v1.5.1

Only calculate lookahead tokens when needed - #28
Lookahead tokens are only need if either: (1) There is more than one rule that could be reduced in a given parser state, or (2) There are shift actions for a state and at least one rule that could be reduced in the same state (to warn about shift/reduce conflicts).
2024-07-26 22:30:48 -04:00 · 2024-07-26 22:08:25 -04:00 · 2024-07-26 21:36:41 -04:00 · 2024-07-25 20:33:15 -04:00 · 2024-07-25 20:02:00 -04:00 · 2024-07-25 10:42:43 -04:00
79 changed files with 6105 additions and 461 deletions
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,3 +1,62 @@
+## v1.5.1
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Improve performance (#28)
+
+## v1.5.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Track start and end text positions for tokens and rules in AST node structures (#27)
+- Add warnings for shift/reduce conflicts to log file (#25)
+- Add -w command line switch to treat warnings as errors and output to stderr (#26)
+- Add rule field aliases (#24)
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Show line numbers of rules on conflict (#23)
+
+## v1.4.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Allow user to specify AST node name prefix or suffix
+- Allow specifying the start rule name
+- Allow rule terms to be marked as optional
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Give a better error message when a referenced ptype has not been declared
+
+## v1.3.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Add AST generation (#22)
+
+## v1.2.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Allow one line user code blocks (#21)
+- Add backslash escape codes (#19)
+- Add API to access unexpected token found (#18)
+- Add token_names API (#17)
+- Add D example to user guide for p_context_init() (#16)
+- Allow user termination from lexer code blocks (#15)
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Fix generator hang when state transition cycle is present (#20)
+
+## v1.1.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Add user parser terminations (#13)
+- Document generated parser API in user guide (#14)
+
 ## v1.0.0

 - Initial release
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@ -5,3 +5,4 @@ gem "rspec"
 gem "rdoc"
 gem "redcarpet"
 gem "syntax"
+gem "simplecov"
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ GEM
  remote: https://rubygems.org/
  specs:
    diff-lcs (1.5.0)
+    docile (1.4.0)
    psych (5.1.0)
      stringio
    rake (13.0.6)
@ -21,6 +22,12 @@ GEM
      diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0)
      rspec-support (~> 3.12.0)
    rspec-support (3.12.1)
+    simplecov (0.22.0)
+      docile (~> 1.1)
+      simplecov-html (~> 0.11)
+      simplecov_json_formatter (~> 0.1)
+    simplecov-html (0.12.3)
+    simplecov_json_formatter (0.1.4)
    stringio (3.0.7)
    syntax (1.2.2)

@ -32,6 +39,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
  rdoc
  redcarpet
  rspec
+  simplecov
  syntax

 BUNDLED WITH
--- a/LICENSE.txt
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)

-Copyright (c) 2010-2023 Josh Holtrop
+Copyright (c) 2010-2024 Josh Holtrop

 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,21 +1,104 @@
 # The Propane Parser Generator

-Propane is an LR Parser Generator (LPG) which:
+Propane is a LALR Parser Generator (LPG) which:

  * accepts LR(0), SLR, and LALR grammars
  * generates a built-in lexer to tokenize input
  * supports UTF-8 lexer inputs
-  * generates a table-driven parser to parse input in linear time
+  * generates a table-driven shift/reduce parser to parse input in linear time
+  * targets C or D language outputs
+  * optionally supports automatic full AST generation
  * is MIT-licensed
  * is distributable as a standalone Ruby script

 ## Installation

-TODO
+Propane is designed to be distributed as a stand-alone single file script that
+can be copied into and versioned in a project's source tree.
+The only requirement to run Propane is that the system has a Ruby interpreter
+installed.
+The latest release can be downloaded from [https://github.com/holtrop/propane/releases](https://github.com/holtrop/propane/releases).
+
+Simply copy the `propane` executable script into the desired location within
+the project to be built (typically the root of the repository) and mark it
+executable.

 ## Usage

-TODO: Write usage instructions here
+### Command Line Interface
+
+Propane is typically invoked from the command-line as `./propane`.
+
+    Usage: ./propane [options] <input-file> <output-file>
+    Options:
+      -h, --help  Show this usage and exit.
+      --log LOG   Write log file. This will show all parser states and their
+                  associated shifts and reduces. It can be helpful when
+                  debugging a grammar.
+      --version   Show program version and exit.
+      -w          Treat warnings as errors. This option will treat shift/reduce
+                  conflicts as fatal errors and will print them to stderr in
+                  addition to the log file.
+
+The user must specify the path to a Propane input grammar file and a path to an
+output file.
+The generated source code will be written to the output file.
+If a log file path is specified, Propane will write a log file containing
+detailed information about the parser states and transitions.
+
+### Propane Grammar File
+
+A Propane grammar file provides Propane with the patterns, tokens, grammar
+rules, and user code blocks from which to build the generated lexer and parser.
+
+Example grammar file:
+
+```
+<<
+import std.math;
+>>
+
+# Parser values are unsigned integers.
+ptype ulong;
+
+# A few basic arithmetic operators.
+token plus /\+/;
+token times /\*/;
+token power /\*\*/;
+token integer /\d+/ <<
+  ulong v;
+  foreach (c; match)
+  {
+    v *= 10;
+    v += (c - '0');
+  }
+  $$ = v;
+>>
+token lparen /\(/;
+token rparen /\)/;
+# Drop whitespace.
+drop /\s+/;
+
+Start -> E1 << $$ = $1; >>
+E1 -> E2 << $$ = $1; >>
+E1 -> E1 plus E2 << $$ = $1 + $3; >>
+E2 -> E3 << $$ = $1; >>
+E2 -> E2 times E3 << $$ = $1 * $3; >>
+E3 -> E4 << $$ = $1; >>
+E3 -> E3 power E4 <<
+  $$ = pow($1, $3);
+>>
+E4 -> integer << $$ = $1; >>
+E4 -> lparen E1 rparen << $$ = $2; >>
+```
+
+Grammar files can contain comment lines beginning with `#` which are ignored.
+White space in the grammar file is also ignored.
+
+It is convention to use the extension `.propane` for the Propane grammar file,
+however any file name is accepted by Propane.
+
+See [https://holtrop.github.io/propane/index.html](https://holtrop.github.io/propane/index.html) for the full User Guide.

 ## Development

--- a/14
+++ b/14
@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+require "rake/clean"
 require "rspec/core/rake_task"

+CLEAN.include %w[spec/run gen .yardoc yard coverage dist]
+
 task :build_dist do
  sh "ruby rb/build_dist.rb"
 end
@ -10,9 +13,20 @@ RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec, :example_pattern) do |task, args|
  end
 end

+# dspec task is useful to test the distributable release script, but is not
+# useful for coverage information.
+desc "Dist Specs"
+task :dspec, [:example_string] => :build_dist do |task, args|
+  ENV["dist_specs"] = "1"
+  Rake::Task["spec"].execute(args)
+  ENV.delete("dist_specs")
+end
+
 task :default => :spec

 desc "Build user guide"
 task :user_guide do
  system("ruby", "-Ilib", "rb/gen_user_guide.rb")
 end
+
+task :all => [:spec, :dspec, :user_guide]
--- a/assets/parser.c.erb
+++ b/assets/parser.c.erb
--- a/assets/parser.d.erb
+++ b/assets/parser.d.erb
@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 module <%= @grammar.modulename %>;
 <% end %>

+import core.stdc.stdlib : malloc;
+
 /**************************************************************************
 * User code blocks
 *************************************************************************/

-<% @grammar.code_blocks.each do |code| %>
-<%= code %>
-<% end %>
+<%= @grammar.code_blocks.fetch("", "") %>

 /**************************************************************************
 * Public types
@ -29,10 +29,11 @@ public enum : size_t
    <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>UNEXPECTED_TOKEN,
    <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>DROP,
    <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>EOF,
+    <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>USER_TERMINATED,
 }

 /** Token type. */
-public alias <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t = <%= get_type_for(@grammar.invalid_token_id) %>;
+public alias <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t = <%= get_type_for(@grammar.terminate_token_id) %>;

 /** Token IDs. */
 public enum : <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t
@ -44,21 +45,14 @@ public enum : <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t
 <%   end %>
 <% end %>
    INVALID_TOKEN_ID = <%= @grammar.invalid_token_id %>,
+    TERMINATE_TOKEN_ID = <%= @grammar.terminate_token_id %>,
 }

 /** Code point type. */
 public alias <%= @grammar.prefix %>code_point_t = uint;

-/** Parser values type(s). */
-public union <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t
-{
-<% @grammar.ptypes.each do |name, typestring| %>
-    <%= typestring %> v_<%= name %>;
-<% end %>
-}
-
 /**
- * A structure to keep track of parser position.
+ * A structure to keep track of input position.
 *
 * This is useful for reporting errors, etc...
 */
@ -69,14 +63,79 @@ public struct <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t

    /** Input text column (0-based). */
    uint col;
+
+    /** Invalid position value. */
+    enum INVALID = <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t(0xFFFF_FFFF, 0xFFFF_FFFF);
+
+    /** Return whether the position is valid. */
+    public @property bool valid()
+    {
+        return row != 0xFFFF_FFFFu;
+    }
 }

+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+/** Parser values type. */
+public alias <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t = <%= @grammar.ptype %>;
+<% else %>
+/** Parser values type(s). */
+public union <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t
+{
+<%   @grammar.ptypes.each do |name, typestring| %>
+    <%= typestring %> v_<%= name %>;
+<%   end %>
+}
+<% end %>
+
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+/** Common AST node structure. */
+private struct ASTNode
+{
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+    void *[0] fields;
+}
+
+/** AST node types. @{ */
+public struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+{
+    /* ASTNode fields must be present in the same order here. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
+}
+
+<%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
+<%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
+<%     next if rule_set.optional? %>
+public struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+{
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+<%     rule_set.ast_fields.each do |fields| %>
+    union
+    {
+<%       fields.each do |field_name, type| %>
+        <%= type %> * <%= field_name %>;
+<%       end %>
+    }
+<%     end %>
+}
+
+<%   end %>
+/** @} */
+<% end %>
+
 /** Lexed token information. */
 public struct <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t
 {
-    /** Text position where the token was found. */
+    /** Text position of first code point in token. */
    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;

+    /** Text position of last code point in token. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+
    /** Number of input bytes used by the token. */
    size_t length;

@ -112,10 +171,17 @@ public struct <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t
    /* Parser context data. */

    /** Parse result value. */
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+    <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * parse_result;
+<% else %>
    <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t parse_result;
+<% end %>

    /** Unexpected token received. */
    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
+
+    /** User terminate code. */
+    size_t user_terminate_code;
 }

 /**************************************************************************
@ -143,6 +209,7 @@ private enum : size_t
    P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN,
    P_DROP,
    P_EOF,
+    P_USER_TERMINATED,
 }
 <% end %>

@ -332,7 +399,10 @@ private struct lexer_match_info_t
    /** Number of bytes of input text used to match. */
    size_t length;

-    /** Input text position delta. */
+    /** Input text position delta to end of token. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_delta_position;
+
+    /** Input text position delta to next code point after token end. */
    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t delta_position;

    /** Accepting lexer state from the match. */
@ -424,9 +494,12 @@ private lexer_state_id_t check_lexer_transition(uint current_state, uint code_po
 *
 * @param context
 *   Lexer/parser context structure.
- * @param[out] out_token_info
- *   The lexed token information is stored here if the return value is
- *   P_SUCCESS.
+ * @param[out] out_match_info
+ *   The longest match information is stored here if the return value is
+ *   P_SUCCESS or P_DECODE_ERROR.
+ * @param[out] out_unexpected_input_length
+ *   The unexpected input length is stored here if the return value is
+ *   P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT.
 *
 * @reval P_SUCCESS
 *   A token was successfully lexed.
@ -457,6 +530,7 @@ private size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
            if (transition_state != INVALID_LEXER_STATE_ID)
            {
                attempt_match.length += code_point_length;
+                attempt_match.end_delta_position = attempt_match.delta_position;
                if (code_point == '\n')
                {
                    attempt_match.delta_position.row++;
@ -504,7 +578,6 @@ private size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
                /* Valid EOF return. */
                return P_EOF;
            }
-            break;

        case P_DECODE_ERROR:
            /* If we see a decode error, we may be partially in the middle of
@ -536,13 +609,14 @@ private size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
 *   Input text does not match any lexer pattern.
 * @retval P_DROP
 *   A drop pattern was matched so the lexer should continue.
+ * @retval P_USER_TERMINATED
+ *   User code has requested to terminate the lexer.
 */
 private size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t * out_token_info)
 {
    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info;
    token_info.position = context.text_position;
    token_info.token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
-    *out_token_info = token_info; // TODO: remove
    lexer_match_info_t match_info;
    size_t unexpected_input_length;
    size_t result = find_longest_match(context, &match_info, &unexpected_input_length);
@ -555,6 +629,12 @@ private size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%=
            string match = context.input[context.input_index..(context.input_index + match_info.length)];
            <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t user_code_token = lexer_user_code(context,
                match_info.accepting_state.code_id, match, &token_info);
+            /* A TERMINATE_TOKEN_ID return code from lexer_user_code() means
+             * that the user code is requesting to terminate the lexer. */
+            if (user_code_token == TERMINATE_TOKEN_ID)
+            {
+                return P_USER_TERMINATED;
+            }
            /* An invalid token returned from lexer_user_code() means that the
             * user code did not explicitly return a token. So only override
             * the token to return if the user code does explicitly return a
@ -583,11 +663,22 @@ private size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%=
        }
        token_info.token = token_to_accept;
        token_info.length = match_info.length;
+        if (match_info.end_delta_position.row != 0u)
+        {
+            token_info.end_position.row = token_info.position.row + match_info.end_delta_position.row;
+            token_info.end_position.col = match_info.end_delta_position.col;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            token_info.end_position.row = token_info.position.row;
+            token_info.end_position.col = token_info.position.col + match_info.end_delta_position.col;
+        }
        *out_token_info = token_info;
        return P_SUCCESS;

    case P_EOF:
        token_info.token = TOKEN___EOF;
+        token_info.end_position = token_info.position;
        *out_token_info = token_info;
        return P_SUCCESS;

@ -625,6 +716,8 @@ private size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%=
 *   The decoder encountered invalid text encoding.
 * @reval P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT
 *   Input text does not match any lexer pattern.
+ * @retval P_USER_TERMINATED
+ *   User code has requested to terminate the lexer.
 */
 public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>lex(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t * out_token_info)
 {
@ -701,6 +794,25 @@ private struct reduce_t
     * reduce action.
     */
    parser_state_id_t n_states;
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+
+    /**
+     * Map of rule components to rule set child fields.
+     */
+    immutable(ushort) * rule_set_node_field_index_map;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of rule set AST node fields.
+     */
+    ushort rule_set_node_field_array_size;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether this rule was a generated optional rule that matched the
+     * optional target. In this case, propagate the matched target node up
+     * instead of making a new node for this rule.
+     */
+    bool propagate_optional_target;
+<% end %>
 }

 /** Parser state entry. */
@ -732,6 +844,11 @@ private struct state_value_t
    /** Parser value from this state. */
    <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;

+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+    /** AST node. */
+    void * ast_node;
+<% end %>
+
    this(size_t state_id)
    {
        this.state_id = state_id;
@ -741,14 +858,32 @@ private struct state_value_t
 /** Parser shift table. */
 private immutable shift_t[] parser_shift_table = [
 <%   @parser.shift_table.each do |shift| %>
-    shift_t(<%= shift[:symbol_id] %>u, <%= shift[:state_id] %>u),
+    shift_t(<%= shift[:symbol].id %>u, <%= shift[:state_id] %>u),
 <%   end %>
 ];

+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<%   @grammar.rules.each do |rule| %>
+<%     unless rule.flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
+immutable ushort[<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.size %>] r_<%= rule.name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= rule.id %>_node_field_index_map = [<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.map {|v| v.to_s}.join(", ") %>];
+<%     end %>
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
+
 /** Parser reduce table. */
 private immutable reduce_t[] parser_reduce_table = [
 <%   @parser.reduce_table.each do |reduce| %>
-    reduce_t(<%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u),
+    reduce_t(<%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u
+<%     if @grammar.ast %>
+<%       if reduce[:rule].flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
+             , null
+<%       else %>
+             , &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0]
+<%       end %>
+             , <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.ast_fields.size %>
+             , <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>
+<%     end %>
+            ),
 <%   end %>
 ];

@ -759,31 +894,34 @@ private immutable parser_state_t[] parser_state_table = [
 <%   end %>
 ];

+<% unless @grammar.ast %>
 /**
 * Execute user code associated with a parser rule.
 *
 * @param rule The ID of the rule.
 *
- * @return Parse value.
+ * @retval P_SUCCESS
+ *   Continue parsing.
+ * @retval P_USER_TERMINATED
+ *   User requested to terminate parsing.
 */
-private <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t parser_user_code(uint rule, state_value_t[] statevalues, uint n_states)
+private size_t parser_user_code(<%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t * _pvalue, uint rule, state_value_t[] statevalues, uint n_states, <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
 {
-    <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t _pvalue;
-
    switch (rule)
    {
-<% @grammar.rules.each do |rule| %>
-<%   if rule.code %>
+<%   @grammar.rules.each do |rule| %>
+<%     if rule.code %>
    case <%= rule.id %>u: {
 <%= expand_code(rule.code, true, rule, nil) %>
    } break;
+<%     end %>
 <%   end %>
-<% end %>
    default: break;
    }

-    return _pvalue;
+    return P_SUCCESS;
 }
+<% end %>

 /**
 * Check if the parser should shift to a new state.
@ -845,7 +983,7 @@ private size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token
 *   can be accessed with <%= @grammar.prefix %>result().
 * @retval P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN
 *   An unexpected token was encountered that does not match any grammar rule.
- *   The value context.token holds the unexpected token.
+ *   The function p_token(&context) can be used to get the unexpected token.
 * @reval P_DECODE_ERROR
 *   The decoder encountered invalid text encoding.
 * @reval P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT
@ -857,7 +995,11 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
    state_value_t[] statevalues = new state_value_t[](1);
    size_t reduced_rule_set = INVALID_ID;
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+    void * reduced_parser_node;
+<% else %>
    <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value;
+<% end %>
    for (;;)
    {
        if (token == INVALID_TOKEN_ID)
@ -880,7 +1022,11 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
            if ((shift_state != INVALID_ID) && (token == TOKEN___EOF))
            {
                /* Successful parse. */
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+                context.parse_result = cast(<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> *)statevalues[$-1].ast_node;
+<% else %>
                context.parse_result = statevalues[$-1].pvalue;
+<% end %>
                return P_SUCCESS;
            }
        }
@ -891,15 +1037,24 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
            if (reduced_rule_set == INVALID_ID)
            {
                /* We shifted a token, mark it consumed. */
-                token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+                <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * token_ast_node = new <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>(token_info.position, token_info.end_position, token, token_info.pvalue);
+                statevalues[$-1].ast_node = token_ast_node;
+<% else %>
                statevalues[$-1].pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
+<% end %>
+                token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
            }
            else
            {
                /* We shifted a RuleSet. */
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+                statevalues[$-1].ast_node = reduced_parser_node;
+<% else %>
                statevalues[$-1].pvalue = reduced_parser_value;
                <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t new_parse_result;
                reduced_parser_value = new_parse_result;
+<% end %>
                reduced_rule_set = INVALID_ID;
            }
            continue;
@ -909,7 +1064,63 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
        if (reduce_index != INVALID_ID)
        {
            /* We have something to reduce. */
-            reduced_parser_value = parser_user_code(parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule, statevalues, parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states);
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+            if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].propagate_optional_target)
+            {
+                reduced_parser_node = statevalues[$ - 1].ast_node;
+            }
+            else if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states > 0)
+            {
+                size_t n_fields = parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_array_size;
+                ASTNode * node = cast(ASTNode *)malloc(ASTNode.sizeof + n_fields * (void *).sizeof);
+                node.position = <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t.INVALID;
+                node.end_position = <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t.INVALID;
+                foreach (i; 0..n_fields)
+                {
+                    node.fields[i] = null;
+                }
+                if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map is null)
+                {
+                    foreach (i; 0..parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states)
+                    {
+                        node.fields[i] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].ast_node;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    foreach (i; 0..parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states)
+                    {
+                        node.fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].ast_node;
+                    }
+                }
+                bool position_found = false;
+                foreach (i; 0..n_fields)
+                {
+                    ASTNode * child = cast(ASTNode *)node.fields[i];
+                    if (child && child.position.valid)
+                    {
+                        if (!position_found)
+                        {
+                            node.position = child.position;
+                            position_found = true;
+                        }
+                        node.end_position = child.end_position;
+                    }
+                }
+                reduced_parser_node = node;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                reduced_parser_node = null;
+            }
+<% else %>
+            <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value2;
+            if (parser_user_code(&reduced_parser_value2, parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule, statevalues, parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states, context) == P_USER_TERMINATED)
+            {
+                return P_USER_TERMINATED;
+            }
+            reduced_parser_value = reduced_parser_value2;
+<% end %>
            reduced_rule_set = parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set;
            statevalues.length -= parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states;
            continue;
@ -934,9 +1145,17 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
 *
 * @return Parse result value.
 */
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+public <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+<% else %>
 public <%= start_rule_type[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+<% end %>
 {
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+    return context.parse_result;
+<% else %>
    return context.parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type[0] %>;
+<% end %>
 }

 /**
@ -951,3 +1170,26 @@ public <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>position(<%= @gram
 {
    return context.text_position;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Get the user terminate code.
+ *
+ * @param context
+ *   Lexer/parser context structure.
+ *
+ * @return User terminate code.
+ */
+public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>user_terminate_code(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return context.user_terminate_code;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the parse token.
+ *
+ * @return Parse token.
+ */
+public <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return context.token;
+}
--- a/assets/parser.h.erb
+++ b/assets/parser.h.erb
@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+/**
+ * @file
+ *
+ * This file is generated by Propane.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+/**************************************************************************
+ * Public types
+ *************************************************************************/
+
+/* Result codes. */
+#define <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>SUCCESS 0u
+#define <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>DECODE_ERROR 1u
+#define <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>UNEXPECTED_INPUT 2u
+#define <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>UNEXPECTED_TOKEN 3u
+#define <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>DROP 4u
+#define <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>EOF 5u
+#define <%= @grammar.prefix.upcase %>USER_TERMINATED 6u
+
+/** Token type. */
+typedef <%= get_type_for(@grammar.terminate_token_id) %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t;
+
+/** Token IDs. */
+<% @grammar.tokens.each_with_index do |token, index| %>
+#define TOKEN_<%= token.code_name %> <%= index %>u
+<%   unless token.id == index %>
+<%     raise "Token ID (#{token.id}) does not match index (#{index}) for token #{token.name}!" %>
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
+#define INVALID_TOKEN_ID <%= @grammar.invalid_token_id %>u
+#define TERMINATE_TOKEN_ID <%= @grammar.terminate_token_id %>u
+
+/** Code point type. */
+typedef uint32_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>code_point_t;
+
+/**
+ * A structure to keep track of input position.
+ *
+ * This is useful for reporting errors, etc...
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+    /** Input text row (0-based). */
+    uint32_t row;
+
+    /** Input text column (0-based). */
+    uint32_t col;
+} <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t;
+
+/** Return whether the position is valid. */
+#define <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_valid(p) ((p).row != 0xFFFFFFFFu)
+
+/** User header code blocks. */
+<%= @grammar.code_blocks.fetch("header", "") %>
+
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+/** Parser values type. */
+typedef <%= @grammar.ptype %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t;
+<% else %>
+/** Parser values type(s). */
+typedef union
+{
+<%   @grammar.ptypes.each do |name, typestring| %>
+    <%= typestring %> v_<%= name %>;
+<%   end %>
+} <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t;
+<% end %>
+
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+/** AST node types. @{ */
+typedef struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+{
+    /* ASTNode fields must be present in the same order here. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
+} <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>;
+
+<%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
+<%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
+<%     next if rule_set.optional? %>
+struct <%= name %>;
+<%   end %>
+
+<%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
+<%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
+<%     next if rule_set.optional? %>
+typedef struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+{
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+<%     rule_set.ast_fields.each do |fields| %>
+    union
+    {
+<%       fields.each do |field_name, type| %>
+        struct <%= type %> * <%= field_name %>;
+<%       end %>
+    };
+<%     end %>
+} <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>;
+
+<%   end %>
+/** @} */
+<% end %>
+
+/** Lexed token information. */
+typedef struct
+{
+    /** Text position of first code point in token. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
+
+    /** Text position of last code point in token. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+
+    /** Number of input bytes used by the token. */
+    size_t length;
+
+    /** Token that was lexed. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
+
+    /** Parser value associated with the token. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
+} <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t;
+
+/**
+ * Lexer and parser context.
+ *
+ * The user must allocate an instance of this structure and pass it to any
+ * public API function.
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+    /* Lexer context data. */
+
+    /** Input text. */
+    uint8_t const * input;
+
+    /** Input text length. */
+    size_t input_length;
+
+    /** Input text index (byte offset). */
+    size_t input_index;
+
+    /** Input text position (row/column). */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t text_position;
+
+    /** Current lexer mode. */
+    size_t mode;
+
+    /* Parser context data. */
+
+    /** Parse result value. */
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+    <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * parse_result;
+<% else %>
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t parse_result;
+<% end %>
+
+    /** Unexpected token received. */
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
+
+    /** User terminate code. */
+    size_t user_terminate_code;
+} <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t;
+
+/**************************************************************************
+ * Public data
+ *************************************************************************/
+
+/** Token names. */
+extern const char * <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_names[];
+
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_init(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, uint8_t const * input, size_t input_length);
+
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>decode_code_point(uint8_t const * input, size_t input_length,
+        <%= @grammar.prefix %>code_point_t * out_code_point, uint8_t * out_code_point_length);
+
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>lex(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t * out_token_info);
+
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+
+<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<% else %>
+<%= start_rule_type[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<% end %>
+
+<%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>position(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>user_terminate_code(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+
+<%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
--- a/doc/user_guide.md
+++ b/doc/user_guide.md
--- a/extra/vim/ftdetect/propane.vim
+++ b/extra/vim/ftdetect/propane.vim
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+au BufNewFile,BufRead *.propane set filetype=propane
--- a/extra/vim/syntax/propane.vim
+++ b/extra/vim/syntax/propane.vim
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+" Vim syntax file for Propane
+" Language: propane
+" Maintainer: Josh Holtrop
+" URL: https://github.com/holtrop/propane
+
+if exists("b:current_syntax")
+  finish
+endif
+
+if !exists("b:propane_subtype")
+  let b:propane_subtype = "d"
+endif
+
+exe "syn include @propaneTarget syntax/".b:propane_subtype.".vim"
+
+syn region propaneTarget matchgroup=propaneDelimiter start="<<" end=">>$" contains=@propaneTarget keepend
+
+syn match propaneComment "#.*"
+syn match propaneOperator "->"
+syn match propaneFieldAlias ":[a-zA-Z0-9_]\+" contains=propaneFieldOperator
+syn match propaneFieldOperator ":" contained
+syn match propaneOperator "?"
+syn keyword propaneKeyword ast ast_prefix ast_suffix drop module prefix ptype start token tokenid
+
+syn region propaneRegex start="/" end="/" skip="\\/"
+
+hi def link propaneComment Comment
+hi def link propaneKeyword Keyword
+hi def link propaneRegex String
+hi def link propaneOperator Operator
+hi def link propaneFieldOperator Operator
+hi def link propaneDelimiter Delimiter
+hi def link propaneFieldAlias Identifier
--- a/lib/propane.rb
+++ b/lib/propane.rb
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require "erb"
 require "set"
 require "stringio"
+require_relative "propane/assets"
 require_relative "propane/cli"
 require_relative "propane/code_point_range"
 require_relative "propane/fa"
@ -30,10 +31,10 @@ class Propane

  class << self

-    def run(input_file, output_file, log_file)
+    def run(input_file, output_file, log_file, options)
      begin
        grammar = Grammar.new(File.read(input_file))
-        generator = Generator.new(grammar, output_file, log_file)
+        generator = Generator.new(grammar, output_file, log_file, options)
        generator.generate
      rescue Error => e
        $stderr.puts e.message
--- a/lib/propane/assets.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/assets.rb
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class Propane
+  module Assets
+    class << self
+      def get(name)
+        path = File.join(File.dirname(File.expand_path(__FILE__)), "../../assets/#{name}")
+        File.binread(path)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/propane/cli.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/cli.rb
@ -4,15 +4,21 @@ class Propane
    USAGE = <<EOF
 Usage: #{$0} [options] <input-file> <output-file>
 Options:
-  --log LOG   Write log file
-  --version   Show program version and exit
-  -h, --help  Show this usage and exit
+  -h, --help  Show this usage and exit.
+  --log LOG   Write log file. This will show all parser states and their
+              associated shifts and reduces. It can be helpful when
+              debugging a grammar.
+  --version   Show program version and exit.
+  -w          Treat warnings as errors. This option will treat shift/reduce
+              conflicts as fatal errors and will print them to stderr in
+              addition to the log file.
 EOF

    class << self

      def run(args)
        params = []
+        options = {}
        log_file = nil
        i = 0
        while i < args.size
@ -24,11 +30,13 @@ EOF
              log_file = args[i]
            end
          when "--version"
-            puts "propane v#{VERSION}"
+            puts "propane version #{VERSION}"
            return 0
          when "-h", "--help"
            puts USAGE
            return 0
+          when "-w"
+            options[:warnings_as_errors] = true
          when /^-/
            $stderr.puts "Error: unknown option #{arg}"
            return 1
@ -45,7 +53,7 @@ EOF
          $stderr.puts "Error: cannot read #{params[0]}"
          return 2
        end
-        Propane.run(*params, log_file)
+        Propane.run(*params, log_file, options)
      end

    end
--- a/lib/propane/generator.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/generator.rb
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Propane

  class Generator

-    def initialize(grammar, output_file, log_file)
+    def initialize(grammar, output_file, log_file, options)
      @grammar = grammar
      @output_file = output_file
      if log_file
@ -10,15 +10,29 @@ class Propane
      else
        @log = StringIO.new
      end
-      @classname = @grammar.classname || File.basename(output_file).sub(%r{[^a-zA-Z0-9].*}, "").capitalize
+      @language =
+        if output_file =~ /\.([a-z]+)$/
+          $1
+        else
+          "d"
+        end
+      @options = options
      process_grammar!
    end

    def generate
-      erb = ERB.new(File.read(File.join(File.dirname(File.expand_path(__FILE__)), "../../assets/parser.d.erb")), trim_mode: "<>")
-      result = erb.result(binding.clone)
-      File.open(@output_file, "wb") do |fh|
-        fh.write(result)
+      extensions = [@language]
+      if @language == "c"
+        extensions += %w[h]
+      end
+      extensions.each do |extension|
+        template = Assets.get("parser.#{extension}.erb")
+        erb = ERB.new(template, trim_mode: "<>")
+        output_file = @output_file.sub(%r{\.[a-z]+$}, ".#{extension}")
+        result = erb.result(binding.clone)
+        File.open(output_file, "wb") do |fh|
+          fh.write(result)
+        end
      end
      @log.close
    end
@ -38,6 +52,7 @@ class Propane
      unless found_default
        raise Error.new("No patterns found for default mode")
      end
+      check_ptypes!
      # Add EOF token.
      @grammar.tokens << Token.new("$EOF", nil, nil)
      tokens_by_name = {}
@ -53,11 +68,14 @@ class Propane
        tokens_by_name[token.name] = token
      end
      # Check for user start rule.
-      unless @grammar.rules.find {|rule| rule.name == "Start"}
-        raise Error.new("Start rule not found")
+      unless @grammar.rules.find {|rule| rule.name == @grammar.start_rule}
+        raise Error.new("Start rule `#{@grammar.start_rule}` not found")
      end
      # Add "real" start rule.
-      @grammar.rules.unshift(Rule.new("$Start", ["Start", "$EOF"], nil, nil, nil))
+      @grammar.rules.unshift(Rule.new("$Start", [@grammar.start_rule, "$EOF"], nil, nil, nil))
+      # Generate and add rules for optional components.
+      generate_optional_component_rules!(tokens_by_name)
+      # Build rule sets.
      rule_sets = {}
      rule_set_id = @grammar.tokens.size
      @grammar.rules.each_with_index do |rule, rule_id|
@ -106,10 +124,55 @@ class Propane
        end
      end
      determine_possibly_empty_rulesets!(rule_sets)
+      rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set|
+        rule_set.finalize(@grammar)
+      end
      # Generate the lexer.
      @lexer = Lexer.new(@grammar)
      # Generate the parser.
-      @parser = Parser.new(@grammar, rule_sets, @log)
+      @parser = Parser.new(@grammar, rule_sets, @log, @options)
+    end
+
+    # Check that any referenced ptypes have been defined.
+    def check_ptypes!
+      (@grammar.patterns + @grammar.tokens + @grammar.rules).each do |potor|
+        if potor.ptypename
+          unless @grammar.ptypes.include?(potor.ptypename)
+            raise Error.new("Error: Line #{potor.line_number}: ptype #{potor.ptypename} not declared. Declare with `ptype` statement.")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Generate and add rules for any optional components.
+    def generate_optional_component_rules!(tokens_by_name)
+      optional_rules_added = Set.new
+      @grammar.rules.each do |rule|
+        rule.components.each do |component|
+          if component =~ /^(.*)\?$/
+            c = $1
+            unless optional_rules_added.include?(component)
+              # Create two rules for the optional component: one empty and
+              # one just matching the component.
+              # We need to find the ptypename for the optional component in
+              # order to copy it to the generated rules.
+              if tokens_by_name[c]
+                # The optional component is a token.
+                ptypename = tokens_by_name[c].ptypename
+              else
+                # The optional component must be a rule, so find any instance
+                # of that rule that specifies a ptypename.
+                ptypename = @grammar.rules.reduce(nil) do |result, rule|
+                  rule.name == c && rule.ptypename ? rule.ptypename : result
+                end
+              end
+              @grammar.rules << Rule.new(component, [], nil, ptypename, rule.line_number)
+              @grammar.rules << Rule.new(component, [c], "$$ = $1;\n", ptypename, rule.line_number)
+              optional_rules_added << component
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
    end

    # Determine which grammar rules could expand to empty sequences.
@ -185,17 +248,64 @@ class Propane
      code = code.gsub(/\$token\(([$\w]+)\)/) do |match|
        "TOKEN_#{Token.code_name($1)}"
      end
+      code = code.gsub(/\$terminate\((.*)\);/) do |match|
+        user_terminate_code = $1
+        retval = rule ? "P_USER_TERMINATED" : "TERMINATE_TOKEN_ID"
+        case @language
+        when "c"
+          "context->user_terminate_code = (#{user_terminate_code}); return #{retval};"
+        when "d"
+          "context.user_terminate_code = (#{user_terminate_code}); return #{retval};"
+        end
+      end
      if parser
        code = code.gsub(/\$\$/) do |match|
-          "_pvalue.v_#{rule.ptypename}"
+          case @language
+          when "c"
+            "_pvalue->v_#{rule.ptypename}"
+          when "d"
+            "_pvalue.v_#{rule.ptypename}"
+          end
        end
        code = code.gsub(/\$(\d+)/) do |match|
          index = $1.to_i
-          "statevalues[$-1-n_states+#{index}].pvalue.v_#{rule.components[index - 1].ptypename}"
+          case @language
+          when "c"
+            "state_values_stack_index(statevalues, -1 - (int)n_states + #{index})->pvalue.v_#{rule.components[index - 1].ptypename}"
+          when "d"
+            "statevalues[$-1-n_states+#{index}].pvalue.v_#{rule.components[index - 1].ptypename}"
+          end
+        end
+        code = code.gsub(/\$\{(\w+)\}/) do |match|
+          aliasname = $1
+          if index = rule.aliases[aliasname]
+            case @language
+            when "c"
+              "state_values_stack_index(statevalues, -(int)n_states + #{index})->pvalue.v_#{rule.components[index].ptypename}"
+            when "d"
+              "statevalues[$-n_states+#{index}].pvalue.v_#{rule.components[index].ptypename}"
+            end
+          else
+            raise Error.new("Field alias '#{aliasname}' not found")
+          end
        end
      else
        code = code.gsub(/\$\$/) do |match|
-          "out_token_info.pvalue.v_#{pattern.ptypename}"
+          if @grammar.ast
+            case @language
+            when "c"
+              "out_token_info->pvalue"
+            when "d"
+              "out_token_info.pvalue"
+            end
+          else
+            case @language
+            when "c"
+              "out_token_info->pvalue.v_#{pattern.ptypename}"
+            when "d"
+              "out_token_info.pvalue.v_#{pattern.ptypename}"
+            end
+          end
        end
        code = code.gsub(/\$mode\(([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)\)/) do |match|
          mode_name = $1
@ -203,7 +313,12 @@ class Propane
          unless mode_id
            raise Error.new("Lexer mode '#{mode_name}' not found")
          end
-          "context.mode = #{mode_id}u"
+          case @language
+          when "c"
+            "context->mode = #{mode_id}u"
+          when "d"
+            "context.mode = #{mode_id}u"
+          end
        end
      end
      code
@ -215,7 +330,7 @@ class Propane
    #   Start rule parser value type name and type string.
    def start_rule_type
      start_rule = @grammar.rules.find do |rule|
-        rule.name == "Start"
+        rule.name == @grammar.start_rule
      end
      [start_rule.ptypename, @grammar.ptypes[start_rule.ptypename]]
    end
@ -229,11 +344,26 @@ class Propane
    #   Type.
    def get_type_for(max)
      if max <= 0xFF
-        "ubyte"
+        case @language
+        when "c"
+          "uint8_t"
+        when "d"
+          "ubyte"
+        end
      elsif max <= 0xFFFF
-        "ushort"
+        case @language
+        when "c"
+          "uint16_t"
+        when "d"
+          "ushort"
+        end
      else
-        "uint"
+        case @language
+        when "c"
+          "uint32_t"
+        else
+          "uint"
+        end
      end
    end

--- a/lib/propane/grammar.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/grammar.rb
@ -5,10 +5,13 @@ class Propane
    # Reserve identifiers beginning with a double-underscore for internal use.
    IDENTIFIER_REGEX = /(?:[a-zA-Z]|_[a-zA-Z0-9])[a-zA-Z_0-9]*/

-    attr_reader :classname
+    attr_reader :ast
+    attr_reader :ast_prefix
+    attr_reader :ast_suffix
    attr_reader :modulename
    attr_reader :patterns
    attr_reader :rules
+    attr_reader :start_rule
    attr_reader :tokens
    attr_reader :code_blocks
    attr_reader :ptypes
@ -16,15 +19,19 @@ class Propane

    def initialize(input)
      @patterns = []
+      @start_rule = "Start"
      @tokens = []
      @rules = []
-      @code_blocks = []
+      @code_blocks = {}
      @line_number = 1
      @next_line_number = @line_number
      @mode = nil
      @input = input.gsub("\r\n", "\n")
      @ptypes = {"default" => "void *"}
      @prefix = "p_"
+      @ast = false
+      @ast_prefix = ""
+      @ast_suffix = ""
      parse_grammar!
    end

@ -36,6 +43,10 @@ class Propane
      @tokens.size
    end

+    def terminate_token_id
+      @tokens.size + 1
+    end
+
    private

    def parse_grammar!
@ -48,10 +59,13 @@ class Propane
      if parse_white_space!
      elsif parse_comment_line!
      elsif @mode.nil? && parse_mode_label!
+      elsif parse_ast_statement!
+      elsif parse_ast_prefix_statement!
+      elsif parse_ast_suffix_statement!
      elsif parse_module_statement!
-      elsif parse_class_statement!
      elsif parse_ptype_statement!
      elsif parse_pattern_statement!
+      elsif parse_start_statement!
      elsif parse_token_statement!
      elsif parse_tokenid_statement!
      elsif parse_drop_statement!
@ -80,6 +94,24 @@ class Propane
      consume!(/#.*\n/)
    end

+    def parse_ast_statement!
+      if consume!(/ast\s*;/)
+        @ast = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_ast_prefix_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/ast_prefix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+        @ast_prefix = md[1]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_ast_suffix_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/ast_suffix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+        @ast_suffix = md[1]
+      end
+    end
+
    def parse_module_statement!
      if consume!(/module\s+/)
        md = consume!(/([\w.]+)\s*/, "expected module name")
@ -90,20 +122,13 @@ class Propane
      end
    end

-    def parse_class_statement!
-      if consume!(/class\s+/)
-        md = consume!(/([\w.]+)\s*/, "expected class name")
-        @classname = md[1]
-        consume!(/;/, "expected `;'")
-        @mode = nil
-        true
-      end
-    end
-
    def parse_ptype_statement!
      if consume!(/ptype\s+/)
        name = "default"
        if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*=\s*/)
+          if @ast
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          end
          name = md[1]
        end
        md = consume!(/([^;]+);/, "expected parser result type expression")
@ -116,12 +141,15 @@ class Propane
        md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*/, "expected token name")
        name = md[1]
        if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
+          if @ast
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          end
          ptypename = md[1]
        end
        pattern = parse_pattern! || name
        consume!(/\s+/)
        unless code = parse_code_block!
-          consume!(/;/, "expected pattern or `;' or code block")
+          consume!(/;/, "expected `;' or code block")
        end
        token = Token.new(name, ptypename, @line_number)
        @tokens << token
@ -137,6 +165,9 @@ class Propane
        md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*/, "expected token name")
        name = md[1]
        if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
+          if @ast
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          end
          ptypename = md[1]
        end
        consume!(/;/, "expected `;'");
@ -164,10 +195,17 @@ class Propane
    def parse_rule_statement!
      if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*(?:\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\))?\s*->\s*/)
        rule_name, ptypename = *md[1, 2]
-        md = consume!(/((?:#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX}\s*)*)\s*/, "expected rule component list")
+        if @ast && ptypename
+          raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+        end
+        md = consume!(/((?:#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX}(?::#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})?\??\s*)*)\s*/, "expected rule component list")
        components = md[1].strip.split(/\s+/)
-        unless code = parse_code_block!
-          consume!(/;/, "expected pattern or `;' or code block")
+        if @ast
+          consume!(/;/, "expected `;'")
+        else
+          unless code = parse_code_block!
+            consume!(/;/, "expected `;' or code block")
+          end
        end
        @rules << Rule.new(rule_name, components, code, ptypename, @line_number)
        @mode = nil
@ -179,6 +217,9 @@ class Propane
      if pattern = parse_pattern!
        consume!(/\s+/)
        if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
+          if @ast
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          end
          ptypename = md[1]
        end
        unless code = parse_code_block!
@ -190,9 +231,22 @@ class Propane
      end
    end

+    def parse_start_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/start\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+        @start_rule = md[1]
+      end
+    end
+
    def parse_code_block_statement!
-      if code = parse_code_block!
-        @code_blocks << code
+      if md = consume!(/<<([a-z]*)(.*?)>>\n/m)
+        name, code = md[1..2]
+        code.sub!(/\A\n/, "")
+        code += "\n" unless code.end_with?("\n")
+        if @code_blocks[name]
+          @code_blocks[name] += code
+        else
+          @code_blocks[name] = code
+        end
        @mode = nil
        true
      end
@ -225,8 +279,11 @@ class Propane
    end

    def parse_code_block!
-      if md = consume!(/<<\n(.*?)^>>\n/m)
-        md[1]
+      if md = consume!(/<<(.*?)>>\n/m)
+        code = md[1]
+        code.sub!(/\A\n/, "")
+        code += "\n" unless code.end_with?("\n")
+        code
      end
    end

--- a/lib/propane/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/parser.rb
@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ class Propane
    attr_reader :reduce_table
    attr_reader :rule_sets

-    def initialize(grammar, rule_sets, log)
+    def initialize(grammar, rule_sets, log, options)
      @grammar = grammar
      @rule_sets = rule_sets
      @log = log
      @item_sets = []
      @item_sets_set = {}
+      @warnings = Set.new
+      @options = options
      start_item = Item.new(grammar.rules.first, 0)
      eval_item_sets = Set[ItemSet.new([start_item])]

@ -23,10 +25,10 @@ class Propane
          item_set.id = @item_sets.size
          @item_sets << item_set
          @item_sets_set[item_set] = item_set
-          item_set.following_symbols.each do |following_symbol|
-            unless following_symbol.name == "$EOF"
-              following_set = item_set.build_following_item_set(following_symbol)
-              eval_item_sets << following_set
+          item_set.next_symbols.each do |next_symbol|
+            unless next_symbol.name == "$EOF"
+              next_item_set = item_set.build_next_item_set(next_symbol)
+              eval_item_sets << next_item_set
            end
          end
        end
@ -37,8 +39,11 @@ class Propane
      end

      build_reduce_actions!
-      write_log!
      build_tables!
+      write_log!
+      if @warnings.size > 0 && @options[:warnings_as_errors]
+        raise Error.new("Fatal errors (-w):\n" + @warnings.join("\n"))
+      end
    end

    private
@ -48,27 +53,37 @@ class Propane
      @shift_table = []
      @reduce_table = []
      @item_sets.each do |item_set|
-        shift_entries = item_set.following_symbols.map do |following_symbol|
+        shift_entries = item_set.next_symbols.map do |next_symbol|
          state_id =
-            if following_symbol.name == "$EOF"
+            if next_symbol.name == "$EOF"
              0
            else
-              item_set.following_item_set[following_symbol].id
+              item_set.next_item_set[next_symbol].id
            end
          {
-            symbol_id: following_symbol.id,
+            symbol: next_symbol,
            state_id: state_id,
          }
        end
+        unless item_set.reduce_rules.empty?
+          shift_entries.each do |shift_entry|
+            token = shift_entry[:symbol]
+            if get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set).include?(token)
+              rule = item_set.reduce_actions[token]
+              @warnings << "Shift/Reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between token #{token.name} and rule #{rule.name} (defined on line #{rule.line_number})"
+            end
+          end
+        end
        reduce_entries =
-          case ra = item_set.reduce_actions
-          when Rule
-            [{token_id: @grammar.invalid_token_id, rule_id: ra.id,
-              rule_set_id: ra.rule_set.id, n_states: ra.components.size}]
-          when Hash
-            ra.map do |token, rule|
-              {token_id: token.id, rule_id: rule.id,
-               rule_set_id: rule.rule_set.id, n_states: rule.components.size}
+          if rule = item_set.reduce_rule
+            [{token_id: @grammar.invalid_token_id, rule_id: rule.id, rule: rule,
+              rule_set_id: rule.rule_set.id, n_states: rule.components.size,
+              propagate_optional_target: rule.optional? && rule.components.size == 1}]
+          elsif reduce_actions = item_set.reduce_actions
+            reduce_actions.map do |token, rule|
+              {token_id: token.id, rule_id: rule.id, rule: rule,
+               rule_set_id: rule.rule_set.id, n_states: rule.components.size,
+               propagate_optional_target: rule.optional? && rule.components.size == 1}
            end
          else
            []
@ -85,11 +100,11 @@ class Propane
    end

    def process_item_set(item_set)
-      item_set.following_symbols.each do |following_symbol|
-        unless following_symbol.name == "$EOF"
-          following_set = @item_sets_set[item_set.build_following_item_set(following_symbol)]
-          item_set.following_item_set[following_symbol] = following_set
-          following_set.in_sets << item_set
+      item_set.next_symbols.each do |next_symbol|
+        unless next_symbol.name == "$EOF"
+          next_item_set = @item_sets_set[item_set.build_next_item_set(next_symbol)]
+          item_set.next_item_set[next_symbol] = next_item_set
+          next_item_set.in_sets << item_set
        end
      end
    end
@ -99,7 +114,7 @@ class Propane
    # @return [void]
    def build_reduce_actions!
      @item_sets.each do |item_set|
-        item_set.reduce_actions = build_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
+        build_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
      end
    end

@ -108,38 +123,55 @@ class Propane
    # @param item_set [ItemSet]
    #   ItemSet (parser state)
    #
-    # @return [nil, Rule, Hash]
-    #   If no reduce actions are possible for the given item set, nil.
-    #   If only one reduce action is possible for the given item set, the Rule
-    #   to reduce.
-    #   Otherwise, a mapping of lookahead Tokens to the Rules to reduce.
+    # @return [void]
    def build_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
      # To build the reduce actions, we start by looking at any
      # "complete" items, i.e., items where the parse position is at the
      # end of a rule. These are the only rules that are candidates for
      # reduction in the current ItemSet.
-      reduce_rules = Set.new(item_set.items.select(&:complete?).map(&:rule))
+      item_set.reduce_rules = Set.new(item_set.items.select(&:complete?).map(&:rule))

-      # If there are no rules to reduce for this ItemSet, we're done here.
-      return nil if reduce_rules.size == 0
+      if item_set.reduce_rules.size == 1
+        item_set.reduce_rule = item_set.reduce_rules.first
+      end

-      # If there is exactly one rule to reduce for this ItemSet, then do not
-      # figure out the lookaheads; just reduce it.
-      return reduce_rules.first if reduce_rules.size == 1
+      if item_set.reduce_rules.size > 1
+        # Force item_set.reduce_actions to be built to store the lookahead
+        # tokens for the possible reduce rules if there is more than one.
+        get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
+      end
+    end

-      # Otherwise, we have more than one possible rule to reduce.
+    # Get the reduce actions for a single item set (parser state).
+    #
+    # @param item_set [ItemSet]
+    #   ItemSet (parser state)
+    #
+    # @return [Hash]
+    #   Mapping of lookahead Tokens to the Rules to reduce.
+    def get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
+      item_set.reduce_actions ||= build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
+    end

+    # Build the reduce actions for a single item set (parser state).
+    #
+    # @param item_set [ItemSet]
+    #   ItemSet (parser state)
+    #
+    # @return [Hash]
+    #   Mapping of lookahead Tokens to the Rules to reduce.
+    def build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
      # We will be looking for all possible tokens that can follow instances of
      # these rules. Rather than looking through the entire grammar for the
      # possible following tokens, we will only look in the item sets leading
      # up to this one. This restriction gives us a more precise lookahead set,
      # and allows us to parse LALR grammars.
-      item_sets = item_set.leading_item_sets
-      reduce_rules.reduce({}) do |reduce_actions, reduce_rule|
+      item_sets = Set[item_set] + item_set.leading_item_sets
+      item_set.reduce_rules.reduce({}) do |reduce_actions, reduce_rule|
        lookahead_tokens_for_rule = build_lookahead_tokens_to_reduce(reduce_rule, item_sets)
        lookahead_tokens_for_rule.each do |lookahead_token|
          if existing_reduce_rule = reduce_actions[lookahead_token]
-            raise Error.new("Error: reduce/reduce conflict between rule #{existing_reduce_rule.id} (#{existing_reduce_rule.name}) and rule #{reduce_rule.id} (#{reduce_rule.name})")
+            raise Error.new("Error: reduce/reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between rule #{existing_reduce_rule.name}##{existing_reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{existing_reduce_rule.line_number}) and rule #{reduce_rule.name}##{reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{reduce_rule.line_number})")
          end
          reduce_actions[lookahead_token] = reduce_rule
        end
@ -181,9 +213,9 @@ class Propane
        # tokens to form the lookahead token set.
        item_sets.each do |item_set|
          item_set.items.each do |item|
-            if item.following_symbol == rule_set
+            if item.next_symbol == rule_set
              (1..).each do |offset|
-                case symbol = item.following_symbol(offset)
+                case symbol = item.next_symbol(offset)
                when nil
                  rule_set = item.rule.rule_set
                  unless checked_rule_sets.include?(rule_set)
@ -240,20 +272,26 @@ class Propane
        @log.puts
        @log.puts "  Incoming states: #{incoming_ids.join(", ")}"
        @log.puts "  Outgoing states:"
-        item_set.following_item_set.each do |following_symbol, following_item_set|
-          @log.puts "    #{following_symbol.name} => #{following_item_set.id}"
+        item_set.next_item_set.each do |next_symbol, next_item_set|
+          @log.puts "    #{next_symbol.name} => #{next_item_set.id}"
        end
        @log.puts
        @log.puts "  Reduce actions:"
-        case item_set.reduce_actions
-        when Rule
-          @log.puts "    * => rule #{item_set.reduce_actions.id}, rule set #{@rule_sets[item_set.reduce_actions.name].id} (#{item_set.reduce_actions.name})"
-        when Hash
+        if item_set.reduce_rule
+          @log.puts "    * => rule #{item_set.reduce_rule.id}, rule set #{@rule_sets[item_set.reduce_rule.name].id} (#{item_set.reduce_rule.name})"
+        elsif item_set.reduce_actions
          item_set.reduce_actions.each do |token, rule|
            @log.puts "    lookahead #{token.name} => #{rule.name} (#{rule.id}), rule set ##{rule.rule_set.id}"
          end
        end
      end
+      if @warnings.size > 0
+        @log.puts
+        @log.puts "Warnings:"
+        @warnings.each do |warning|
+          @log.puts "  #{warning}"
+        end
+      end
    end

  end
--- a/lib/propane/parser/item.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/parser/item.rb
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class Propane

      # Return the set of Items obtained by "closing" the current item.
      #
-      # If the following symbol for the current item is another Rule name, then
+      # If the next symbol for the current item is another Rule name, then
      # this method will return all Items for that Rule with a position of 0.
      # Otherwise, an empty Array is returned.
      #
@ -81,17 +81,17 @@ class Propane
        @position == @rule.components.size
      end

-      # Get the following symbol for the Item.
+      # Get the next symbol for the Item.
      #
-      # That is, the symbol which follows the parse position marker in the
+      # That is, the symbol which is after the parse position marker in the
      # current Item.
      #
      # @param offset [Integer]
      #   Offset from current parse position to examine.
      #
      # @return [Token, RuleSet, nil]
-      #   Following symbol for the Item.
-      def following_symbol(offset = 0)
+      #   Next symbol for the Item.
+      def next_symbol(offset = 0)
        @rule.components[@position + offset]
      end

@ -108,25 +108,25 @@ class Propane
        end
      end

-      # Get whether this Item is followed by the provided symbol.
+      # Get whether this Item's next symbol is the given symbol.
      #
      # @param symbol [Token, RuleSet]
      #   Symbol to query.
      #
      # @return [Boolean]
-      #   Whether this Item is followed by the provided symbol.
-      def followed_by?(symbol)
-        following_symbol == symbol
+      #   Whether this Item's next symbol is the given symbol.
+      def next_symbol?(symbol)
+        next_symbol == symbol
      end

-      # Get the following item for this Item.
+      # Get the next item for this Item.
      #
      # That is, the Item formed by moving the parse position marker one place
      # forward from its position in this Item.
      #
      # @return [Item]
-      #   The following item for this Item.
-      def following_item
+      #   The next item for this Item.
+      def next_item
        Item.new(@rule, @position + 1)
      end

--- a/lib/propane/parser/item_set.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/parser/item_set.rb
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Propane
  class Parser

    # Represent a parser "item set", which is a set of possible items that the
-    # parser could currently be parsing.
+    # parser could currently be parsing. This is equivalent to a parser state.
    class ItemSet

      # @return [Set<Item>]
@ -14,15 +14,24 @@ class Propane
      attr_accessor :id

      # @return [Hash]
-      #   Maps a following symbol to its ItemSet.
-      attr_reader :following_item_set
+      #   Maps a next symbol to its ItemSet.
+      attr_reader :next_item_set

      # @return [Set<ItemSet>]
      #   ItemSets leading to this item set.
      attr_reader :in_sets

-      # @return [nil, Rule, Hash]
-      #   Reduce actions, mapping lookahead tokens to rules.
+      # @return [nil, Rule]
+      #   Rule to reduce if there is only one possibility.
+      attr_accessor :reduce_rule
+
+      # @return [Set<Rule>]
+      #   Set of rules that could be reduced in this parser state.
+      attr_accessor :reduce_rules
+
+      # @return [nil, Hash]
+      #   Reduce actions, mapping lookahead tokens to rules, if there is
+      #   more than one rule that could be reduced.
      attr_accessor :reduce_actions

      # Build an ItemSet.
@ -31,28 +40,28 @@ class Propane
      #   Items in this ItemSet.
      def initialize(items)
        @items = Set.new(items)
-        @following_item_set = {}
+        @next_item_set = {}
        @in_sets = Set.new
        close!
      end

-      # Get the set of following symbols for all Items in this ItemSet.
+      # Get the set of next symbols for all Items in this ItemSet.
      #
      # @return [Set<Token, RuleSet>]
-      #   Set of following symbols for all Items in this ItemSet.
-      def following_symbols
-        Set.new(@items.map(&:following_symbol).compact)
+      #   Set of next symbols for all Items in this ItemSet.
+      def next_symbols
+        @_next_symbols ||= Set.new(@items.map(&:next_symbol).compact)
      end

-      # Build a following ItemSet for the given following symbol.
+      # Build a next ItemSet for the given next symbol.
      #
      # @param symbol [Token, RuleSet]
-      #   Following symbol to build the following ItemSet for.
+      #   Next symbol to build the next ItemSet for.
      #
      # @return [ItemSet]
-      #   Following ItemSet for the given following symbol.
-      def build_following_item_set(symbol)
-        ItemSet.new(items_followed_by(symbol).map(&:following_item))
+      #   Next ItemSet for the given next symbol.
+      def build_next_item_set(symbol)
+        ItemSet.new(items_with_next(symbol).map(&:next_item))
      end

      # Hash function.
@ -87,14 +96,27 @@ class Propane

      # Set of ItemSets that lead to this ItemSet.
      #
-      # This set includes this ItemSet.
-      #
      # @return [Set<ItemSet>]
      #   Set of all ItemSets that lead up to this ItemSet.
      def leading_item_sets
-        @in_sets.reduce(Set[self]) do |result, item_set|
-          result + item_set.leading_item_sets
-        end
+        @_leading_item_sets ||=
+          begin
+            result = Set.new
+            eval_sets = Set[self]
+            evaled = Set.new
+            while eval_sets.size > 0
+              eval_set = eval_sets.first
+              eval_sets.delete(eval_set)
+              evaled << eval_set
+              eval_set.in_sets.each do |in_set|
+                result << in_set
+                unless evaled.include?(in_set)
+                  eval_sets << in_set
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            result
+          end
      end

      # Represent the ItemSet as a String.
@ -127,16 +149,16 @@ class Propane
        end
      end

-      # Get the Items followed by the given following symbol.
+      # Get the Items with the given next symbol.
      #
      # @param symbol [Token, RuleSet]
-      #   Following symbol.
+      #   Next symbol.
      #
      # @return [Array<Item>]
-      #   Items followed by the given following symbol.
-      def items_followed_by(symbol)
+      #   Items with the given next symbol.
+      def items_with_next(symbol)
        @items.select do |item|
-          item.followed_by?(symbol)
+          item.next_symbol?(symbol)
        end
      end

--- a/lib/propane/regex.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/regex.rb
@ -134,8 +134,18 @@ class Propane
      else
        c = @pattern.slice!(0)
        case c
+        when "a"
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\a", "\a")
+        when "b"
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\b", "\b")
        when "d"
          CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+        when "f"
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f", "\f")
+        when "n"
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\n", "\n")
+        when "r"
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\r", "\r")
        when "s"
          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new(" ")
@ -145,6 +155,10 @@ class Propane
          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f")
          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v")
          ccu
+        when "t"
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\t", "\t")
+        when "v"
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v", "\v")
        else
          CharacterRangeUnit.new(c)
        end
--- a/lib/propane/rule.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/rule.rb
@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ class Propane
    #   Rule components.
    attr_reader :components

+    # @return [Hash]
+    #   Field aliases.
+    attr_reader :aliases
+
    # @return [String]
    #   User code associated with the rule.
    attr_reader :code
@ -30,6 +34,11 @@ class Propane
    #   The RuleSet that this Rule is a part of.
    attr_accessor :rule_set

+    # @return [Array<Integer>]
+    #   Map this rule's components to their positions in the parent RuleSet's
+    #   node field pointer array. This is used for AST construction.
+    attr_accessor :rule_set_node_field_index_map
+
    # Construct a Rule.
    #
    # @param name [String]
@ -44,7 +53,20 @@ class Propane
    #   Line number where the rule was defined in the input grammar.
    def initialize(name, components, code, ptypename, line_number)
      @name = name
-      @components = components
+      @aliases = {}
+      @components = components.each_with_index.map do |component, i|
+        if component =~ /(\S+):(\S+)/
+          c, aliasname = $1, $2
+          if @aliases[aliasname]
+            raise Error.new("Error: duplicate field alias `#{aliasname}` for rule #{name} defined on line #{line_number}")
+          end
+          @aliases[aliasname] = i
+          c
+        else
+          component
+        end
+      end
+      @rule_set_node_field_index_map = components.map {0}
      @code = code
      @ptypename = ptypename
      @line_number = line_number
@ -60,6 +82,14 @@ class Propane
      @components.empty?
    end

+    # Return whether this is an optional Rule.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #   Whether this is an optional Rule.
+    def optional?
+      @name.end_with?("?")
+    end
+
    # Represent the Rule as a String.
    #
    # @return [String]
@ -68,6 +98,17 @@ class Propane
      "#{@name} -> #{@components.map(&:name).join(" ")}"
    end

+    # Check whether the rule set node field index map is just a 1:1 mapping.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #   Boolean indicating whether the rule set node field index map is just a
+    #   1:1 mapping.
+    def flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map?
+      @rule_set_node_field_index_map.each_with_index.all? do |v, i|
+        v == i
+      end
+    end
+
  end

 end
--- a/lib/propane/rule_set.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/rule_set.rb
@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 class Propane

+  # A RuleSet collects all grammar rules of the same name.
  class RuleSet

+    # @return [Array<Hash>]
+    #   AST fields.
+    attr_reader :ast_fields
+
    # @return [Integer]
    #   ID of the RuleSet.
    attr_reader :id
@ -51,6 +56,24 @@ class Propane
      @could_be_empty
    end

+    # Return whether this is an optional RuleSet.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #   Whether this is an optional RuleSet.
+    def optional?
+      @name.end_with?("?")
+    end
+
+    # For optional rule sets, return the underlying component that is optional.
+    def option_target
+      @rules.each do |rule|
+        if rule.components.size > 0
+          return rule.components[0]
+        end
+      end
+      raise "Optional rule target not found"
+    end
+
    # Build the start token set for the RuleSet.
    #
    # @return [Set<Token>]
@ -75,6 +98,72 @@ class Propane
      @_start_token_set
    end

+    # Finalize a RuleSet after adding all Rules to it.
+    def finalize(grammar)
+      if grammar.ast
+        build_ast_fields(grammar)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Build the set of AST fields for this RuleSet.
+    #
+    # This is an Array of Hashes. Each entry in the Array corresponds to a
+    # field location in the AST node. The entry is a Hash. It could have one or
+    # two keys. It will always have the field name with a positional suffix as
+    # a key. It may also have the field name without the positional suffix if
+    # that field only exists in one position across all Rules in the RuleSet.
+    #
+    # @return [void]
+    def build_ast_fields(grammar)
+      field_ast_node_indexes = {}
+      field_indexes_across_all_rules = {}
+      @ast_fields = []
+      @rules.each do |rule|
+        rule.components.each_with_index do |component, i|
+          if component.is_a?(RuleSet) && component.optional?
+            component = component.option_target
+          end
+          if component.is_a?(Token)
+            node_name = "Token"
+          else
+            node_name = component.name
+          end
+          struct_name = "#{grammar.ast_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.ast_suffix}"
+          field_name = "p#{node_name}#{i + 1}"
+          unless field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
+            field_ast_node_indexes[field_name] = @ast_fields.size
+            @ast_fields << {field_name => struct_name}
+          end
+          field_indexes_across_all_rules[node_name] ||= Set.new
+          field_indexes_across_all_rules[node_name] << field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
+          rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map[i] = field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
+        end
+      end
+      field_indexes_across_all_rules.each do |node_name, indexes_across_all_rules|
+        if indexes_across_all_rules.size == 1
+          # If this field was only seen in one position across all rules,
+          # then add an alias to the positional field name that does not
+          # include the position.
+          @ast_fields[indexes_across_all_rules.first]["p#{node_name}"] =
+            "#{grammar.ast_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.ast_suffix}"
+        end
+      end
+      # Now merge in the field aliases as given by the user in the
+      # grammar.
+      field_aliases = {}
+      @rules.each do |rule|
+        rule.aliases.each do |alias_name, index|
+          if field_aliases[alias_name] && field_aliases[alias_name] != index
+            raise Error.new("Error: conflicting AST node field positions for alias `#{alias_name}`")
+          end
+          field_aliases[alias_name] = index
+          @ast_fields[index][alias_name] = @ast_fields[index].first[1]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
  end

 end
--- a/lib/propane/version.rb
+++ b/lib/propane/version.rb
@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Propane
-  VERSION = "0.1.0"
+  VERSION = "1.5.1"
 end
--- a/propane.sh
+++ b/propane.sh
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-exec bundle exec ruby -Ilib bin/propane "$@"
--- a/rb/build_dist.rb
+++ b/rb/build_dist.rb
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby

+require "erb"
 require "fileutils"
 require "digest/md5"

@ -13,6 +14,24 @@ START_FILE = "bin/#{PROG_NAME}"
 LIB_DIR = "lib"
 DIST = "dist"

+ASSETS_TEMPLATE = <<EOF
+class Propane
+  module Assets
+    class << self
+      def get(name)
+        case name
+<% Dir.glob("assets/*").each  do |asset_file| %>
+        when <%= File.basename(asset_file).inspect %>
+          <%= File.binread(asset_file).inspect %>
+<% end  %>
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+EOF
+
+assets_module = ERB.new(ASSETS_TEMPLATE, trim_mode: "<>").result
 files_processed = {}
 combined_file = []

@ -25,7 +44,11 @@ combine_files = lambda do |file|
        if File.exist?(path)
          unless files_processed[path]
            files_processed[path] = true
-            combine_files[path]
+            if require_name == "propane/assets"
+              combined_file << assets_module
+            else
+              combine_files[path]
+            end
          end
        else
          raise "require path #{path.inspect} not found"
--- a/spec/json_parser.c.propane
+++ b/spec/json_parser.c.propane
@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+<<header
+#include "json_types.h"
+#include "testutils.h"
+>>
+<<
+#include "math.h"
+#include <stdbool.h>
+static str_t string_value;
+>>
+
+ptype JSONValue *;
+
+drop /\s+/;
+token lbrace /\{/;
+token rbrace /\}/;
+token lbracket /\[/;
+token rbracket /\]/;
+token comma /,/;
+token colon /:/;
+token number /-?(0|[1-9][0-9]*)(\.[0-9]+)?([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?/ <<
+    double n = 0.0;
+    bool negative = false;
+    size_t i = 0u;
+    if (match[i] == '-')
+    {
+        negative = true;
+        i++;
+    }
+    while ('0' <= match[i] && match[i] <= '9')
+    {
+        n *= 10.0;
+        n += (match[i] - '0');
+        i++;
+    }
+    if (match[i] == '.')
+    {
+        i++;
+        double mult = 0.1;
+        while ('0' <= match[i] && match[i] <= '9')
+        {
+            n += mult * (match[i] - '0');
+            mult /= 10.0;
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+    if (match[i] == 'e' || match[i] == 'E')
+    {
+        bool exp_negative = false;
+        i++;
+        if (match[i] == '-')
+        {
+            exp_negative = true;
+            i++;
+        }
+        else if (match[i] == '+')
+        {
+            i++;
+        }
+        long exp = 0.0;
+        while ('0' <= match[i] && match[i] <= '9')
+        {
+            exp *= 10;
+            exp += (match[i] - '0');
+            i++;
+        }
+        if (exp_negative)
+        {
+            exp = -exp;
+        }
+        n = pow(n, exp);
+    }
+    if (negative)
+    {
+        n = -n;
+    }
+    $$ = JSONValue_new(JSON_NUMBER);
+    $$->number = n;
+>>
+token true <<
+  $$ = JSONValue_new(JSON_TRUE);
+>>
+token false <<
+  $$ = JSONValue_new(JSON_FALSE);
+>>
+token null <<
+  $$ = JSONValue_new(JSON_NULL);
+>>
+/"/ <<
+  $mode(string);
+  str_init(&string_value, "");
+>>
+string: token string /"/ <<
+  $$ = JSONValue_new(JSON_STRING);
+  $$->string = string_value;
+  $mode(default);
+>>
+string: /\\"/ <<
+  str_append(&string_value, "\"");
+>>
+string: /\\\\/ <<
+  str_append(&string_value, "\\");
+>>
+string: /\\\// <<
+  str_append(&string_value, "/");
+>>
+string: /\\b/ <<
+  str_append(&string_value, "\b");
+>>
+string: /\\f/ <<
+  str_append(&string_value, "\f");
+>>
+string: /\\n/ <<
+  str_append(&string_value, "\n");
+>>
+string: /\\r/ <<
+  str_append(&string_value, "\r");
+>>
+string: /\\t/ <<
+  str_append(&string_value, "\t");
+>>
+string: /\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}/ <<
+  /* Not actually going to encode the code point for this example... */
+  char s[] = {'{', match[2], match[3], match[4], match[5], '}', 0};
+  str_append(&string_value, s);
+>>
+string: /[^\\]/ <<
+  char s[] = {match[0], 0};
+  str_append(&string_value, s);
+>>
+Start -> Value <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Value -> string <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Value -> number <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Value -> Object <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Value -> Array <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Value -> true <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Value -> false <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Value -> null <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Object -> lbrace rbrace <<
+  $$ = JSONObject_new();
+>>
+Object -> lbrace KeyValues rbrace <<
+  $$ = $2;
+>>
+KeyValues -> KeyValue <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+KeyValues -> KeyValues comma KeyValue <<
+  JSONObject_append($1, $3->object.entries[0].name, $3->object.entries[0].value);
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+KeyValue -> string colon Value <<
+  $$ = JSONObject_new();
+  JSONObject_append($$, str_cstr(&$1->string), $3);
+>>
+Array -> lbracket rbracket <<
+  $$ = JSONArray_new();
+>>
+Array -> lbracket Values rbracket <<
+  $$ = $2;
+>>
+Values -> Value <<
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
+Values -> Values comma Value <<
+  JSONArray_append($1, $3);
+  $$ = $1;
+>>
--- a/spec/json_parser.d.propane
+++ b/spec/json_parser.d.propane
--- a/spec/json_types.c
+++ b/spec/json_types.c
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#include "json_types.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+JSONValue * JSONValue_new(size_t id)
+{
+    JSONValue * jv = calloc(1, sizeof(JSONValue));
+    jv->id = id;
+    return jv;
+}
+
+JSONValue * JSONObject_new(void)
+{
+    JSONValue * jv = JSONValue_new(JSON_OBJECT);
+    jv->object.size = 0u;
+    return jv;
+}
+
+void JSONObject_append(JSONValue * object, char const * name, JSONValue * value)
+{
+    size_t const size = object->object.size;
+    for (size_t i = 0u; i < size; i++)
+    {
+        if (strcmp(name, object->object.entries[i].name) == 0)
+        {
+            object->object.entries[i].value = value;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    size_t const new_size = size + 1;
+    void * new_entries = malloc(sizeof(object->object.entries[0]) * new_size);
+    if (size > 0)
+    {
+        memcpy(new_entries, object->object.entries, size * sizeof(object->object.entries[0]));
+        free(object->object.entries);
+    }
+    object->object.entries = new_entries;
+    object->object.entries[size].name = name;
+    object->object.entries[size].value = value;
+    object->object.size = new_size;
+}
+
+JSONValue * JSONArray_new(void)
+{
+    JSONValue * jv = JSONValue_new(JSON_ARRAY);
+    jv->array.size = 0u;
+    return jv;
+}
+
+void JSONArray_append(JSONValue * array, JSONValue * value)
+{
+    size_t const size = array->array.size;
+    size_t const new_size = size + 1;
+    JSONValue ** new_entries = malloc(sizeof(JSONValue *) * new_size);
+    if (array->array.size > 0)
+    {
+        memcpy(new_entries, array->array.entries, sizeof(JSONValue *) * size);
+        free(array->array.entries);
+    }
+    array->array.entries = new_entries;
+    array->array.entries[size] = value;
+    array->array.size = new_size;
+}
--- a/spec/json_types.h
+++ b/spec/json_types.h
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+#define JSON_OBJECT 0u
+#define JSON_ARRAY 1u
+#define JSON_NUMBER 2u
+#define JSON_STRING 3u
+#define JSON_TRUE 4u
+#define JSON_FALSE 5u
+#define JSON_NULL 6u
+
+typedef struct JSONValue_s
+{
+    size_t id;
+    union
+    {
+        struct
+        {
+            size_t size;
+            struct
+            {
+                char const * name;
+                struct JSONValue_s * value;
+            } * entries;
+        } object;
+        struct
+        {
+            size_t size;
+            struct JSONValue_s ** entries;
+        } array;
+        double number;
+        str_t string;
+    };
+} JSONValue;
+
+JSONValue * JSONValue_new(size_t id);
+
+JSONValue * JSONObject_new(void);
+
+void JSONObject_append(JSONValue * object, char const * name, JSONValue * value);
+
+JSONValue * JSONArray_new(void);
+
+void JSONArray_append(JSONValue * array, JSONValue * value);
--- a/spec/propane/grammar_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/propane/grammar_spec.rb
@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ class Propane
 # Comment line

 module a.b;
-class Foobar;
 ptype   XYZ  *  ;

 token while;
@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ B -> <<
 >>
 EOF
      grammar = Grammar.new(input)
-      expect(grammar.classname).to eq "Foobar"
      expect(grammar.modulename).to eq "a.b"
      expect(grammar.ptype).to eq "XYZ  *"
      expect(grammar.ptypes).to eq("default" => "XYZ  *")
@ -38,44 +36,44 @@ EOF

      o = grammar.tokens.find {|token| token.name == "while"}
      expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 7
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 6

      o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.token == o}
      expect(o).to_not be_nil
      expect(o.pattern).to eq "while"
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 7
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 6
      expect(o.code).to be_nil

      o = grammar.tokens.find {|token| token.name == "id"}
      expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 10
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 9

      o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.token == o}
      expect(o).to_not be_nil
      expect(o.pattern).to eq "[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*"
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 10
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 9
      expect(o.code).to be_nil

      o = grammar.tokens.find {|token| token.name == "token_with_code"}
      expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 12
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 11

      o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.token == o}
      expect(o).to_not be_nil
      expect(o.pattern).to eq "token_with_code"
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 12
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 11
      expect(o.code).to eq "Code for the token\n"

      o = grammar.tokens.find {|token| token.name == "token_with_no_pattern"}
      expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 16
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 15

      o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.token == o}
      expect(o).to be_nil

      o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "\\s+"}
      expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 18
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 17
      expect(o.token).to be_nil
      expect(o.code).to be_nil

@ -84,19 +82,19 @@ EOF
      o = grammar.rules[0]
      expect(o.name).to eq "A"
      expect(o.components).to eq %w[B]
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 20
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 19
      expect(o.code).to eq "  a = 42;\n"

      o = grammar.rules[1]
      expect(o.name).to eq "B"
      expect(o.components).to eq %w[C while id]
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 23
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 22
      expect(o.code).to be_nil

      o = grammar.rules[2]
      expect(o.name).to eq "B"
      expect(o.components).to eq []
-      expect(o.line_number).to eq 24
+      expect(o.line_number).to eq 23
      expect(o.code).to eq "  b = 0;\n"
    end

--- a/spec/propane_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/propane_spec.rb
--- a/spec/spec_helper.rb
+++ b/spec/spec_helper.rb
@ -1,11 +1,27 @@
-require "bundler/setup"
-require "propane"
+unless ENV["dist_specs"]
+  require "bundler/setup"
+  require "simplecov"

-RSpec.configure do |config|
-  # Enable flags like --only-failures and --next-failure
-  config.example_status_persistence_file_path = ".rspec_status"
+  SimpleCov.start do
+    add_filter "/spec/"
+    add_filter "/.bundle/"
+    if ENV["partial_specs"]
+      command_name "RSpec-partial"
+    else
+      command_name "RSpec"
+    end
+    project_name "Propane"
+    merge_timeout 3600
+  end

-  config.expect_with :rspec do |c|
-    c.syntax = :expect
+  RSpec.configure do |config|
+    # Enable flags like --only-failures and --next-failure
+    config.example_status_persistence_file_path = ".rspec_status"
+
+    config.expect_with :rspec do |c|
+      c.syntax = :expect
+    end
  end
 end
+
+require "propane"
--- a/spec/test_ast.c
+++ b/spec/test_ast.c
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "a, ((b)), b";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pItems1 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems != NULL);
+    Items * items = start->pItems;
+    assert(items->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(items->pItem->pToken1 != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_a, items->pItem->pToken1->token);
+    assert_eq(11, items->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
+    assert(items->pItemsMore != NULL);
+    ItemsMore * itemsmore = items->pItemsMore;
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem->pItem->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem->pItem->pItem->pToken1 != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, itemsmore->pItem->pItem->pItem->pToken1->token);
+    assert_eq(22, itemsmore->pItem->pItem->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItemsMore != NULL);
+    itemsmore = itemsmore->pItemsMore;
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem->pToken1 != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, itemsmore->pItem->pToken1->token);
+    assert_eq(22, itemsmore->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItemsMore == NULL);
+
+    input = "";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pItems == NULL);
+
+    input = "2 1";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pItems != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pTwo1 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pOne2 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pTwo2 == NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pOne1 == NULL);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast.d
+++ b/spec/test_ast.d
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "a, ((b)), b";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pItems1 !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems !is null);
+    Items * items = start.pItems;
+    assert(items.pItem !is null);
+    assert(items.pItem.pToken1 !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_a, items.pItem.pToken1.token);
+    assert_eq(11, items.pItem.pToken1.pvalue);
+    assert(items.pItemsMore !is null);
+    ItemsMore * itemsmore = items.pItemsMore;
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem !is null);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem.pItem !is null);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem !is null);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem.pToken1 !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem.pToken1.token);
+    assert_eq(22, itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem.pToken1.pvalue);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItemsMore !is null);
+    itemsmore = itemsmore.pItemsMore;
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem !is null);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem.pToken1 !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, itemsmore.pItem.pToken1.token);
+    assert_eq(22, itemsmore.pItem.pToken1.pvalue);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItemsMore is null);
+
+    input = "";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pItems is null);
+
+    input = "2 1";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pItems !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pTwo1 !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pOne2 !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pTwo2 is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pOne1 is null);
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast_field_aliases.c
+++ b/spec/test_ast_field_aliases.c
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "\na\nb\nc";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start->first->pToken->token);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start->second->pToken->token);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start->third->pToken->token);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast_field_aliases.d
+++ b/spec/test_ast_field_aliases.d
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "\na\nb\nc";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start.first.pToken.token);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start.second.pToken.token);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start.third.pToken.token);
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast_invalid_positions.c
+++ b/spec/test_ast_invalid_positions.c
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "\na\n  bb ccc";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert(p_position_valid(start->pT1->pA->position));
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->pA->position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->pA->position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->pA->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(7, start->pT1->pA->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(7, start->pT1->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(1, start->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(7, start->end_position.col);
+
+    input = "a\nbb";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert(p_position_valid(start->pT1->pA->position));
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pA->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pA->position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pA->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pA->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start->end_position.col);
+
+    input = "a\nc\nc";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert(p_position_valid(start->pT1->pA->position));
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pA->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pA->position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->pA->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pA->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->end_position.col);
+
+    input = "a";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert(!p_position_valid(start->pT1->pA->position));
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->end_position.col);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast_invalid_positions.d
+++ b/spec/test_ast_invalid_positions.d
@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "\na\n  bb ccc";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert(start.pT1.pA.position.valid);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.pA.position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.pA.position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.pA.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(7, start.pT1.pA.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(7, start.pT1.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(1, start.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(7, start.end_position.col);
+
+    input = "a\nbb";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert(start.pT1.pA.position.valid);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pA.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pA.position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pA.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pA.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.col);
+    assert_eq(1, start.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start.end_position.col);
+
+    input = "a\nc\nc";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert(start.pT1.pA.position.valid);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pA.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pA.position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.pA.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pA.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.end_position.col);
+
+    input = "a";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert(!start.pT1.pA.position.valid);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.end_position.col);
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast_ps.c
+++ b/spec/test_ast_ps.c
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "a, ((b)), b";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    PStartS * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pItems1 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems != NULL);
+    PItemsS * items = start->pItems;
+    assert(items->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(items->pItem->pToken1 != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_a, items->pItem->pToken1->token);
+    assert_eq(11, items->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
+    assert(items->pItemsMore != NULL);
+    PItemsMoreS * itemsmore = items->pItemsMore;
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem->pItem->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem->pItem->pItem->pToken1 != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, itemsmore->pItem->pItem->pItem->pToken1->token);
+    assert_eq(22, itemsmore->pItem->pItem->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItemsMore != NULL);
+    itemsmore = itemsmore->pItemsMore;
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItem->pToken1 != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, itemsmore->pItem->pToken1->token);
+    assert_eq(22, itemsmore->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
+    assert(itemsmore->pItemsMore == NULL);
+
+    input = "";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pItems == NULL);
+
+    input = "2 1";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pItems != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pTwo1 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pOne2 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pTwo2 == NULL);
+    assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pOne1 == NULL);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast_ps.d
+++ b/spec/test_ast_ps.d
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "a, ((b)), b";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    PStartS * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pItems1 !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems !is null);
+    PItemsS * items = start.pItems;
+    assert(items.pItem !is null);
+    assert(items.pItem.pToken1 !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_a, items.pItem.pToken1.token);
+    assert_eq(11, items.pItem.pToken1.pvalue);
+    assert(items.pItemsMore !is null);
+    PItemsMoreS * itemsmore = items.pItemsMore;
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem !is null);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem.pItem !is null);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem !is null);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem.pToken1 !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem.pToken1.token);
+    assert_eq(22, itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem.pToken1.pvalue);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItemsMore !is null);
+    itemsmore = itemsmore.pItemsMore;
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem !is null);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItem.pToken1 !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, itemsmore.pItem.pToken1.token);
+    assert_eq(22, itemsmore.pItem.pToken1.pvalue);
+    assert(itemsmore.pItemsMore is null);
+
+    input = "";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pItems is null);
+
+    input = "2 1";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pItems !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pTwo1 !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pOne2 !is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pTwo2 is null);
+    assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pOne1 is null);
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast_token_positions.c
+++ b/spec/test_ast_token_positions.c
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "abbccc";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT1->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT2->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT2->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT2->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT2->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT2->position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT2->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT2->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT2->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT3->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(3, start->pT3->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT3->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start->pT3->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT3->position.row);
+    assert_eq(3, start->pT3->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT3->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start->pT3->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start->end_position.col);
+
+    input = "\n\n  bb\nc\ncc\n\n     a";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(3, start->pT1->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start->pT1->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(3, start->pT1->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(3, start->pT2->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT2->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(4, start->pT2->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT2->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(3, start->pT2->position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start->pT2->position.col);
+    assert_eq(4, start->pT2->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start->pT2->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(6, start->pT3->pToken->position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start->pT3->pToken->position.col);
+    assert_eq(6, start->pT3->pToken->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start->pT3->pToken->end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(6, start->pT3->position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start->pT3->position.col);
+    assert_eq(6, start->pT3->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start->pT3->end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(2, start->position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start->position.col);
+    assert_eq(6, start->end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start->end_position.col);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_ast_token_positions.d
+++ b/spec/test_ast_token_positions.d
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "abbccc";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT1.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT2.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT2.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT2.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT2.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT2.position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT2.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT2.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT2.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT3.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(3, start.pT3.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT3.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start.pT3.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT3.position.row);
+    assert_eq(3, start.pT3.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT3.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start.pT3.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.position.col);
+    assert_eq(0, start.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start.end_position.col);
+
+    input = "\n\n  bb\nc\ncc\n\n     a";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(3, start.pT1.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.position.col);
+    assert_eq(2, start.pT1.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(3, start.pT1.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(3, start.pT2.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT2.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(4, start.pT2.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT2.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(3, start.pT2.position.row);
+    assert_eq(0, start.pT2.position.col);
+    assert_eq(4, start.pT2.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(1, start.pT2.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(6, start.pT3.pToken.position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start.pT3.pToken.position.col);
+    assert_eq(6, start.pT3.pToken.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start.pT3.pToken.end_position.col);
+    assert_eq(6, start.pT3.position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start.pT3.position.col);
+    assert_eq(6, start.pT3.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start.pT3.end_position.col);
+
+    assert_eq(2, start.position.row);
+    assert_eq(2, start.position.col);
+    assert_eq(6, start.end_position.row);
+    assert_eq(5, start.end_position.col);
+}
--- a/spec/test_basic_math_grammar.c
+++ b/spec/test_basic_math_grammar.c
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include "testutils.h"
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "1 + 2 * 3 + 4";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(11, p_result(&context));
+
+    input = "1 * 2 ** 4 * 3";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(48, p_result(&context));
+
+    input = "(1 + 2) * 3 + 4";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(13, p_result(&context));
+
+    input = "(2 * 2) ** 3 + 4 + 5";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(73, p_result(&context));
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_error_positions.c
+++ b/spec/test_error_positions.c
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "a 42";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "a\n123\na  a";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_position(&context).row == 2);
+    assert(p_position(&context).col == 3);
+    assert(p_token(&context) == TOKEN_a);
+
+    input = "12";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_position(&context).row == 0);
+    assert(p_position(&context).col == 0);
+    assert(p_token(&context) == TOKEN_num);
+
+    input = "a 12\n\nab";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
+    assert(p_position(&context).row == 2);
+    assert(p_position(&context).col == 1);
+
+    input = "a 12\n\na\n\n77\na   \xAA";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_DECODE_ERROR);
+    assert(p_position(&context).row == 5);
+    assert(p_position(&context).col == 4);
+
+    assert(strcmp(p_token_names[TOKEN_a], "a") == 0);
+    assert(strcmp(p_token_names[TOKEN_num], "num") == 0);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_error_positions.d
+++ b/spec/test_error_positions.d
@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ unittest
    p_context_init(&context, input);
    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
    assert(p_position(&context) == p_position_t(2, 3));
-    assert(context.token == TOKEN_a);
+    assert(p_token(&context) == TOKEN_a);

    input = "12";
    p_context_init(&context, input);
    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
    assert(p_position(&context) == p_position_t(0, 0));
-    assert(context.token == TOKEN_num);
+    assert(p_token(&context) == TOKEN_num);

    input = "a 12\n\nab";
    p_context_init(&context, input);
@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ unittest
    input = "a 12\n\na\n\n77\na   \xAA";
    p_context_init(&context, input);
    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_DECODE_ERROR);
-    writeln(p_position(&context));
    assert(p_position(&context) == p_position_t(5, 4));
+
+    assert(p_token_names[TOKEN_a] == "a");
+    assert(p_token_names[TOKEN_num] == "num");
 }
--- a/spec/test_field_aliases.c
+++ b/spec/test_field_aliases.c
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "foo1\nbar2";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_field_aliases.d
+++ b/spec/test_field_aliases.d
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "foo1\nbar2";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+}
--- a/spec/test_lexer.c
+++ b/spec/test_lexer.c
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    size_t result;
+    p_code_point_t code_point;
+    uint8_t code_point_length;
+
+    result = p_decode_code_point((uint8_t const *)"5", 1u, &code_point, &code_point_length);
+    assert(result == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(code_point == '5');
+    assert(code_point_length == 1u);
+
+    result = p_decode_code_point((uint8_t const *)"", 0u, &code_point, &code_point_length);
+    assert(result == P_EOF);
+
+    result = p_decode_code_point((uint8_t const *)"\xC2\xA9", 2u, &code_point, &code_point_length);
+    assert(result == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(code_point == 0xA9u);
+    assert(code_point_length == 2u);
+
+    result = p_decode_code_point((uint8_t const *)"\xf0\x9f\xa7\xa1", 4u, &code_point, &code_point_length);
+    assert(result == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(code_point == 0x1F9E1u);
+    assert(code_point_length == 4u);
+
+    result = p_decode_code_point((uint8_t const *)"\xf0\x9f\x27", 3u, &code_point, &code_point_length);
+    assert(result == P_DECODE_ERROR);
+
+    result = p_decode_code_point((uint8_t const *)"\xf0\x9f\xa7\xFF", 4u, &code_point, &code_point_length);
+    assert(result == P_DECODE_ERROR);
+
+    result = p_decode_code_point((uint8_t const *)"\xfe", 1u, &code_point, &code_point_length);
+    assert(result == P_DECODE_ERROR);
+
+
+    p_token_info_t token_info;
+    char const * input = "5 + 4 * \n677 + 567";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_int);
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 2u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 2u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_plus);
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 4u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 4u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_int);
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 6u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 6u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_times);
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 2u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 3u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_int);
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 4u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 4u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_plus);
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 6u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 8u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 3u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_int);
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 9u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 9u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN___EOF);
+
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)"", 0u);
+    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(token_info.position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.position.col == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.row == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.end_position.col == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.length == 0u);
+    assert(token_info.token == TOKEN___EOF);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_lexer.d
+++ b/spec/test_lexer.d
@ -47,23 +47,23 @@ unittest
    p_context_t context;
    p_context_init(&context, input);
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 0), 1, TOKEN_int));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 0), p_position_t(0, 0), 1, TOKEN_int));
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 2), 1, TOKEN_plus));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 2), p_position_t(0, 2), 1, TOKEN_plus));
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 4), 1, TOKEN_int));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 4), p_position_t(0, 4), 1, TOKEN_int));
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 6), 1, TOKEN_times));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 6), p_position_t(0, 6), 1, TOKEN_times));
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 0), 3, TOKEN_int));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 0), p_position_t(1, 2), 3, TOKEN_int));
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 4), 1, TOKEN_plus));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 4), p_position_t(1, 4), 1, TOKEN_plus));
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 6), 3, TOKEN_int));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 6), p_position_t(1, 8), 3, TOKEN_int));
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 9), 0, TOKEN___EOF));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 9), p_position_t(1, 9), 0, TOKEN___EOF));

    p_context_init(&context, "");
    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 0), 0, TOKEN___EOF));
+    assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(0, 0), p_position_t(0, 0), 0, TOKEN___EOF));
 }
--- a/spec/test_lexer_match_text.c
+++ b/spec/test_lexer_match_text.c
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "identifier_123";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass1\n");
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_lexer_modes.c
+++ b/spec/test_lexer_modes.c
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "abc \"a string\" def";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass1\n");
+
+    input = "abc \"abc def\" def";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass2\n");
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_lexer_result_value.c
+++ b/spec/test_lexer_result_value.c
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "x";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context) == 1u);
+
+    input = "fabulous";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context) == 8u);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_lexer_unknown_character.c
+++ b/spec/test_lexer_unknown_character.c
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "x";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
+
+    input = "123";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context) == 123u);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_match_backslashes.c
+++ b/spec/test_match_backslashes.c
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "\a\b\t\n\v\f\rt";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_match_backslashes.d
+++ b/spec/test_match_backslashes.d
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "\a\b\t\n\v\f\rt";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+}
--- a/spec/test_multiple_parsers.c
+++ b/spec/test_multiple_parsers.c
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "testparsermyp1.h"
+#include "testparsermyp2.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input1 = "a\n1";
+    myp1_context_t context1;
+    myp1_context_init(&context1, (uint8_t const *)input1, strlen(input1));
+    assert(myp1_parse(&context1) == MYP1_SUCCESS);
+
+    char const * input2 = "bcb";
+    myp2_context_t context2;
+    myp2_context_init(&context2, (uint8_t const *)input2, strlen(input2));
+    assert(myp2_parse(&context2) == MYP2_SUCCESS);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_optional_rule_component.c
+++ b/spec/test_optional_rule_component.c
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "b";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "abcd";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "abdc";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
--- a/spec/test_optional_rule_component.d
+++ b/spec/test_optional_rule_component.d
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "b";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "abcd";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "abdc";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+}
--- a/spec/test_optional_rule_component_ast.c
+++ b/spec/test_optional_rule_component_ast.c
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "b";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pToken1 == NULL);
+    assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start->pToken2->token);
+    assert(start->pR3 == NULL);
+    assert(start->pR == NULL);
+
+    input = "abcd";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pToken1 != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start->pToken1->token);
+    assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pR3 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pR != NULL);
+    assert(start->pR == start->pR3);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start->pR->pToken1->token);
+
+    input = "bdc";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->pToken1 == NULL);
+    assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
+    assert(start->pR != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_d, start->pR->pToken1->token);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
--- a/spec/test_optional_rule_component_ast.d
+++ b/spec/test_optional_rule_component_ast.d
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "b";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pToken1 is null);
+    assert(start.pToken2 !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start.pToken2.token);
+    assert(start.pR3 is null);
+    assert(start.pR is null);
+
+    input = "abcd";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pToken1 != null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start.pToken1.token);
+    assert(start.pToken2 != null);
+    assert(start.pR3 != null);
+    assert(start.pR != null);
+    assert(start.pR == start.pR3);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start.pR.pToken1.token);
+
+    input = "bdc";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.pToken1 is null);
+    assert(start.pToken2 !is null);
+    assert(start.pR !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_d, start.pR.pToken1.token);
+}
--- a/spec/test_parser_identical_rules_lookahead.c
+++ b/spec/test_parser_identical_rules_lookahead.c
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "aba";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "abb";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_parser_rule_from_multiple_states.c
+++ b/spec/test_parser_rule_from_multiple_states.c
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "a";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_position(&context).row == 0);
+    assert(p_position(&context).col == 1);
+    assert(context.token == TOKEN___EOF);
+
+    input = "a b";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "bb";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_parser_rule_user_code.c
+++ b/spec/test_parser_rule_user_code.c
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "ab";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_parsing_json.c
+++ b/spec/test_parsing_json.c
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include "json_types.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "{}";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context)->id == JSON_OBJECT);
+
+    input = "[]";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context)->id == JSON_ARRAY);
+
+    input = "-45.6";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context)->id == JSON_NUMBER);
+    assert(p_result(&context)->number == -45.6);
+
+    input = "2E-2";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context)->id == JSON_NUMBER);
+    assert(p_result(&context)->number == 0.02);
+
+    input = "{\"hi\":true}";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    JSONValue * o = p_result(&context);
+    assert(o->id == JSON_OBJECT);
+    assert_eq(1, o->object.size);
+    assert(strcmp(o->object.entries[0].name, "hi") == 0);
+    assert(o->object.entries[0].value->id == JSON_TRUE);
+
+    input = "{\"ff\": false, \"nn\": null}";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    o = p_result(&context);
+    assert(o->id == JSON_OBJECT);
+    assert_eq(2, o->object.size);
+    assert(strcmp(o->object.entries[0].name, "ff") == 0);
+    assert(o->object.entries[0].value->id == JSON_FALSE);
+    assert(strcmp(o->object.entries[1].name, "nn") == 0);
+    assert(o->object.entries[1].value->id == JSON_NULL);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_parsing_lists.c
+++ b/spec/test_parsing_lists.c
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "a";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context) == 1u);
+
+    input = "";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context) == 0u);
+
+    input = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_result(&context) == 16u);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_pattern.c
+++ b/spec/test_pattern.c
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "abcdef";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass1\n");
+
+    input = "defabcdef";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass2\n");
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_return_token_from_pattern.c
+++ b/spec/test_return_token_from_pattern.c
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "defghidef";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_start_rule.c
+++ b/spec/test_start_rule.c
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_start_rule.d
+++ b/spec/test_start_rule.d
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_start_rule_ast.c
+++ b/spec/test_start_rule_ast.c
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "hi";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    Top * top = p_result(&context);
+    assert(top->pToken != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_hi, top->pToken->token);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_start_rule_ast.d
+++ b/spec/test_start_rule_ast.d
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "hi";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    Top * top = p_result(&context);
+    assert(top.pToken !is null);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_hi, top.pToken.token);
+}
--- a/spec/test_user_code.c
+++ b/spec/test_user_code.c
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "abcdef";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass1\n");
+
+    input = "abcabcdef";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass2\n");
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_user_terminate.c
+++ b/spec/test_user_terminate.c
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "aacc";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "abc";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_USER_TERMINATED);
+    assert(p_user_terminate_code(&context) == 4200);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_user_terminate.d
+++ b/spec/test_user_terminate.d
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "aacc";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "abc";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_USER_TERMINATED);
+    assert(p_user_terminate_code(&context) == 4200);
+}
--- a/spec/test_user_terminate_lexer.c
+++ b/spec/test_user_terminate_lexer.c
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "a";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "b";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_USER_TERMINATED);
+    assert(p_user_terminate_code(&context) == 8675309);
+
+    return 0;
+}
--- a/spec/test_user_terminate_lexer.d
+++ b/spec/test_user_terminate_lexer.d
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "a";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+
+    input = "b";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_USER_TERMINATED);
+    assert(p_user_terminate_code(&context) == 8675309);
+}
--- a/spec/testutils.c
+++ b/spec/testutils.c
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+void assert_eq_size_t_i(size_t expected, size_t actual, char const * file, size_t line)
+{
+    if (expected != actual)
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%lu: expected %lu, got %lu\n", file, line, expected, actual);
+        assert(false);
+    }
+}
+
+void str_init(str_t * str, char const * cs)
+{
+    size_t length = strlen(cs);
+    str->cs = malloc(length + 1u);
+    strcpy(str->cs, cs);
+}
+
+void str_append(str_t * str, char const * cs)
+{
+    size_t length = strlen(str->cs);
+    size_t length2 = strlen(cs);
+    char * new_cs = malloc(length + length2 + 1u);
+    memcpy(new_cs, str->cs, length);
+    strcpy(&new_cs[length], cs);
+    free(str->cs);
+    str->cs = new_cs;
+}
+
+void str_free(str_t * str)
+{
+    free(str->cs);
+}
--- a/spec/testutils.h
+++ b/spec/testutils.h
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#pragma once
+
+void assert_eq_size_t_i(size_t expected, size_t actual, char const * file, size_t line);
+
+#define assert_eq(expected, actual) \
+    assert_eq_size_t_i(expected, actual, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    char * cs;
+} str_t;
+
+void str_init(str_t * str, char const * cs);
+void str_append(str_t * str, char const * cs);
+void str_free(str_t * str);
+static inline char * str_cstr(str_t * str)
+{
+    return str->cs;
+}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Josh Holtrop	c24f323ff0	v1.5.1	2024-07-26 22:30:48 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	fec2c28693	Only calculate lookahead tokens when needed - #28 Lookahead tokens are only need if either: (1) There is more than one rule that could be reduced in a given parser state, or (2) There are shift actions for a state and at least one rule that could be reduced in the same state (to warn about shift/reduce conflicts).	2024-07-26 22:08:25 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	61339aeae9	Avoid recalculating reduce_rules - #28	2024-07-26 21:36:41 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	95b3dc6550	Cache ItemSet#next_symbols - #28	2024-07-25 20:33:15 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	74d94fef72	Do not build ItemSet follow sets - #28	2024-07-25 20:02:00 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	588c5e21c7	Cache ItemSet#leading_item_sets return values - #28	2024-07-25 10:42:43 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	5f1c306273	Update CLI usage in README	2024-07-22 21:35:32 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	343e8a7f9e	v1.5.0	2024-07-22 21:23:38 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	b3a134bf8d	Update vim syntax to highlight "?" and field alias names	2024-07-22 20:39:59 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	4a71dc74fb	Update CHANGELOG for v1.5.0	2024-07-22 20:26:04 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	a7348be95d	Add rule field aliases - #24	2024-07-22 20:16:52 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	9746b3f2bf	Document position tracking fields in user guide - #27	2024-07-21 14:04:51 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	c5b8fc28bd	Move INVALID_POSITION from header to C source - #27	2024-07-21 13:39:34 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	092fce61eb	Test position validity for empty matching rules - #27	2024-07-21 13:39:30 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	e647248e34	Track start and end position of rules in AST nodes - #27	2024-07-19 15:37:37 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	f4ae1b8601	Add position fields to AST nodes (not populated yet) - #27	2024-07-19 14:34:50 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	eae2e17f41	Test tracking token end positions when the token spans a newline - #27	2024-07-18 12:09:26 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	87d6d29d60	Store token end position - #27	2024-07-18 12:03:44 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	3aced70356	Show line numbers of rules upon conflict - close #23	2024-07-14 20:52:52 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	2dd89445fc	Add command line switch to output warnings to stderr - close #26	2024-07-14 15:36:07 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	4ae5ab79b3	Warn on shift/reduce conflicts	2024-07-13 21:35:53 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	69cc8fa67d	Always compute lookahead tokens for reduce rules Even if they won't be needed for the generated parser, they'll be useful to detect shift/reduce conflicts.	2024-07-13 21:01:44 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	7f3eb8f315	Calculate follow token set for an ItemSet	2024-07-13 20:48:28 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	d76e12fea1	Rename "following" to "next" - #25 The term "following" could potentially imply an association with the "follow set", however it was used in a non-closed manner.	2024-07-08 10:14:09 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	911e9505b7	Track token position in AST Token node	2024-05-27 22:10:05 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	aaeb0c4db1	Remove leftover TODO from earlier restructuring	2024-05-27 20:44:42 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	fd89c5c6b3	Add Vim syntax highlighting files for Propane	2024-05-26 14:49:30 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	1468946735	v1.4.0	2024-05-11 11:46:28 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	2bccf3303e	Update CHANGELOG	2024-05-09 17:38:18 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	0d1ee74ca6	Give a better error message when a referenced ptype has not been declared	2024-05-09 17:35:27 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	985b180f62	Update CHANGELOG	2024-05-09 11:56:44 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	f3e4941ad8	Allow rule terms to be marked as optional	2024-05-09 11:56:13 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	494afb7307	Allow specifying the start rule name	2024-05-05 12:39:00 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	508dabe760	Update CHANGELOG for v1.4.0	2024-05-04 21:49:13 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	153f9d28f8	Allow user to specify AST node prefix or suffix Add ast_prefix and ast_suffix grammar statements.	2024-05-04 21:49:13 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	d0f542cbd7	v1.3.0	2024-04-23 00:31:56 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	786c78b635	Update CHANGELOG for v1.3.0	2024-04-23 00:21:28 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	f0bd8d8663	Add documentation for AST generation mode - close #22	2024-04-23 00:15:19 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	c7a18ef821	Add AST node field name with no suffix when unique - #22	2024-04-22 21:50:26 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	cb06a56f81	Add AST generation - #22	2024-04-22 20:51:27 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	2b28ef622d	Add specs to fully cover cli.rb	2024-04-06 14:37:15 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	19c32b58dc	Fix README example grammar	2024-04-06 14:16:27 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	3a8dcac55f	v1.2.0	2024-04-02 21:42:33 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	632ab2fe6f	Update CHANGELOG for v1.2.0	2024-04-02 21:42:18 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	3eaf0d3d49	allow one line user code blocks - close #21	2024-04-02 17:44:15 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	918dc7b2bb	fix generator hang when state transition cycle is present - close #20	2024-04-02 14:27:08 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	5b2cbe53e6	Add backslash escape codes - close #19	2024-03-29 16:45:54 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	1d1590dfda	Add API to access unexpected token found - close #18	2024-03-29 15:58:56 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	1c91dcd298	Add token_names API - close #17	2024-03-29 15:02:01 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	5dfd62b756	Add D example to user guide for p_context_init() - close #16	2024-03-29 13:52:16 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	fad7f4fb36	Allow user termination from lexer code blocks - close #15	2024-03-29 13:45:08 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	d55c5e0080	Update CHANGELOG for v1.1.0	2024-01-07 17:48:47 -05:00
Josh Holtrop	6c847c05b1	v1.1.0	2024-01-07 17:43:06 -05:00
Josh Holtrop	a5800575c8	Document generated API in user guide - close #14	2024-01-05 20:47:22 -05:00
Josh Holtrop	24af3590d1	Allow user to terminate the parser - close #13	2024-01-03 22:32:10 -05:00
Josh Holtrop	92c76b74c8	Update license year	2024-01-03 20:05:46 -05:00
Josh Holtrop	a032ac027c	Compilation warning for unreachable statement - close #12	2023-10-21 16:04:15 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	af5edaa762	Bump version to 1.0.0	2023-09-25 20:02:02 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	81f15245f2	Update README with some user guide contents	2023-09-25 19:57:49 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	d8aa72d516	Add all task	2023-09-25 19:51:47 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	aabc8a5af5	Remove propane.sh	2023-09-25 19:51:41 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	705e5d8ba9	Remove need for dspec directory	2023-09-25 19:50:13 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	f152cd9da1	Turn on simplecov to measure code coverage	2023-09-25 19:38:55 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	9a9315f7f9	Include asset file contents in distributable script	2023-09-25 19:12:37 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	197f126109	Add Assets module to abstract accessing asset files	2023-09-25 16:16:20 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	db6dc0e099	Add dspec task to test distributable script	2023-09-24 18:54:19 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	547dbd3850	Add user guide section for parser rules	2023-09-24 18:45:01 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	aff0102536	Document the prefix statement	2023-09-24 16:14:59 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	1328a718ac	Add user guide content for lexer	2023-09-24 16:07:43 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	562c24ce9e	Remove grammar "class" statement	2023-09-24 13:23:44 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	c824ae9e5c	User guide: document specifying parser value types	2023-08-26 21:15:33 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	140b2d8350	User guide: document user code blocks	2023-08-24 09:40:08 -04:00
Josh Holtrop	3c8794058f	Add C backend - close #4	2023-08-24 09:40:01 -04:00
				`@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`au BufNewFile,BufRead *.propane set filetype=propane`