry();
+
+extern	mb_info_t mb_info_block;
+extern	mb_module_t mb_modules[MAX_MODULES];
+extern	u32_t mm_freepages;
+
+HeapEntryQueue_t heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_TYPES];		// linked queues of HeapEntry objects
+HeapEntry_t heapEntryHeadNodes[VMM_HE_TYPES];		// head nodes for linked queues
+HeapEntry_t heapEntryTailNodes[VMM_HE_TYPES];		// tail nodes for linked queues
+HeapEntryBlock_t initialHEB;				// block for initial 256 HeapEntry objects
+
+
+// This is the initialization procedure for the Virtual Memory Manager
+//  It sets up the heap for dynamic memory allocation and virtual page allocation
+void	vmm_init()
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < mb_info_block.mods_count; i++)	//page in the kernel modules
+		vmm_map_range((void*)mb_modules[i].mod_start, (void*)mb_modules[i].mod_end - 1, mb_modules[i].mod_start - VIRT_OFFSET);
+	for (i = 0; i < VMM_HE_TYPES; i++)
+	{
+		heapEntryQueues[i].count = 0;
+		heapEntryQueues[i].head = &heapEntryHeadNodes[i];
+		heapEntryHeadNodes[i].next = &heapEntryTailNodes[i];
+		heapEntryTailNodes[i].prev = &heapEntryHeadNodes[i];
+	}
+	vmm_heb_init(&initialHEB);
+	vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_UNUSED, &heapEntryHeadNodes[VMM_HE_UNUSED], &initialHEB.entry[0]);
+	HeapEntry_t *wilderness = vmm_stripUnusedEntry();
+	wilderness->base = (void *) HEAP_START;
+	wilderness->length = HEAP_LENGTH;
+	vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_HOLE, &heapEntryHeadNodes[VMM_HE_HOLE], wilderness);
+}
+
+
+/* Allocate a physical page and map the virtual address to it, return physical address allocated or NULL */
+int	vmm_map(void *virt)
+{
+	u32_t dum;
+	return vmm_map_addr(virt, &dum);
+}
+
+int	vmm_map_addr(void *virt, u32_t *phys_addr)
+{
+	if (mm_freepages < 10)
+		return -1;
+	return vmm_map1((u32_t)virt, *phys_addr = mm_palloc());
+}
+
+
+// This function maps a virtual address to a physical address using the page directory / page table
+int	vmm_map1(u32_t virt, u32_t physical)
+{
+	virt &= 0xFFFFF000;
+	physical &= 0xFFFFF000;
+	u32_t pde = virt >> 22;
+	u32_t pte = (virt & 0x003FF000) >> 12;
+	u32_t *pageTables = (u32_t *)0xFFFFF000;	//this is the location of the page directory
+	if (!(pageTables[pde] & 0x01))		//the page directory entry is not present, we must allocate a page table
+	{
+		u32_t newpagetable;
+		if (!(newpagetable = mm_palloc()))
+			return -1;		//out of physical memory
+		pageTables[pde] = newpagetable | 0x03;
+		invlpg_(0xFFFFF000 + (pde << 2));
+		invlpg_(virt);		//in case it was cached, so we can fill page table safely
+		memsetd((void*)(0xFFC00000 | (pde << 12)), 0, 1024);	//zero out new page table
+	}
+	*(u32_t *)(0xFFC00000 | (pde << 12) | (pte << 2)) = physical | 0x03;
+	invlpg_((0xFFC00000 | (pde << 12) | (pte << 2)));
+	invlpg_(virt);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// This function maps a variable number of pages in a row
+int	vmm_mapn(u32_t virt, u32_t physical, u32_t n)
+{
+	while (n > 0)
+	{
+		if (vmm_map1(virt, physical))
+			return 1;	// error mapping page
+		virt += 4096;
+		physical += 4096;
+		n--;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// This function removes the virtual address's entry in the
+// page directory / page table
+void	vmm_unmap1(u32_t virt)
+{
+	*(u32_t *)(0xFFC00000 |
+		((virt & 0xFFC00000) >> 10) |
+		((virt & 0x003FF000) >> 10)) = 0;
+ 	invlpg_(virt);
+}
+
+
+// This function removes multiple pages' entries
+void	vmm_unmapn(u32_t virt, u32_t n)
+{
+	while (n > 0)
+	{
+		vmm_unmap1(virt);
+		virt += 4096;
+		n--;
+	}
+}
+
+
+// This function maps an entire address range into memory
+int	vmm_map_range(void *virt_start, void *virt_end, u32_t phys_start)
+{
+	if (virt_end < virt_start)
+		return -1;		// invalid region
+	while (virt_start < virt_end)
+	{
+		if (vmm_map1((u32_t)virt_start, phys_start))
+			return -2;	// out of memory
+		virt_start += 4096;
+		phys_start += 4096;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+// kernel virtual memory allocator
+void	*kmalloc(u32_t size)
+{
+	k_enter_critical();
+	if (size % VMM_MALLOC_GRANULARITY)
+		size = size + VMM_MALLOC_GRANULARITY -
+			(size % VMM_MALLOC_GRANULARITY);
+	/* added 09/12/05 by josh - fixed bug returning size 0 segments
+		multiple times */
+	if (size < VMM_MALLOC_GRANULARITY)
+		size = VMM_MALLOC_GRANULARITY;
+	void *attempt = vmm_getFreeChunk(size);
+	if (attempt)
+	{
+		k_leave_critical();
+		return attempt;
+	}
+	if (vmm_moreCore(size))
+	{
+		k_leave_critical();
+		return NULL;		//we could not get any more heap memory
+	}
+	attempt = vmm_getFreeChunk(size);
+	k_leave_critical();
+	return attempt;
+}
+
+
+// kernel virtual memory de-allocator
+int	kfree(void *addr)
+{
+	k_enter_critical();
+	HeapEntry_t *he = heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_USED].head->next;
+	while (he->next)
+	{
+		if (he->base == addr)
+		{
+			vmm_removeHeapEntry(VMM_HE_USED, he);
+			if (vmm_coalesceEntry(VMM_HE_FREE, he))
+				vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_FREE, heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_FREE].head, he);
+			else
+				vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_UNUSED, heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_UNUSED].head, he);
+			break;
+		}
+		he = (HeapEntry_t *)he->next;
+	}
+	k_leave_critical();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// This function allocates a virtual page and maps it to a physical page
+void	*vmm_palloc()
+{
+	u32_t dum;
+	return vmm_palloc_addr(&dum);
+}
+
+void	*vmm_palloc_addr(u32_t *phys_addr)
+{
+	k_enter_critical();
+	HeapEntry_t *he = heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_HOLE].head->next;
+	HeapEntry_t *wilderness = he;
+	while (he->next)
+	{
+		if (he->length == 4096)
+		{
+			vmm_removeHeapEntry(VMM_HE_HOLE, he);
+			vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_USED, &heapEntryHeadNodes[VMM_HE_USED], he);
+			if (vmm_map_addr(he->base, phys_addr))
+				he->base = NULL;
+			k_leave_critical();
+			return he->base;
+		}
+		if (he->length > wilderness->length)
+			wilderness = he;
+		he = (HeapEntry_t *)he->next;
+	}
+	if (wilderness->length < 0x00010000)		//leave 16 pages free
+	{
+		k_leave_critical();
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	wilderness->length -= 4096;			//strip 4k from the top
+	he = vmm_getUnusedEntry();
+	he->base = wilderness->base + wilderness->length;
+	he->length = 4096;
+	vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_USED, &heapEntryHeadNodes[VMM_HE_USED], he);
+	if (vmm_map_addr(he->base, phys_addr))
+		he->base = NULL;
+	k_leave_critical();
+	return he->base;
+}
+
+
+// This function frees a previously-allocated virtual page
+int	vmm_pfree(void *addr)
+{
+	u32_t pbase = *(u32_t *)(0xFFC00000 |
+			(((u32_t)addr & 0xFFC00000) >> 10) |
+			(((u32_t)addr & 0x003FF000) >> 10));
+	if (vmm_unmapp(addr))
+		return -1;
+	mm_pfree(pbase);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int	vmm_unmapp(void *addr)
+{
+	if (!addr)
+		return -2;
+	k_enter_critical();
+	HeapEntry_t *he = heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_USED].head->next;
+	while (he->next)
+	{
+		if (he->base == addr)		//found the page to free
+		{
+			vmm_removeHeapEntry(VMM_HE_USED, he);
+			vmm_unmap1((u32_t)he->base);
+			vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_HOLE, &heapEntryHeadNodes[VMM_HE_HOLE], he);
+			k_leave_critical();
+			return 0;
+		}
+		he = he->next;
+	}
+	k_leave_critical();
+	return -1;	// page not found
+}
+
+
+// This function allocates and zeros memory for the given number of objects,
+//  given the size of each object
+void	*kcalloc(u32_t number, u32_t size)
+{
+	void *mem = kmalloc(number * size);
+	if (!mem)
+		return NULL;	//could not get memory
+	memset(mem, 0, number * size);
+	return mem;
+}
+
+
+// This function re-allocates memory already allocated, preserving the old contents
+//  (as long as newSize is greater than oldSize)
+void	*krealloc(void *orig, unsigned int newSize)
+{
+	void *newMem;
+	if ((newMem = kmalloc(newSize)))
+	{
+		HeapEntry_t *he = heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_USED].head->next;
+		while (he->next)
+		{
+			if (he->base == orig)
+			{
+				memcpy(newMem, orig, (he->length < newSize ? he->length : newSize));
+				kfree(orig);
+				return newMem;
+			}
+			he = (HeapEntry_t *)he->next;
+		}
+		kfree(newMem);
+		return NULL;	// base address not found
+	}
+	else
+		return NULL;	// could not get mem for new chunk
+}
+
+
+// This function returns the base address of a free chunk of virtual memory - called from kmalloc()
+void *vmm_getFreeChunk(u32_t size)
+{
+	HeapEntry_t *he = heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_FREE].head->next;
+	HeapEntry_t *good = NULL;
+	while (he->next)	// he is not the tail node
+	{
+		if (he->length == size)
+		{
+			vmm_removeHeapEntry(VMM_HE_FREE, he);
+			vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_USED, heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_USED].head, he);
+			return he->base;
+		}
+		if (good)
+		{
+			if ((he->length > size) && (he->length < good->length))
+				good = he;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (he->length > size)
+				good = he;
+		}
+		he = (HeapEntry_t *)he->next;
+	}
+	if (!good)
+		return NULL;
+	HeapEntry_t *newHE = vmm_getUnusedEntry();
+	newHE->base = good->base;
+	newHE->length = size;
+	newHE->next = NULL;
+	newHE->prev = NULL;
+	good->base += size;
+	good->length -= size;
+	vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_USED, heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_USED].head, newHE);
+	return newHE->base;
+}
+
+
+// This function retrieves more core memory for the virtual memory allocator to allocate
+int	vmm_moreCore(u32_t size)
+{
+	int pages = (size >> 12) + 2;
+	size = pages << 12;
+	if ((mm_freepages - 5) < pages)
+		return -1;		// out of physical memory
+	HeapEntry_t *he = heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_HOLE].head->next;
+	HeapEntry_t *wilderness = he;
+	while (he->next)
+	{
+		if (he->length > wilderness->length)
+			wilderness = he;
+		he = (HeapEntry_t *)he->next;
+	}
+	if (wilderness->length <= size)
+		return -2;		// out of virtual memory
+	int i;
+	void *virt = wilderness->base;
+	for (i = 0; i < pages; i++)
+	{
+		vmm_map(virt);
+		virt += 4096;
+	}
+	HeapEntry_t *newHE = vmm_getUnusedEntry();
+	newHE->base = wilderness->base;
+	newHE->length = size;
+	newHE->next = 0;
+	newHE->prev = 0;
+	wilderness->base += size;
+	wilderness->length -= size;
+	if (vmm_coalesceEntry(VMM_HE_FREE, newHE))	// returns 0 on success (coalesced into previous entry)
+		vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_FREE, heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_FREE].head, newHE);
+	else
+		vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_UNUSED, heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_UNUSED].head, newHE);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+// This function coalesces to heap entries into one
+int	vmm_coalesceEntry(u32_t queue, HeapEntry_t *newHE)
+{
+	HeapEntry_t *existing = heapEntryQueues[queue].head->next;
+	while (existing->next)
+	{
+		if ((existing->base + existing->length) == newHE->base)
+		{
+			existing->length += newHE->length;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		else if ((newHE->base + newHE->length) == existing->base)
+		{
+			existing->base = newHE->base;
+			existing->length += newHE->length;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		existing = (HeapEntry_t *)existing->next;
+	}
+	return -1;	// an entry to coalesce with was not found
+}
+
+
+// This function removes a heap entry from a queue
+void	vmm_removeHeapEntry(u32_t queue, HeapEntry_t *he)
+{
+	((HeapEntry_t *)he->prev)->next = he->next;
+	((HeapEntry_t *)he->next)->prev = he->prev;
+	heapEntryQueues[queue].count--;
+	he->next = NULL;
+	he->prev = NULL;
+}
+
+
+// This function initialzes a Heap Entry Block to entries linked together
+void	vmm_heb_init(HeapEntryBlock_t *heb)
+{
+	int a;
+	for (a = 0; a < 255; a++)
+	{
+		heb->entry[a].next = &heb->entry[a+1];
+		heb->entry[a+1].prev = &heb->entry[a];
+	}
+	heb->entry[0].prev = NULL;
+	heb->entry[255].next = NULL;
+}
+
+
+// This function adds a HeapEntry structure to the queue following 'preceeding' the queue
+// fails if add to tail (add one element before tail node)
+void vmm_addToQueue(u32_t queue, HeapEntry_t *preceeding, HeapEntry_t *he)
+{
+	heapEntryQueues[queue].count += vmm_countHeapEntries(he);
+	HeapEntry_t *last = vmm_followChain(he);
+	last->next = preceeding->next;
+	he->prev = preceeding;
+	((HeapEntry_t *)last->next)->prev = last;
+	preceeding->next = he;
+}
+
+
+// This function returns how many HeapEntry objects are in a queue starting/including from the object given
+int vmm_countHeapEntries(HeapEntry_t *he)
+{
+	int count = 0;
+	while (he)
+	{
+		count++;
+		he = (HeapEntry_t *)he->next;
+	}
+	return count;
+}
+
+
+// This function follows a chain of HeapEntry objects and returns a pointer to the last one
+HeapEntry_t *vmm_followChain(HeapEntry_t *he)
+{
+	while (he->next)
+		he = (HeapEntry_t *)he->next;
+	return he;
+}
+
+
+// This function breaks an unused chunk from its queue and returns a pointer to it
+// 09/10/05 nasty bug fixed by josh, wasn't adding unused entries when we ran out of them
+HeapEntry_t *vmm_getUnusedEntry()
+{
+	if (heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_UNUSED].count < 5)
+	{
+		HeapEntry_t *he = heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_HOLE].head->next;
+		HeapEntry_t *wilderness = he;
+		while (he)
+		{
+			if ((he->length) > (wilderness->length))
+				wilderness = he;
+			he = (HeapEntry_t *)he->next;
+		}
+		if (wilderness->length < 10000)
+		{
+			k_check(-1, "Kernel panic: out of virtual memory\n");
+		}
+		wilderness->length -= 4096;			//strip 4k from the top
+		HeapEntryBlock_t *newHEB = wilderness->base + wilderness->length;
+		vmm_map(newHEB);
+		vmm_heb_init(newHEB);
+		vmm_addToQueue(VMM_HE_UNUSED, heapEntryTailNodes[VMM_HE_UNUSED].prev, &newHEB->entry[0]);
+	}
+	return vmm_stripUnusedEntry();
+}
+
+
+// Return pointer to an unused HeapEntry object, ASSUMES THERE IS ONE PRESENT IN QUEUE
+HeapEntry_t *vmm_stripUnusedEntry()
+{
+	HeapEntry_t *he = heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_UNUSED].head->next;
+	heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_UNUSED].head->next = he->next;
+	if (! he->next)
+		k_check(1, "kernel panic: he->next is NULL\n");
+	((HeapEntry_t *)he->next)->prev = he->prev;
+	heapEntryQueues[VMM_HE_UNUSED].count--;
+	he->next = 0;
+	he->prev = 0;
+	return he;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- a/kernel/mm/vmm.h
+++ b/kernel/mm/vmm.h
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// vmm.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 09/30/03
+// Rewritten from scratch: 12/23/03, 07/13/04
+// Modified: 08/28/04
+
+#ifndef __HOS_VMM__
+#define __HOS_VMM__ __HOS_VMM__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "multiboot.h"
+
+#define VMM_HE_TYPES	4		//4 types of heap entries
+#define	VMM_HE_UNUSED	0		//available entry
+#define	VMM_HE_FREE	1		//free section of memory
+#define	VMM_HE_USED	2		//used section of memory
+#define	VMM_HE_HOLE	3		//a "hole" (unmapped/wilderness) section of virtual memory
+
+#define	VMM_MALLOC_GRANULARITY	4	//a power of 2, granularity for all memory requests
+#define VMM_MALLOC_GRAN_MASK	VMM_MALLOC_GRANULARITY-1	//mask for determining how much of a request is past granularity
+
+
+typedef struct {
+	void	*base;			//virtual base address
+	u32_t	length;			//size in bytes
+	void	*next;			//link to next HeapEntry
+	void	*prev;			//link to previous HeapEntry
+} __attribute__((packed)) HeapEntry_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+	HeapEntry_t	entry[256];	//256 HeapEntry objects = 4kb (1 page)
+} __attribute__((packed)) HeapEntryBlock_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+	int	count;
+	HeapEntry_t *head;
+} HeapEntryQueue_t;
+
+
+void	vmm_init();
+void	*kmalloc(u32_t size);
+int	kfree(void *addr);
+int	vmm_unmapp(void *addr);
+void	*vmm_palloc();
+void	*vmm_palloc_addr(u32_t *phys_addr);
+int	vmm_pfree(void *addr);
+void	*kcalloc(unsigned int number, unsigned int size);
+
+int	vmm_map(void *virt);
+int	vmm_map_addr(void *virt, u32_t *phys_addr);
+int	vmm_map1(unsigned int virt, unsigned int physical);
+int	vmm_mapn(unsigned int virt, unsigned int physical, unsigned int n);
+void	vmm_unmap1(unsigned int virt);
+void	vmm_unmapn(unsigned int virt, unsigned int n);
+
+#endif
+
+
--- a/kernel/module.h
+++ b/kernel/module.h
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+#ifndef __HOS_MODULE_H__
+#define __HOS_MODULE_H__ __HOS_MODULE_H__
+
+#define MOD_INITRD 0
+#define MOD_REAL_MODE 1
+
+typedef struct {
+	unsigned int mod_magic;		// "HOSM" = dword value 0x4D534F48
+	unsigned int mod_type;		// module type
+	void (*init) ();		// address of void initialization function
+	unsigned int reserved;
+} hos_module_header_t;
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/multiboot.h
+++ b/kernel/multiboot.h
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+
+#ifndef __HOS_MULTIBOOT_H__
+#define __HOS_MULTIBOOT_H__ __HOS_MULTIBOOT_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+
+/* The magic number for the Multiboot header. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_HEADER_MAGIC          0x1BADB002
+
+#define MB_HEADER_ALIGN_MODULES 0x01
+#define MB_HEADER_MEM_INFO 0x02
+#define MB_HEADER_VIDEO_INFO 0x04
+#define MB_HEADER_KLUDGE_OFFSETS 0x10000
+
+/* The magic number passed by a Multiboot-compliant boot loader. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC      0x2BADB002
+
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_MEM_INFO 0x01
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_BOOT_DEVICE 0x02
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_COMMAND_LINE 0x04
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_MODS 0x08
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_AOUT 0x10
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_ELF 0x20
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_MMAP 0x40
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_DRIVES 0x80
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_CONFIG 0x0100
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_APM 0x0200
+#define MB_BOOTLOADER_GRAPHICS 0x0400
+
+#define MB_DRIVE_MODE_CHS 0
+#define MB_DRIVE_MODE_LBA 1
+
+/* The Multiboot header. */
+typedef struct
+{
+	unsigned int magic;
+	unsigned int flags;
+	unsigned int checksum;
+	unsigned int header_addr;
+	unsigned int load_addr;
+	unsigned int load_end_addr;
+	unsigned int bss_end_addr;
+	unsigned int entry_addr;
+} mb_header_t;
+
+/* The symbol table for a.out. */
+typedef struct
+{
+	unsigned int tabsize;
+	unsigned int strsize;
+	unsigned int addr;
+	unsigned int reserved;
+} mb_aout_symbol_table_t;
+
+/* The section header table for ELF. */
+typedef struct
+{
+	unsigned int num;
+	unsigned int size;
+	unsigned int addr;
+	unsigned int shndx;
+} mb_elf_section_header_table_t;
+
+/* The Multiboot information. */
+typedef struct
+{
+	unsigned int flags;
+	unsigned int mem_lower;		// present if flags[0] is set
+	unsigned int mem_upper;
+	unsigned int boot_device;	// 1
+	unsigned int cmdline;		// 2
+	unsigned int mods_count;	// 3
+	unsigned int mods_addr;
+	union
+	{
+		mb_aout_symbol_table_t aout_sym;	// 4
+		mb_elf_section_header_table_t elf_sec;	// 5
+	};
+	unsigned int mmap_length;	// 6
+	unsigned int mmap_addr;
+	unsigned int drives_length;	// 7
+	unsigned int drives_addr;
+	unsigned int config_table;	// 8
+	unsigned int bootloader_name;	// 9
+	unsigned int apm_table;		// 10
+
+	unsigned int vbe_control_info;	// 11
+	unsigned int vbe_mode_info;
+	unsigned short vbe_mode;
+	unsigned short vbe_interface_seg;
+	unsigned short vbe_interface_off;
+	unsigned short vbe_interface_len;
+} mb_info_t;
+
+/* The module structure. */
+typedef struct
+{
+	unsigned int mod_start;
+	unsigned int mod_end;
+	unsigned int string;
+	unsigned int reserved;
+} mb_module_t;
+
+/* The memory map. Be careful that the offset 0 is base_addr_low, not size. */
+typedef struct
+{
+	unsigned int size;		//offset -4
+//	unsigned int base_addr_low;	//offset 0
+//	unsigned int base_addr_high;
+//	unsigned int length_low;
+//	unsigned int length_high;
+	u64_t base;
+	u64_t length;
+	unsigned int type;
+} mb_mmap_t;
+
+/* The drive structure */
+typedef struct
+{
+	unsigned int size;
+	unsigned char drive_number;
+	unsigned char drive_mode;
+	unsigned char drive_cylinders;
+	unsigned char drive_heads;
+	unsigned char drive_sectors;
+	unsigned short drive_ports[1];
+} mb_drive_t;
+
+/* APM table structure */
+typedef struct
+{
+	unsigned short version;
+	unsigned short cseg;
+	unsigned int offset;
+	unsigned short cseg_16;
+	unsigned short dseg;
+	unsigned short flags;
+	unsigned short cseg_len;
+	unsigned short cseg_16_len;
+	unsigned short dseg_len;
+} mb_apm_t;
+
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/proc/hash.cpp
+++ b/kernel/proc/hash.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// hash.cpp
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/28/05
+// Modified: 08/28/05
+// Implements a basic hash table (u32_t -> void*)
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "hash.h"
+#include "lang/vector.h"
+
+extern "C"{
+#include "display/kout.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+}
+
+/* Hash Primes come from
+ * http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/GoodHashTablePrimes.html
+ */
+const u32_t hash_primes[] =
+	{53, 97, 193, 389, 769, 1543, 3079, 6151, 12289, 24593, 49157, 98317,
+	196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469, 12582917, 25165843,
+	50331653, 100663319, 201326611, 402653189, 805306457, 1610612741};
+
+hash::hash()
+{
+	mySizeIndex = 0;
+	mySize = 0;
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < hash_primes[mySizeIndex]; i++)
+		myTable.add(vector<hash_entry_t>());
+}
+
+int hash::add(u32_t key, void *val)
+{
+	u32_t hashed = hash_key(key);
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < myTable[hashed].size(); i++)
+		if ( myTable[hashed][i].key == key )
+			return -1;			// key exists already
+	hash_entry_t he = {key, val};
+	myTable[hashed].add(he);
+	mySize++;
+	if ( mySize > (hash_primes[mySizeIndex] << 1) )	// re-hash
+	{
+		vector< vector<hash_entry_t> > oldTable = myTable;
+		mySizeIndex++;
+		myTable = vector< vector<hash_entry_t> >();
+		for (u32_t i = 0; i < hash_primes[mySizeIndex]; i++)
+			myTable.add(vector<hash_entry_t>());
+		mySize = 0;
+		for (u32_t i = 0; i < hash_primes[mySizeIndex - 1]; i++)
+		{
+			for (u32_t j = 0; j < oldTable[i].size(); j++)
+			{
+				add(	oldTable[i][j].key,
+					oldTable[i][j].data );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void *hash::get(u32_t key)
+{
+	u32_t hashed = hash_key(key);
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < myTable[hashed].size(); i++)
+		if ( myTable[hashed][i].key == key )
+			return myTable[hashed][i].data;
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+int hash::remove(u32_t key)
+{
+	u32_t hashed = hash_key(key);
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < myTable[hashed].size(); i++)
+		if ( myTable[hashed][i].key == key )
+		{
+			myTable[hashed].remove(i);	// remove key
+			mySize--;
+			return 0;
+		}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int hash::exists(u32_t key)
+{
+	u32_t hashed = hash_key(key);
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < myTable[hashed].size(); i++)
+		if ( myTable[hashed][i].key == key )
+			return 1;			// key exists
+	return 0;
+}
+
+u32_t hash::hash_key(u32_t key)
+{
+	return ((key * 11) + mySizeIndex) % hash_primes[mySizeIndex];
+}
+
+u32_t hash::size()
+{
+	return mySize;
+}
+
+void hash::dump()
+{
+	kprintf("hash table @ 0x%x : {\n", &myTable);
+	for (u32_t i = 0; i < hash_primes[mySizeIndex]; i++)
+	{
+		kprintf("\t%d @ 0x%x (", i, &myTable[i]);
+		for (u32_t j = 0; j < myTable[i].size(); j++)
+			kprintf("%s%d -> %d @ 0x%x", (j ? ", " : ""),
+				myTable[i][j].key,
+				myTable[i][j].data,
+				&myTable[i][j]);
+		kprintf(")\n");
+	}
+	kprintf("}\n");
+}
+
--- a/kernel/proc/hash.h
+++ b/kernel/proc/hash.h
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// hash.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date: 08/28/05
+// Modified: 08/28/05
+// Implements a basic hash table (u32_t -> void*)
+
+#ifndef __HOS_HASH_H__
+#define __HOS_HASH_H__ __HOS_HASH_H__
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "lang/vector.h"
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	key;
+	void	*data;
+} hash_entry_t;
+
+class hash
+{
+private:
+	/* index into hash_primes[] */
+	u32_t	mySizeIndex;
+
+	/* How many values in the hash table */
+	u32_t	mySize;
+
+	/* array of hash entries */
+	vector< vector<hash_entry_t> > myTable;
+
+	/* hash the key to a table index */
+	u32_t hash_key(u32_t key);
+
+public:
+	/* Constructor */
+	hash();
+
+	/* Add a value to the hash table */
+	int add(u32_t key, void *val);
+
+	/* Retrieve a value from the hash table */
+	void *get(u32_t key);
+
+	/* Remove a value from the hash table */
+	int remove(u32_t key);
+
+	/* Check if the given key exists in the hash table */
+	int exists(u32_t key);
+
+	/* Dump a hash */
+	void dump();
+
+	/* How many values are in the hash table */
+	u32_t size();
+};
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/proc/proc.cpp
+++ b/kernel/proc/proc.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// proc.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date; 08/18/05
+// Modified: 08/18/05
+
+extern "C" {
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "mm/mm.h"
+#include "mm/vmm.h"
+#include "lang/lang.h"
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "functions.h"		 //halt()
+
+#include "display/kout.h"
+
+extern u32_t mm_freepages;
+
+}
+
+#include "proc.h"
+#include "proc/hash.h"
+
+extern "C" {
+u32_t	cur_task = 0;		/* PID of currently executing process */
+u32_t	n_processes = 0;	/* total number of processes */
+tss_t	tss0;
+u32_t	pid_base = 1024;
+u32_t	pid_index = 0;		/* index of running process in 'pids' vector */
+}
+
+hash	*processes;
+vector<u32_t> *pids;
+
+int	proc_init()
+{
+	/* initialize tss0 */
+	memset(&tss0, 0, sizeof(tss_t));
+	tss0.ss0 = SEG_KERNEL_DATA;
+	tss0.esp0 = VIRT_STACK_TOP;
+	processes = new hash();
+	process_t *proc = (process_t *)New(process_t);
+	proc->p_page_dir = read_cr3();
+	proc->page_dir = (u32_t *)0xFFFFF000;
+	processes->add(0, proc);
+	pids = new vector<u32_t>();
+	pids->add(0);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+process_t *proc_get_struct(u32_t pid)
+{
+	return (process_t *) processes->get(pid);
+}
+
+void	proc_sched(int_stack_t *int_stack)
+{
+	u32_t new_pid_index = (pid_index + 1) % pids->size();
+	switch_task(int_stack, (*pids)[new_pid_index]);
+	pid_index = new_pid_index;
+}
+
+u32_t	get_pid()
+{
+	u32_t potential = pid_base;
+	while (processes->exists(potential))
+	{
+		potential++;
+		if (potential == 0)
+			potential = PROC_MIN_USER_PID;
+	}
+	pid_base = potential + 1;
+	if (pid_base == 0)
+		pid_base = PROC_MIN_USER_PID;
+	return potential;
+}
+
+void	switch_task(int_stack_t *int_stack, u32_t new_task)
+{
+	memcpy(&((process_t *)processes->get(cur_task))->int_stack, int_stack,
+		sizeof(int_stack_t));
+	cur_task = new_task;
+	memcpy(int_stack, &((process_t *)processes->get(cur_task))->int_stack,
+		sizeof(int_stack_t));
+	write_cr3( ((process_t *)processes->get(cur_task))->p_page_dir );
+}
+
+u32_t	create_task(void *base, u32_t image_size, u32_t bss_size, void *entry)
+{
+	u32_t pid = get_pid();
+	processes->add(pid, create_process(base, image_size, bss_size, entry));
+	pids->add(pid);
+	return pid;
+}
+
+/* Create process_t struct for a new process
+ * image_size should be a multiple of 4096
+ */
+process_t *create_process(void *base, u32_t image_size, u32_t bss_size, void *entry)
+{
+	if (mm_freepages < ((image_size + bss_size) >> 12) + 25)
+		return 0;
+	process_t *process = (process_t *) New(process_t);	/* Allocate process_t struct */
+	create_address_space(process);
+	create_process_stack(process, entry);
+	int i;
+	u32_t *ptr32 = process->v_page_dir = (u32_t *) vmm_palloc();
+	for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++)
+		*ptr32++ = 0;
+	u32_t code_data_pages = (image_size + 4095) >> 12;
+	u32_t bss_pages = (bss_size + 4095) >> 12;
+	/* Load program at address 0 */
+	copy_into_address_space(0, (char *) base, code_data_pages, process);
+	zero_address_space(code_data_pages << 12, bss_pages, process);
+	ptr32 = process->v_page_dir;
+	for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++)
+		if (*ptr32)
+			vmm_unmapp((void *)*ptr32);
+	vmm_unmapp(process->v_page_dir);
+	process->v_page_dir = 0;
+	process->size = image_size + bss_size;
+	return process;
+}
+
+void	create_address_space(process_t *p)
+{
+	/* Allocate a new page directory */
+	p->page_dir = (u32_t *) vmm_palloc_addr(&p->p_page_dir);
+	int i;
+	u32_t *ptr32 = p->page_dir;
+	for (i = 0; i < 768; i++)			/* zero 3 gigs */
+		*ptr32++ = 0;
+	memcpyd(ptr32, (void *)0xFFFFFC00, 256);	/* 1 gig kernel mem */
+}
+
+void	create_process_stack(process_t *p, void *entry)
+{
+	u32_t	p_stack_table, p_stack;
+	u32_t	*v_stack_table = (u32_t *) vmm_palloc_addr(&p_stack_table);
+	u32_t	*v_stack = (u32_t *) vmm_palloc_addr(&p_stack);
+	int i;
+	u32_t *ptr32 = v_stack_table;
+	for (i = 0; i < 1023; i++)
+		*ptr32++ = 0;
+	v_stack_table[1023] = p_stack | 0x7;		/* user permissions */
+	p->page_dir[511] = p_stack_table | 0x7;		/* stack at 2GB */
+	vmm_unmapp(v_stack_table);
+	vmm_unmapp(v_stack);
+	p->int_stack.ds = SEG_USER_DATA | 0x3;
+	p->int_stack.es = SEG_USER_DATA | 0x3;
+	p->int_stack.fs = SEG_USER_DATA | 0x3;
+	p->int_stack.gs = SEG_USER_DATA | 0x3;
+	p->int_stack.ss = SEG_USER_DATA | 0x3;
+	p->int_stack.esp = 0x80000000;			/* esp at 2GB */
+	p->int_stack.eflags = 0x0202;
+	p->int_stack.cs = SEG_USER_CODE | 0x3;
+	p->int_stack.eip = (u32_t)entry;
+}
+
+/* Copy pages into new address space (v_page_dir must be set up) */
+void	copy_into_address_space(u32_t dest_addr,
+				char *src_addr,
+				u32_t pages,
+				process_t *p)
+{
+	u32_t	pde, pte;
+	void	*page;
+	while (pages)
+	{
+		pde = dest_addr >> 22;
+		pte = (dest_addr >> 12) & 0x3FF;
+		u32_t p_page_addr;
+		if (!p->v_page_dir[pde])
+		{
+			/* Time for a new page table & page directory entry! */
+			p->v_page_dir[pde] = (u32_t)vmm_palloc_addr(&p_page_addr);
+			p->page_dir[pde] = p_page_addr | 0x7;
+		}
+		page = vmm_palloc_addr(&p_page_addr);
+		((u32_t *)(p->v_page_dir[pde]))[pte] = p_page_addr | 0x7;
+		memcpyd(page, src_addr, 1024);
+		vmm_unmapp(page);
+		dest_addr += 4096;
+		src_addr += 4096;
+		pages--;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Zeros pages into new address space (v_page_dir must be set up) */
+void	zero_address_space(u32_t dest_addr, u32_t pages, process_t *p)
+{
+	u32_t	pde, pte;
+	void	*page;
+	while (pages)
+	{
+		pde = dest_addr >> 22;
+		pte = (dest_addr >> 12) & 0x3FF;
+		u32_t p_page_addr;
+		if (!p->v_page_dir[pde])
+		{
+			/* Time for a new page table & page directory entry! */
+			p->v_page_dir[pde] = (u32_t)vmm_palloc_addr(&p_page_addr);
+			p->page_dir[pde] = p_page_addr | 0x7;
+			vmm_unmapp((void *)p->v_page_dir[pde]);
+		}
+		page = vmm_palloc_addr(&p_page_addr);
+		((u32_t *)(p->v_page_dir[pde]))[pte] = p_page_addr | 0x7;
+		memsetd(page, 0, 1024);
+		vmm_unmapp(page);
+		dest_addr += 4096;
+		pages--;
+	}
+}
+
--- a/kernel/proc/proc.h
+++ b/kernel/proc/proc.h
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// proc.h
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Date; 08/18/05
+// Modified: 08/18/05
+
+#ifndef __HOS_PROC_H__
+#define __HOS_PROC_H__ __HOS_PROC_H__
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "kernel.h"
+
+#define PROC_MIN_USER_PID 1024
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u32_t	*page_dir;	/* Page directory with physical PT addys */
+	u32_t	*v_page_dir;	/* Virtual page table addresses for init */
+	u32_t	p_page_dir;	/* Physical address of page directory */
+	u32_t	size;		/* Process size, bytes from 0 through bss */
+	u32_t	uid;		/* Process owner */
+	int_stack_t	int_stack;
+} process_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	u16_t	backlink;
+	u16_t	reserved0;
+	u32_t	esp0;
+	u16_t	ss0;
+	u16_t	_ss0;
+	u32_t	esp1;
+	u16_t	ss1;
+	u16_t	_ss1;
+	u32_t	esp2;
+	u16_t	ss2;
+	u16_t	_ss2;
+	u32_t	pdbr;
+	u32_t	eip;
+	u32_t	eflags;
+	u32_t	eax;
+	u32_t	ecx;
+	u32_t	edx;
+	u32_t	ebx;
+	u32_t	esp;
+	u32_t	ebp;
+	u32_t	esi;
+	u32_t	edi;
+	u16_t	es;
+	u16_t	_es;
+	u16_t	cs;
+	u16_t	_cs;
+	u16_t	ss;
+	u16_t	_ss;
+	u16_t	ds;
+	u16_t	_ds;
+	u16_t	fs;
+	u16_t	_fs;
+	u16_t	gs;
+	u16_t	_gs;
+	u16_t	ldt;
+	u16_t	_ldt;
+	u16_t	trap;
+	u16_t	iomap;
+} __attribute__((packed)) tss_t;
+
+int	proc_init();
+process_t *proc_get_struct(u32_t pid);
+
+void	proc_sched(int_stack_t *int_stack);
+u32_t	get_pid();
+void	switch_task(int_stack_t *int_stack, u32_t new_task);
+u32_t	create_task(void *base, u32_t image_size, u32_t bss_size, void *entry);
+process_t *create_process(void *base, u32_t image_size, u32_t bss_size, void *entry);
+void	create_address_space(process_t *p);
+void	create_process_stack(process_t *p, void *entry);
+void	copy_into_address_space(u32_t dest_addr,
+				char *src_addr,
+				u32_t pages,
+				process_t *p);
+void	zero_address_space(u32_t dest_addr, u32_t pages, process_t *p);
+
+#ifdef _HOS_CPP_
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
--- a/kernel/sys/cmos.c
+++ b/kernel/sys/cmos.c
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// cmos.c
+// Author: Josh Holtrop
+// Created: 02/26/04
+// Implements various CMOS function calls
+
+#include "hos_defines.h"
+#include "sys/cmos.h"
+#include "sys/io.h"
+
+//Returns the cmos type of floppy disk drive 0 (0 = not present)
+unsigned char	cmos_getfd0()
+{
+	outportb(0x70, 0x10);
+	return (inportb(0x71) >> 4);
+}
+
+
+//Returns the cmos type of floppy disk drive 1 (0 = not present)
+unsigned char	cmos_getfd1()
+{
+	outportb(0x70, 0x10);
+	return (inportb(0x71) & 0x0F);
+}
+
+
+//Returns the cmos type of hard disk drive 0 (0 = not present)
+unsigned char	cmos_gethd0()
+{
+	outportb(0x70, 0x12);
+	return (inportb(0x71) >> 4);
+}
+
+
+//Returns the cmos type of hard disk drive 1 (0 = not present)
+unsigned char	cmos_gethd1()
+{
+	outportb(0x70, 0x12);
+	return (inportb(0x71) & 0x0F);
+}
+
+
+
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More