v3.0.0

This issue manifested when multiple ptypes are present with different sizes.

.github/workflows/run-tests.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+name: Run Propane Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+    - master
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
+        ruby-version: ['3.4']
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Install dependencies (Linux)
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y gcc gdc ldc
+
+    - name: Install dependencies (macOS)
+      if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+      run: brew install gcc ldc
+
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Set up Ruby
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+      with:
+        ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby-version }}
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: bundle install
+
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: rake all

.rspec

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
---format documentation
 --color
 --require spec_helper

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,65 @@
+## v3.0.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Add support for multiple starting rules (#38)
+- Add `p_free_tree()` functions to reclaim generated tree memory
+- Add `free_token_node` grammar statement to reclaim user-allocated memory stored in a Token tree node `pvalue` field
+- Add valgrind memory leak tests to unit tests
+- Fix build issues for C++ to officially support C++ target output
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Document `p_lex()` and `p_token_info_t` in user guide (#37)
+
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Rename AST generation mode to tree generation mode (see [UPGRADING.md]())
+
+## v2.3.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Add \D, \S, \w, \W special character classes
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Include line numbers for pattern errors
+- Improve performance in a few places
+- Parallelize parser table generation on Linux hosts
+- Add github workflow to run unit tests
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Fix a couple clang warnings for C backend
+- Fix C backend not fully initializing pvalues when multiple ptypes are used with different sizes.
+- Fix some user guide examples
+
+## v2.2.1
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Fix GC issue for D backend when AST is enabled (#36)
+
+## v2.2.0
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Allow multiple lexer modes to be specified for a lexer pattern (#35)
+- Document p_decode_code_point() API function (#34)
+
+## v2.1.1
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Field aliases for AST node fields could alias incorrect field when multiple rule alternatives present for one rule set (#33)
+
+## v2.1.0
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Report rule name and line number for conflicting AST node field positions errors (#32)
+
 ## v2.0.0
 
 ### Improvements

Gemfile

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 source "https://rubygems.org"
 
+gem "base64"
 gem "rake"
 gem "rspec"
 gem "rdoc"

Gemfile.lock

@@ -1,40 +1,48 @@
 GEM
   remote: https://rubygems.org/
   specs:
-    diff-lcs (1.5.0)
-    docile (1.4.0)
-    psych (5.1.0)
+    base64 (0.3.0)
+    date (3.5.1)
+    diff-lcs (1.6.2)
+    docile (1.4.1)
+    erb (6.0.1)
+    psych (5.3.1)
+      date
       stringio
-    rake (13.0.6)
-    rdoc (6.5.0)
+    rake (13.3.1)
+    rdoc (7.2.0)
+      erb
       psych (>= 4.0.0)
-    redcarpet (3.6.0)
-    rspec (3.12.0)
-      rspec-core (~> 3.12.0)
-      rspec-expectations (~> 3.12.0)
-      rspec-mocks (~> 3.12.0)
-    rspec-core (3.12.2)
-      rspec-support (~> 3.12.0)
-    rspec-expectations (3.12.3)
+      tsort
+    redcarpet (3.6.1)
+    rspec (3.13.2)
+      rspec-core (~> 3.13.0)
+      rspec-expectations (~> 3.13.0)
+      rspec-mocks (~> 3.13.0)
+    rspec-core (3.13.6)
+      rspec-support (~> 3.13.0)
+    rspec-expectations (3.13.5)
       diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0)
-      rspec-support (~> 3.12.0)
-    rspec-mocks (3.12.6)
+      rspec-support (~> 3.13.0)
+    rspec-mocks (3.13.7)
       diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0)
-      rspec-support (~> 3.12.0)
-    rspec-support (3.12.1)
+      rspec-support (~> 3.13.0)
+    rspec-support (3.13.7)
     simplecov (0.22.0)
       docile (~> 1.1)
       simplecov-html (~> 0.11)
       simplecov_json_formatter (~> 0.1)
-    simplecov-html (0.12.3)
+    simplecov-html (0.13.2)
     simplecov_json_formatter (0.1.4)
-    stringio (3.0.7)
+    stringio (3.2.0)
     syntax (1.2.2)
+    tsort (0.2.0)
 
 PLATFORMS
   ruby
 
 DEPENDENCIES
+  base64
   rake
   rdoc
   redcarpet

README.md

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ Propane is a LALR Parser Generator (LPG) which:
   * generates a built-in lexer to tokenize input
   * supports UTF-8 lexer inputs
   * generates a table-driven shift/reduce parser to parse input in linear time
-  * targets C or D language outputs
-  * optionally supports automatic full AST generation
+  * targets C, C++, or D language outputs
+  * optionally supports automatic full parse tree generation
+  * supports starting parsing from multiple start rules
+  * tracks input text start and end positions for all matched tokens/rules
   * is MIT-licensed
   * is distributable as a standalone Ruby script
 

Rakefile.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require "rake/clean"
 require "rspec/core/rake_task"
+require "simplecov"
+require "stringio"
 
 CLEAN.include %w[spec/run gen .yardoc yard coverage dist]
 
@@ -12,6 +14,18 @@ RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec, :example_pattern) do |task, args|
     task.rspec_opts = %W[-e "#{args.example_pattern}" -f documentation]
   end
 end
+task :spec do |task, args|
+  unless ENV["dist_specs"]
+    original_stdout = $stdout
+    sio = StringIO.new
+    $stdout = sio
+    SimpleCov.collate Dir["coverage/.resultset.json"]
+    $stdout = original_stdout
+    sio.string.lines.each do |line|
+      $stdout.write(line) unless line =~ /Coverage report generated for/
+    end
+  end
+end
 
 # dspec task is useful to test the distributable release script, but is not
 # useful for coverage information.

UPGRADING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+## v3.0.0
+
+### Grammar changes
+
+- Rename `ast;` statement to `tree;`.
+- Rename `ast_prefix;` statement to `tree_prefix;`.
+- Rename `ast_suffix;` statement to `tree_suffix;`.

assets/parser.c.erb

@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ const char * <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_names[] = {
 void <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_init(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, uint8_t const * input, size_t input_length)
 {
     /* New default-initialized context structure. */
-    <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t newcontext = {0};
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t newcontext;
+    memset(&newcontext, 0, sizeof(newcontext));
 
     /* Lexer initialization. */
     newcontext.input = input;
@@ -344,8 +345,10 @@ static lexer_state_id_t check_lexer_transition(uint32_t current_state, uint32_t
 static size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
     lexer_match_info_t * out_match_info, size_t * out_unexpected_input_length)
 {
-    lexer_match_info_t longest_match = {0};
-    lexer_match_info_t attempt_match = {0};
+    lexer_match_info_t longest_match;
+    memset(&longest_match, 0, sizeof(longest_match));
+    lexer_match_info_t attempt_match;
+    memset(&attempt_match, 0, sizeof(attempt_match));
     *out_match_info = longest_match;
     uint32_t current_state = lexer_mode_table[context->mode].state_table_offset;
     for (;;)
@@ -359,6 +362,7 @@ static size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
         switch (result)
         {
         case P_SUCCESS:
+            {
             lexer_state_id_t transition_state = check_lexer_transition(current_state, code_point);
             if (transition_state != INVALID_LEXER_STATE_ID)
             {
@@ -390,6 +394,7 @@ static size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
                 *out_unexpected_input_length = attempt_match.length + code_point_length;
                 return P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT;
             }
+            }
             break;
 
         case P_EOF:
@@ -447,7 +452,8 @@ static size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
  */
 static size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t * out_token_info)
 {
-    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info = {0};
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info;
+    memset(&token_info, 0, sizeof(token_info));
     token_info.position = context->text_position;
     token_info.token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
     lexer_match_info_t match_info;
@@ -456,6 +462,7 @@ static size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @
     switch (result)
     {
     case P_SUCCESS:
+        {
         <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token_to_accept = match_info.accepting_state->token;
         if (match_info.accepting_state->code_id != INVALID_USER_CODE_ID)
         {
@@ -507,6 +514,7 @@ static size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @
             token_info.end_position.col = token_info.position.col + match_info.end_delta_position.col;
         }
         *out_token_info = token_info;
+        }
         return P_SUCCESS;
 
     case P_EOF:
@@ -630,7 +638,7 @@ typedef struct
      * reduce action.
      */
     parser_state_id_t n_states;
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 
     /**
      * Map of rule components to rule set child fields.
@@ -638,7 +646,7 @@ typedef struct
     uint16_t const * rule_set_node_field_index_map;
 
     /**
-     * Number of rule set AST node fields.
+     * Number of rule set tree node fields.
      */
     uint16_t rule_set_node_field_array_size;
 
@@ -680,19 +688,21 @@ typedef struct
     /** Parser value from this state. */
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-    /** AST node. */
-    void * ast_node;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+    /** tree node. */
+    void * tree_node;
 <% end %>
 } state_value_t;
 
-/** Common AST node structure. */
-typedef struct
+/** Common tree node structure. */
+typedef struct TreeNode_s
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
-    void * fields[];
-} ASTNode;
+    uint16_t n_fields;
+    uint8_t is_token;
+    struct TreeNode_s * fields[];
+} TreeNode;
 
 /** Parser shift table. */
 static const shift_t parser_shift_table[] = {
@@ -701,7 +711,7 @@ static const shift_t parser_shift_table[] = {
 <%   end %>
 };
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 <%   @grammar.rules.each do |rule| %>
 <%     unless rule.flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
 const uint16_t r_<%= rule.name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= rule.id %>_node_field_index_map[<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.size %>] = {<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.map {|v| v.to_s}.join(", ") %>};
@@ -712,17 +722,22 @@ const uint16_t r_<%= rule.name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= rule.id %>_node_field_index_
 /** Parser reduce table. */
 static const reduce_t parser_reduce_table[] = {
 <%   @parser.reduce_table.each do |reduce| %>
-    {<%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u
-<%     if @grammar.ast %>
+    {
+        <%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, /* Token: <%= reduce[:token] ? reduce[:token].name : "(any)" %> */
+        <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, /* Rule ID */
+        <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, /* Rule set ID (<%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.name %>) */
+<%     if @grammar.tree %>
+        <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u, /* Number of states */
 <%       if reduce[:rule].flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
-             , NULL
+        NULL, /* No rule set node field index map (flat map) */
 <%       else %>
-             , &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0]
+        &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0], /* Rule set node field index map */
 <%       end %>
-             , <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.ast_fields.size %>
-             , <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>
+        <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.tree_fields.size %>, /* Number of tree fields */
+        <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>}, /* Propagate optional target? */
+<%     else %>
+        <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u},
 <%     end %>
-    },
 <%   end %>
 };
 
@@ -792,7 +807,7 @@ static void state_values_stack_push(state_values_stack_t * stack)
     if (current_length >= current_capacity)
     {
         size_t const new_capacity = current_capacity * 2u;
-        state_value_t * new_entries = malloc(new_capacity * sizeof(state_value_t));
+        state_value_t * new_entries = (state_value_t *)malloc(new_capacity * sizeof(state_value_t));
         memcpy(new_entries, stack->entries, current_length * sizeof(state_value_t));
         free(stack->entries);
         stack->capacity = new_capacity;
@@ -826,7 +841,7 @@ static void state_values_stack_free(state_values_stack_t * stack)
      free(stack->entries);
 }
 
-<% unless @grammar.ast %>
+<% unless @grammar.tree %>
 /**
  * Execute user code associated with a parser rule.
  *
@@ -909,6 +924,8 @@ static size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token)
  *
  * @param context
  *   Lexer/parser context structure.
+ * @start_state_id
+ *   ID of the state in which to start.
  *
  * @retval P_SUCCESS
  *   The parser successfully matched the input text. The parse result value
@@ -921,19 +938,20 @@ static size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token)
  * @reval P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT
  *   Input text does not match any lexer pattern.
  */
-size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+static size_t parse_from(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, size_t start_state_id)
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
     state_values_stack_t statevalues;
     size_t reduced_rule_set = INVALID_ID;
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
     void * reduced_parser_node;
 <% else %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value;
 <% end %>
     state_values_stack_init(&statevalues);
     state_values_stack_push(&statevalues);
+    state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->state_id = start_state_id;
     size_t result;
     for (;;)
     {
@@ -958,8 +976,8 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
             if ((shift_state != INVALID_ID) && (token == TOKEN___EOF))
             {
                 /* Successful parse. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-                context->parse_result = (<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> *)state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->ast_node;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+                context->parse_result = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->tree_node;
 <% else %>
                 context->parse_result = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->pvalue;
 <% end %>
@@ -975,13 +993,15 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
             if (reduced_rule_set == INVALID_ID)
             {
                 /* We shifted a token, mark it consumed. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-                <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * token_ast_node = malloc(sizeof(<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>));
-                token_ast_node->position = token_info.position;
-                token_ast_node->end_position = token_info.end_position;
-                token_ast_node->token = token;
-                token_ast_node->pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
-                state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->ast_node = token_ast_node;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+                <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * token_tree_node = (<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *)malloc(sizeof(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>));
+                token_tree_node->position = token_info.position;
+                token_tree_node->end_position = token_info.end_position;
+                token_tree_node->n_fields = 0u;
+                token_tree_node->is_token = 1u;
+                token_tree_node->token = token;
+                token_tree_node->pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
+                state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->tree_node = token_tree_node;
 <% else %>
                 state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
 <% end %>
@@ -990,11 +1010,12 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
             else
             {
                 /* We shifted a RuleSet. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-                state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->ast_node = reduced_parser_node;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+                state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->tree_node = reduced_parser_node;
 <% else %>
                 state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->pvalue = reduced_parser_value;
-                <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t new_parse_result = {0};
+                <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t new_parse_result;
+                memset(&new_parse_result, 0, sizeof(new_parse_result));
                 reduced_parser_value = new_parse_result;
 <% end %>
                 reduced_rule_set = INVALID_ID;
@@ -1006,39 +1027,38 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
         if (reduce_index != INVALID_ID)
         {
             /* We have something to reduce. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
             if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].propagate_optional_target)
             {
-                reduced_parser_node = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->ast_node;
+                reduced_parser_node = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->tree_node;
             }
             else if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states > 0)
             {
                 size_t n_fields = parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_array_size;
-                ASTNode * node = (ASTNode *)malloc(sizeof(ASTNode) + n_fields * sizeof(void *));
+                size_t bytes = sizeof(TreeNode) + n_fields * sizeof(void *);
+                TreeNode * node = (TreeNode *)malloc(bytes);
+                memset(node, 0, bytes);
                 node->position = INVALID_POSITION;
                 node->end_position = INVALID_POSITION;
-                for (size_t i = 0; i < n_fields; i++)
-                {
-                    node->fields[i] = NULL;
-                }
+                node->n_fields = n_fields;
                 if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map == NULL)
                 {
                     for (size_t i = 0; i < parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states; i++)
                     {
-                        node->fields[i] = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -(int)parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + (int)i)->ast_node;
+                        node->fields[i] = (TreeNode *)state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -(int)parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + (int)i)->tree_node;
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     for (size_t i = 0; i < parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states; i++)
                     {
-                        node->fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -(int)parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + (int)i)->ast_node;
+                        node->fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = (TreeNode *)state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -(int)parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + (int)i)->tree_node;
                     }
                 }
                 bool position_found = false;
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < n_fields; i++)
                 {
-                    ASTNode * child = (ASTNode *)node->fields[i];
+                    TreeNode * child = node->fields[i];
                     if ((child != NULL) && <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_valid(child->position))
                     {
                         if (!position_found)
@@ -1056,9 +1076,11 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
                 reduced_parser_node = NULL;
             }
 <% else %>
-            <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value2 = {0};
+            <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value2;
+            memset(&reduced_parser_value2, 0, sizeof(reduced_parser_value2));
             if (parser_user_code(&reduced_parser_value2, parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule, &statevalues, parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states, context) == P_USER_TERMINATED)
             {
+                state_values_stack_free(&statevalues);
                 return P_USER_TERMINATED;
             }
             reduced_parser_value = reduced_parser_value2;
@@ -1082,6 +1104,19 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
     return result;
 }
 
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return parse_from(context, 0u);
+}
+
+<% @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return parse_from(context, <%= i %>u);
+}
+<% end %>
+
 /**
  * Get the parse result value.
  *
@@ -1090,18 +1125,29 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
  *
  * @return Parse result value.
  */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return (<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *) context->parse_result;
+}
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return (<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *) context->parse_result;
+}
+<%   end %>
 <% else %>
 <%= start_rule_type[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
-<% end %>
 {
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-    return context->parse_result;
-<% else %>
     return context->parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type[0] %>;
-<% end %>
 }
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+<%= start_rule_type(i)[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return context->parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type(i)[0] %>;
+}
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
 
 /**
  * Get the current text input position.
@@ -1138,3 +1184,45 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>user_terminate_code(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t
 {
     return context->token;
 }
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+
+static void free_tree_node(TreeNode * node)
+{
+    if (node->is_token)
+    {
+<%   if @grammar.free_token_node %>
+        <%= @grammar.free_token_node %>((<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *) node);
+<%   end %>
+        /* TODO: free value_t */
+    }
+    else if (node->n_fields > 0u)
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0u; i < node->n_fields; i++)
+        {
+            if (node->fields[i] != NULL)
+            {
+                free_tree_node(node->fields[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    free(node);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Free all tree node memory.
+ */
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>free_tree(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree)
+{
+    free_tree_node((TreeNode *)tree);
+}
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+
+/**
+ * Free all tree node memory.
+ */
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>free_tree_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree)
+{
+    free_tree_node((TreeNode *)tree);
+}
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>

assets/parser.d.erb

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 module <%= @grammar.modulename %>;
 <% end %>
 
+import core.memory;
 import core.stdc.stdlib : malloc;
 
 /**************************************************************************
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ public struct <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t
     }
 }
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 /** Parser values type. */
 public alias <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t = <%= @grammar.ptype %>;
 <% else %>
@@ -87,19 +88,19 @@ public union <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t
 }
 <% end %>
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-/** Common AST node structure. */
-private struct ASTNode
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+/** Common tree node structure. */
+private struct TreeNode
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
     void *[0] fields;
 }
 
-/** AST node types. @{ */
-public struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+/** Tree node types. @{ */
+public struct <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>
 {
-    /* ASTNode fields must be present in the same order here. */
+    /* TreeNode fields must be present in the same order here. */
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
@@ -109,11 +110,11 @@ public struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
 <%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
 <%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
 <%     next if rule_set.optional? %>
-public struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+public struct <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
-<%     rule_set.ast_fields.each do |fields| %>
+<%     rule_set.tree_fields.each do |fields| %>
     union
     {
 <%       fields.each do |field_name, type| %>
@@ -171,8 +172,8 @@ public struct <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t
     /* Parser context data. */
 
     /** Parse result value. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-    <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * parse_result;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+    void * parse_result;
 <% else %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t parse_result;
 <% end %>
@@ -796,7 +797,7 @@ private struct reduce_t
      * reduce action.
      */
     parser_state_id_t n_states;
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 
     /**
      * Map of rule components to rule set child fields.
@@ -804,7 +805,7 @@ private struct reduce_t
     immutable(ushort) * rule_set_node_field_index_map;
 
     /**
-     * Number of rule set AST node fields.
+     * Number of rule set tree node fields.
      */
     ushort rule_set_node_field_array_size;
 
@@ -846,9 +847,9 @@ private struct state_value_t
     /** Parser value from this state. */
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-    /** AST node. */
-    void * ast_node;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+    /** Tree node. */
+    void * tree_node;
 <% end %>
 
     this(size_t state_id)
@@ -864,7 +865,7 @@ private immutable shift_t[] parser_shift_table = [
 <%   end %>
 ];
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 <%   @grammar.rules.each do |rule| %>
 <%     unless rule.flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
 immutable ushort[<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.size %>] r_<%= rule.name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= rule.id %>_node_field_index_map = [<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.map {|v| v.to_s}.join(", ") %>];
@@ -875,17 +876,22 @@ immutable ushort[<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.size %>] r_<%= rule.name
 /** Parser reduce table. */
 private immutable reduce_t[] parser_reduce_table = [
 <%   @parser.reduce_table.each do |reduce| %>
-    reduce_t(<%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u
-<%     if @grammar.ast %>
+    reduce_t(
+        <%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, /* Token: <%= reduce[:token] ? reduce[:token].name : "(any)" %> */
+        <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, /* Rule ID */
+        <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, /* Rule set ID (<%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.name %>) */
+<%     if @grammar.tree %>
+        <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u, /* Number of states */
 <%       if reduce[:rule].flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
-             , null
+        null, /* No rule set node field index map (flat map) */
 <%       else %>
-             , &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0]
+        &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0], /* Rule set node field index map */
 <%       end %>
-             , <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.ast_fields.size %>
-             , <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>
+        <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.tree_fields.size %>, /* Number of tree fields */
+        <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>), /* Propagate optional target? */
+<%     else %>
+        <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u), /* Number of states */
 <%     end %>
-            ),
 <%   end %>
 ];
 
@@ -896,7 +902,7 @@ private immutable parser_state_t[] parser_state_table = [
 <%   end %>
 ];
 
-<% unless @grammar.ast %>
+<% unless @grammar.tree %>
 /**
  * Execute user code associated with a parser rule.
  *
@@ -979,6 +985,8 @@ private size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token
  *
  * @param context
  *   Lexer/parser context structure.
+ * @start_state_id
+ *   ID of the state in which to start.
  *
  * @retval P_SUCCESS
  *   The parser successfully matched the input text. The parse result value
@@ -991,13 +999,14 @@ private size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token
  * @reval P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT
  *   Input text does not match any lexer pattern.
  */
-public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+private size_t parse_from(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, size_t start_state_id)
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
     state_value_t[] statevalues = new state_value_t[](1);
+    statevalues[0].state_id = start_state_id;
     size_t reduced_rule_set = INVALID_ID;
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
     void * reduced_parser_node;
 <% else %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value;
@@ -1024,8 +1033,8 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
             if ((shift_state != INVALID_ID) && (token == TOKEN___EOF))
             {
                 /* Successful parse. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-                context.parse_result = cast(<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> *)statevalues[$-1].ast_node;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+                context.parse_result = statevalues[$-1].tree_node;
 <% else %>
                 context.parse_result = statevalues[$-1].pvalue;
 <% end %>
@@ -1039,9 +1048,9 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
             if (reduced_rule_set == INVALID_ID)
             {
                 /* We shifted a token, mark it consumed. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-                <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * token_ast_node = new <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>(token_info.position, token_info.end_position, token, token_info.pvalue);
-                statevalues[$-1].ast_node = token_ast_node;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+                <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * token_tree_node = new <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>(token_info.position, token_info.end_position, token, token_info.pvalue);
+                statevalues[$-1].tree_node = token_tree_node;
 <% else %>
                 statevalues[$-1].pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
 <% end %>
@@ -1050,8 +1059,8 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
             else
             {
                 /* We shifted a RuleSet. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-                statevalues[$-1].ast_node = reduced_parser_node;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+                statevalues[$-1].tree_node = reduced_parser_node;
 <% else %>
                 statevalues[$-1].pvalue = reduced_parser_value;
                 <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t new_parse_result;
@@ -1066,15 +1075,17 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
         if (reduce_index != INVALID_ID)
         {
             /* We have something to reduce. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
             if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].propagate_optional_target)
             {
-                reduced_parser_node = statevalues[$ - 1].ast_node;
+                reduced_parser_node = statevalues[$ - 1].tree_node;
             }
             else if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states > 0)
             {
                 size_t n_fields = parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_array_size;
-                ASTNode * node = cast(ASTNode *)malloc(ASTNode.sizeof + n_fields * (void *).sizeof);
+                size_t node_size = TreeNode.sizeof + n_fields * (void *).sizeof;
+                TreeNode * node = cast(TreeNode *)malloc(node_size);
+                GC.addRange(node, node_size);
                 node.position = <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t.INVALID;
                 node.end_position = <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t.INVALID;
                 foreach (i; 0..n_fields)
@@ -1085,20 +1096,20 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
                 {
                     foreach (i; 0..parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states)
                     {
-                        node.fields[i] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].ast_node;
+                        node.fields[i] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].tree_node;
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     foreach (i; 0..parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states)
                     {
-                        node.fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].ast_node;
+                        node.fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].tree_node;
                     }
                 }
                 bool position_found = false;
                 foreach (i; 0..n_fields)
                 {
-                    ASTNode * child = cast(ASTNode *)node.fields[i];
+                    TreeNode * child = cast(TreeNode *)node.fields[i];
                     if (child && child.position.valid)
                     {
                         if (!position_found)
@@ -1139,6 +1150,19 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
     }
 }
 
+public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return parse_from(context, 0u);
+}
+
+<% @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+
+public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return parse_from(context, <%= i %>u);
+}
+<% end %>
+
 /**
  * Get the parse result value.
  *
@@ -1147,18 +1171,29 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
  *
  * @return Parse result value.
  */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-public <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+public <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return cast(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *)context.parse_result;
+}
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+public <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return cast(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *)context.parse_result;
+}
+<%   end %>
 <% else %>
 public <%= start_rule_type[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
-<% end %>
 {
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-    return context.parse_result;
-<% else %>
     return context.parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type[0] %>;
-<% end %>
 }
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+public <%= start_rule_type(i)[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return context.parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type(i)[0] %>;
+}
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
 
 /**
  * Get the current text input position.

assets/parser.h.erb

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ typedef struct
 /** User header code blocks. */
 <%= @grammar.code_blocks.fetch("header", "") %>
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 /** Parser values type. */
 typedef <%= @grammar.ptype %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t;
 <% else %>
@@ -71,16 +71,18 @@ typedef union
 } <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t;
 <% end %>
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-/** AST node types. @{ */
-typedef struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+/** Tree node types. @{ */
+typedef struct <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>
 {
-    /* ASTNode fields must be present in the same order here. */
+    <% # TreeNode fields must be present in the same order here. # %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+    uint16_t n_fields;
+    uint8_t is_token;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
-} <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>;
+} <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>;
 
 <%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
 <%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
@@ -91,11 +93,14 @@ struct <%= name %>;
 <%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
 <%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
 <%     next if rule_set.optional? %>
-typedef struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+typedef struct <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>
 {
+    <% # TreeNode fields must be present in the same order here. # %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
-<%     rule_set.ast_fields.each do |fields| %>
+    uint16_t n_fields;
+    uint8_t is_token;
+<%     rule_set.tree_fields.each do |fields| %>
     union
     {
 <%       fields.each do |field_name, type| %>
@@ -103,7 +108,7 @@ typedef struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
 <%       end %>
     };
 <%     end %>
-} <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>;
+} <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>;
 
 <%   end %>
 /** @} */
@@ -156,8 +161,8 @@ typedef struct
     /* Parser context data. */
 
     /** Parse result value. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-    <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * parse_result;
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+    void * parse_result;
 <% else %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t parse_result;
 <% end %>
@@ -184,11 +189,27 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>decode_code_point(uint8_t const * input, size_t inp
 size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>lex(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t * out_token_info);
 
 size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   end %>
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   end %>
 <% else %>
 <%= start_rule_type[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+<%= start_rule_type(i)[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
+
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>free_tree(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree);
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>free_tree_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree);
+<%   end %>
 <% end %>
 
 <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>position(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);

doc/user_guide.md

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ Propane is a LALR Parser Generator (LPG) which:
   * generates a built-in lexer to tokenize input
   * supports UTF-8 lexer inputs
   * generates a table-driven shift/reduce parser to parse input in linear time
-  * targets C or D language outputs
-  * optionally supports automatic full AST generation
+  * targets C, C++, or D language outputs
+  * optionally supports automatic full parse tree generation
+  * supports starting parsing from multiple start rules
   * tracks input text start and end positions for all matched tokens/rules
   * is MIT-licensed
   * is distributable as a standalone Ruby script
@@ -67,10 +68,10 @@ import std.math;
 ptype ulong;
 
 # A few basic arithmetic operators.
-token plus /\\+/;
-token times /\\*/;
-token power /\\*\\*/;
-token integer /\\d+/ <<
+token plus /\+/;
+token times /\*/;
+token power /\*\*/;
+token integer /\d+/ <<
   ulong v;
   foreach (c; match)
   {
@@ -79,10 +80,10 @@ token integer /\\d+/ <<
   }
   $$ = v;
 >>
-token lparen /\\(/;
-token rparen /\\)/;
+token lparen /\(/;
+token rparen /\)/;
 # Drop whitespace.
-drop /\\s+/;
+drop /\s+/;
 
 Start -> E1 << $$ = $1; >>
 E1 -> E2 << $$ = $1; >>
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ Example:
 ```
 ptype ulong;
 
-token integer /\\d+/ <<
+token integer /\d+/ <<
   ulong v;
   foreach (c; match)
   {
@@ -189,21 +190,21 @@ rule.
 Parser values for the rules or tokens in the rule pattern can be accessed
 positionally with tokens `$1`, `$2`, `$3`, etc...
 
-Parser rule code blocks are not available in AST generation mode.
-In AST generation mode, a full parse tree is automatically constructed in
+Parser rule code blocks are not available in tree generation mode.
+In tree generation mode, a full parse tree is automatically constructed in
 memory for user code to traverse after parsing is complete.
 
-##> AST generation mode - the `ast` statement
+##> Tree generation mode - the `tree` statement
 
-To activate AST generation mode, place the `ast` statement in your grammar file:
+To activate tree generation mode, place the `tree` statement in your grammar file:
 
 ```
-ast;
+tree;
 ```
 
 It is recommended to place this statement early in the grammar.
 
-In AST generation mode various aspects of propane's behavior are changed:
+In tree generation mode various aspects of propane's behavior are changed:
 
   * Only one `ptype` is allowed.
   * Parser user code blocks are not supported.
@@ -214,10 +215,10 @@ In AST generation mode various aspects of propane's behavior are changed:
   with the `start` grammar statement, the name of the start struct will be
   given by the user-specified start rule instead of `Start`.
 
-Example AST generation grammar:
+Example tree generation grammar:
 
 ```
-ast;
+tree;
 
 ptype int;
 
@@ -228,9 +229,9 @@ token two /2/;
 token comma /,/ <<
   $$ = 42;
 >>
-token lparen /\\(/;
-token rparen /\\)/;
-drop /\\s+/;
+token lparen /\(/;
+token rparen /\)/;
+drop /\s+/;
 
 Start -> Items;
 
@@ -284,23 +285,23 @@ assert_eq(22, itemsmore.item.pToken1.pvalue);
 assert(itemsmore.pItemsMore is null);
 ```
 
-## `ast_prefix` and `ast_suffix` statements
+## `tree_prefix` and `tree_suffix` statements
 
-In AST generation mode, structure types are defined and named based on the
+In tree generation mode, structure types are defined and named based on the
 rules in the grammar.
 Additionally, a structure type called `Token` is generated to hold parsed
 token information.
 
-These structure names can be modified by using the `ast_prefix` or `ast_suffix`
+These structure names can be modified by using the `tree_prefix` or `tree_suffix`
 statements in the grammar file.
 The field names that point to instances of the structures are not affected by
-the `ast_prefix` or `ast_suffix` values.
+the `tree_prefix` or `tree_suffix` values.
 
 For example, if the following two lines were added to the example above:
 
 ```
-ast_prefix ABC;
-ast_suffix XYZ;
+tree_prefix ABC;
+tree_suffix XYZ;
 ```
 
 Then the types would be used as such instead:
@@ -326,6 +327,36 @@ assert(itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem !is null);
 assert(itemsmore.pItem.pItem.pItem.pToken1 !is null);
 ```
 
+## Freeing user-allocated memory in token node `pvalue`: the `free_token_node` statement
+
+If user lexer code block allocates memory to store in a token node's `pvalue`,
+the `free_token_node` grammar statement can be used to specify the name of a
+function which will be called during the `p_free_tree()` call to free the memory
+associated with a token node.
+
+Example:
+
+```
+<<
+static void free_token(Token * token)
+{
+    free(token->pvalue);
+}
+>>
+tree;
+free_token_node free_token;
+ptype int *;
+token a <<
+  $$ = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
+  *$$ = 1;
+>>
+token b <<
+  $$ = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
+  *$$ = 2;
+>>
+Start -> a:a b:b;
+```
+
 ##> Specifying tokens - the `token` statement
 
 The `token` statement allows defining a lexer token and a pattern to match that
@@ -432,10 +463,10 @@ A regular expression begins and ends with a `/` character.
 Example:
 
 ```
-/#.*$/
+/#.*/
 ```
 
-Regular expressions can include many special characters:
+Regular expressions can include many special characters/sequences:
 
   * The `.` character matches any input character other than a newline.
   * The `*` character matches any number of the previous regex element.
@@ -447,14 +478,17 @@ Regular expressions can include many special characters:
   * The `\` character escapes the following character and changes its meaning:
     * The `\a` sequence matches an ASCII bell character (0x07).
     * The `\b` sequence matches an ASCII backspace character (0x08).
-    * The `\d` sequence matches any character `0` through `9`.
+    * The `\d` sequence is shorthand for the `[0-9]` character class.
+    * The `\D` sequence matches every code point not matched by `\d`.
     * The `\f` sequence matches an ASCII form feed character (0x0C).
     * The `\n` sequence matches an ASCII new line character (0x0A).
     * The `\r` sequence matches an ASCII carriage return character (0x0D).
-    * The `\s` sequence matches a space, horizontal tab `\t`, carriage return
-    `\r`, a form feed `\f`, or a vertical tab `\v` character.
+    * The `\s` sequence is shorthand for the `[ \t\r\n\f\v]` character class.
+    * The `\S` sequence matches every code point not matched by `\s`.
     * The `\t` sequence matches an ASCII tab character (0x09).
     * The `\v` sequence matches an ASCII vertical tab character (0x0B).
+    * The `\w` sequence is shorthand for the `[a-zA-Z0-9_]` character class.
+    * The `\W` sequence matches every code point not matched by `\w`.
     * Any other character matches itself.
   * The `|` character creates an alternate match.
 
@@ -536,6 +570,28 @@ It also returns the `str` token now that the token is complete.
 Note that the token name `str` above could have been `string` instead - the
 namespace for token names is distinct from the namespace for lexer modes.
 
+Multiple modes can be specified for a token or pattern or drop statement.
+For example, if the grammar wanted to only recognize an identifier following
+a `.` token and not other keywords, it could switch to an `identonly` mode
+when matching a `.`
+The `ident` token pattern will be matched in either the `default` or
+`identonly` mode.
+
+```
+ptype char;
+token abc;
+token def;
+default, identonly: token ident /[a-z]+/ <<
+  $$ = match[0];
+  $mode(default);
+  return $token(ident);
+>>
+token dot /\./ <<
+  $mode(identonly);
+>>
+default, identonly: drop /\s+/;
+```
+
 ##> Specifying parser value types - the `ptype` statement
 
 The `ptype` statement is used to define parser value type(s).
@@ -586,7 +642,7 @@ In this example:
   * a reduced `Values`'s parser value has a type of `Value[]`.
   * a reduced `KeyValue`'s parser value has a type of `Value[string]`.
 
-When AST generation mode is active, the `ptype` functionality works differently.
+When tree generation mode is active, the `ptype` functionality works differently.
 In this mode, only one `ptype` is used by the parser.
 Lexer user code blocks may assign a parse value to the generated `Token` node
 by assigning to `$$` within a lexer code block.
@@ -645,8 +701,8 @@ A field can be immediately followed by a `?` character to signify that it is
 optional.
 A field can optionally be followed by a `:` and then a field alias name.
 If present, the field alias name is used to refer to the field value in user
-code blocks, or if AST mode is active, the field alias name is used as the
-field name in the generated AST node structure.
+code blocks, or if tree generation mode is active, the field alias name is used
+as the field name in the generated tree node structure.
 An optional and named field must use the format `field?:name`.
 Example:
 
@@ -670,7 +726,7 @@ The `$$` symbol accesses the output parser value for this rule.
 The above examples demonstrate how the parser values for the rule components
 can be used to produce the parser value for the accepted rule.
 
-Parser rule code blocks are not allowed and not used when AST generation mode
+Parser rule code blocks are not allowed and not used when tree generation mode
 is active.
 
 ##> Specifying the parser start rule name - the `start` statement
@@ -683,6 +739,22 @@ Example:
 start MyStartRule;
 ```
 
+Multiple start rules can be specified, either with multiple `start` statements
+or one `start` statement listing multiple start rules.
+Example:
+
+```
+start Module ModuleItem Statement Expression;
+```
+
+When multiple start rules are specified, multiple `p_parse_*()` functions,
+`p_result_*()`, and `p_free_tree_*()` functions (in tree mode) are generated.
+A default `p_parse()`, `p_result()`, `p_free_tree()` are generated corresponding
+to the first start rule.
+Additionally, each start rule causes the generation of another version of each
+of these functions, for example `p_parse_Statement()`, `p_result_Statement()`,
+and `p_free_tree_Statement()`.
+
 ##> Specifying the parser module name - the `module` statement
 
 The `module` statement can be used to specify the module name for a generated
@@ -726,7 +798,7 @@ Some example uses of this functionality could be to:
 
   * Detect integer overflow when lexing an integer literal constant.
   * Detect and report an error as soon as possible during parsing before continuing to parse any more of the input.
-  * Determine whether parsing should stop and instead be performed using a different parser version.
+  * Determine whether parsing should stop and instead be retried using a different parser version.
 
 To terminate parsing from a lexer or parser user code block, use the
 `$terminate(code)` function, passing an integer expression argument.
@@ -762,10 +834,16 @@ Propane generates the following result code constants:
 * `P_EOF`: The lexer reached the end of the input string.
 * `P_USER_TERMINATED`: A parser user code block has requested to terminate the parser.
 
-Result codes are returned by the functions `p_decode_input()`, `p_lex()`, and `p_parse()`.
+Result codes are returned by the API functions `p_decode_code_point()`, `p_lex()`, and `p_parse()`.
 
 ##> Types
 
+### `p_code_point_t`
+
+The `p_code_point_t` type is aliased to a 32-bit unsigned integer.
+It is used to store decoded code points from the input text and perform
+lexing based on the grammar's lexer patterns.
+
 ### `p_context_t`
 
 Propane defines a `p_context_t` structure type.
@@ -776,7 +854,7 @@ A pointer to this instance is passed to the generated functions.
 
 ### `p_position_t`
 
-The `p_position_t` structure contains two fields `row` and `col`.
+The `p_position_t` structure contains two fields: `row` and `col`.
 These fields contain the 1-based row and column describing a parser position.
 
 For D targets, the `p_position_t` structure can be checked for validity by
@@ -786,17 +864,27 @@ For C targets, the `p_position_t` structure can be checked for validity by
 calling `p_position_valid(pos)` where `pos` is a `p_position_t` structure
 instance.
 
-### AST Node Types
+### `p_token_info_t`
 
-If AST generation mode is enabled, a structure type for each rule will be
+The `p_token_info_t` structure contains the following fields:
+
+* `position` (`p_position_t`) holds the text position of the first code point in the token.
+* `end_position` (`p_position_t`) holds the text position of the last code point in the token.
+* `length` (`size_t`) holds the number of input bytes used by the token.
+* `token` (`p_token_t`) holds the token ID of the lexed token
+* `pvalue` (`p_value_t`) holds the parser value associated with the token.
+
+### Tree Node Types
+
+If tree generation mode is enabled, a structure type for each rule will be
 generated.
 The name of the structure type is given by the name of the rule.
-Additionally a structure type called `Token` is generated to represent an
-AST node which refers to a raw parser token rather than a composite rule.
+Additionally a structure type called `Token` is generated to represent a
+tree node which refers to a raw parser token rather than a composite rule.
 
-#### AST Node Fields
+#### Tree Node Fields
 
-All AST nodes have a `position` field specifying the text position of the
+All tree nodes have a `position` field specifying the text position of the
 beginning of the matched token or rule, and an `end_position` field specifying
 the text position of the end of the matched token or rule.
 Each of these fields are instances of the `p_position_t` structure.
@@ -815,7 +903,7 @@ A `Token` node has the following additional fields:
   * `pvalue` which specifies the parser value for the token. If a lexer user
   code block assigned to `$$`, the assigned value will be stored here.
 
-AST node structures for rules contain generated fields based on the
+Tree node structures for rules contain generated fields based on the
 right hand side components specified for all rules of a given name.
 
 In this example:
@@ -838,10 +926,10 @@ The `Items` structure will have fields:
   * `pItemsMore` and `pItemsMore2` which point to the parsed `ItemsMore` structure.
 
 If a rule can be empty (for example in the second `Items` rule above), then
-an instance of a pointer to that rule's generated AST node will be null if the
+an instance of a pointer to that rule's generated tree node will be null if the
 parser matches the empty rule pattern.
 
-The non-positional AST node field pointer will not be generated if there are
+The non-positional tree node field pointer will not be generated if there are
 multiple positions in which an instance of the node it points to could be
 present.
 For example, in the below rules:
@@ -861,7 +949,7 @@ If the first rule is matched, then `pOne1` and `pTwo2` will be non-null while
 If the second rule is matched instead, then the opposite would be the case.
 
 If a field alias is present in a rule definition, an additional field will be
-generated in the AST node with the field alias name.
+generated in the tree node with the field alias name.
 For example:
 
 ```
@@ -896,6 +984,44 @@ p_context_t context;
 p_context_init(&context, input);
 ```
 
+### `p_lex`
+
+The `p_lex()` function is the main entry point to the lexer.
+It is normally called automatically by the generated parser to retrieve the
+next input token for the parser and does not need to be called by the user.
+However, the user may initialize a context and call `p_lex()` to use the
+generated lexer in a standalone mode.
+
+Example:
+
+```
+p_context_t context;
+p_context_init(&context, input, input_length);
+p_token_info_t token_info;
+size_t result = p_lex(&context, &token_info);
+switch (result)
+{
+case P_DECODE_ERROR:
+    /* UTF-8 decode error */
+    break;
+case P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT:
+    /* Input text does not match any lexer pattern. */
+    break;
+case P_USER_TERMINATED:
+    /* Lexer user code block requested to terminate the lexer. */
+    break;
+case P_SUCCESS:
+    /*
+     * token_info.position holds the text position of the first code point in the token.
+     * token_info.end_position holds the text position of the last code point in the token.
+     * token_info.length holds the number of input bytes used by the token.
+     * token_info.token holds the token ID of the lexed token
+     * token_info.pvalue holds the parser value associated with the token.
+     */
+    break;
+}
+```
+
 ### `p_parse`
 
 The `p_parse()` function is the main entry point to the parser.
@@ -909,6 +1035,16 @@ p_context_init(&context, input, input_length);
 size_t result = p_parse(&context);
 ```
 
+When multiple start rules are specified, a separate parse function is generated
+for each which starts parsing at the given rule.
+For example, if `Statement` is specified as a start rule:
+
+```
+size_t result = p_parse_Statement(&context);
+```
+
+In this case, the parser will start parsing with the `Statement` rule.
+
 ### `p_position_valid`
 
 The `p_position_valid()` function is only generated for C targets.
@@ -944,8 +1080,25 @@ if (p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS)
 }
 ```
 
-If AST generation mode is active, then the `p_result()` function returns a
-`Start *` pointing to the `Start` AST structure.
+If tree generation mode is active, then the `p_result()` function returns a
+`Start *` pointing to the `Start` tree node structure.
+
+When multiple start rules are specified, a separate result function is generated
+for each which returns the parse result for the corresponding rule.
+For example, if `Statement` is specified as a start rule:
+
+```
+p_context_t context;
+p_context_init(&context, input, input_length);
+size_t result = p_parse(&context);
+if (p_parse_Statement(&context) == P_SUCCESS)
+{
+    result = p_result_Statement(&context);
+}
+```
+
+In this case, the parser will start parsing with the `Statement` rule and the
+parse result from the `Statement` rule will be returned.
 
 ### `p_position`
 
@@ -999,6 +1152,51 @@ if (p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN)
 }
 ```
 
+### `p_decode_code_point`
+
+The `p_decode_code_point()` function can be used to decode code points from a
+UTF-8 string.
+It does not require a lexer/parser context structure and can be used as a
+standalone UTF-8 decoder or from within a lexer or parser user code block.
+
+D Example:
+
+```
+size_t result;
+p_code_point_t code_point;
+ubyte code_point_length;
+
+result = p_decode_code_point("\xf0\x9f\xa7\xa1", &code_point, &code_point_length);
+assert(result == P_SUCCESS);
+assert(code_point == 0x1F9E1u);
+assert(code_point_length == 4u);
+```
+
+### `p_free_tree`
+
+The `p_free_tree()` function can be used to free the memory used by the tree.
+It should be passed the same value that is returned by `p_result()`.
+
+The `p_free_tree()` function is only available for C/C++ output targets.
+
+Note that if any lexer user code block allocates memory to store in a token's
+`pvalue`, in order to properly free this memory a `free_token_node` function
+should be specified in the grammar file.
+If specified, the `free_token_node` function will be called during the
+`p_free_tree()` process to allow user code to free any memory associated with
+a token node's `pvalue`.
+
+When multiple start rules are specified, a separate `p_free_tree` function is
+generated for each which frees the tree resulting from parsing the given rule.
+For example, if `Statement` is specified as a start rule:
+
+```
+p_free_tree_Statement(statement_tree);
+```
+
+In this case, Propane will free a `Statement` tree structure returned by the
+`p_parse_Statement(&context)` function.
+
 ##> Data
 
 ### `p_token_names`

extra/vim/syntax/propane.vim

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ syn match propaneOperator "->"
 syn match propaneFieldAlias ":[a-zA-Z0-9_]\+" contains=propaneFieldOperator
 syn match propaneFieldOperator ":" contained
 syn match propaneOperator "?"
-syn keyword propaneKeyword ast ast_prefix ast_suffix drop module prefix ptype start token tokenid
+syn keyword propaneKeyword drop free_token_node module prefix ptype start token tokenid tree tree_prefix tree_suffix
 
-syn region propaneRegex start="/" end="/" skip="\\/"
+syn region propaneRegex start="/" end="/" skip="\v\\\\|\\/"
 
 hi def link propaneComment Comment
 hi def link propaneKeyword Keyword

lib/propane/generator.rb

@@ -11,24 +11,28 @@ class Propane
         @log = StringIO.new
       end
       @language =
-        if output_file =~ /\.([a-z]+)$/
-          $1
-        else
+        if output_file.end_with?(".d")
           "d"
+        else
+          "c"
         end
       @options = options
       process_grammar!
     end
 
     def generate
-      extensions = [@language]
+      extensions = [nil]
       if @language == "c"
         extensions += %w[h]
       end
       extensions.each do |extension|
-        template = Assets.get("parser.#{extension}.erb")
+        template = Assets.get("parser.#{extension || @language}.erb")
+        if extension
+          output_file = @output_file.sub(%r{\.[a-z]+$}, ".#{extension}")
+        else
+          output_file = @output_file
+        end
         erb = ERB.new(template, trim_mode: "<>")
-        output_file = @output_file.sub(%r{\.[a-z]+$}, ".#{extension}")
         result = erb.result(binding.clone)
         File.open(output_file, "wb") do |fh|
           fh.write(result)
@@ -43,8 +47,8 @@ class Propane
       # Assign default pattern mode to patterns without a mode assigned.
       found_default = false
       @grammar.patterns.each do |pattern|
-        if pattern.mode.nil?
-          pattern.mode = "default"
+        if pattern.modes.empty?
+          pattern.modes << "default"
           found_default = true
         end
         pattern.ptypename ||= "default"
@@ -67,12 +71,15 @@ class Propane
         end
         tokens_by_name[token.name] = token
       end
-      # Check for user start rule.
-      unless @grammar.rules.find {|rule| rule.name == @grammar.start_rule}
-        raise Error.new("Start rule `#{@grammar.start_rule}` not found")
+      # Create real start rule(s).
+      real_start_rules = @grammar.start_rules.map do |start_rule|
+        unless @grammar.rules.find {|rule| rule.name == start_rule}
+          raise Error.new("Start rule `#{start_rule}` not found")
+        end
+        Rule.new("$#{start_rule}", [start_rule, "$EOF"], nil, nil, nil)
       end
-      # Add "real" start rule.
-      @grammar.rules.unshift(Rule.new("$Start", [@grammar.start_rule, "$EOF"], nil, nil, nil))
+      # Add real start rules before user-given rules.
+      @grammar.rules = real_start_rules + @grammar.rules
       # Generate and add rules for optional components.
       generate_optional_component_rules!(tokens_by_name)
       # Build rule sets.
@@ -291,7 +298,7 @@ class Propane
         end
       else
         code = code.gsub(/\$\$/) do |match|
-          if @grammar.ast
+          if @grammar.tree
             case @language
             when "c"
               "out_token_info->pvalue"
@@ -328,9 +335,9 @@ class Propane
     #
     # @return [Array<String>]
     #   Start rule parser value type name and type string.
-    def start_rule_type
+    def start_rule_type(start_rule_index = 0)
       start_rule = @grammar.rules.find do |rule|
-        rule.name == @grammar.start_rule
+        rule.name == @grammar.start_rules[start_rule_index]
       end
       [start_rule.ptypename, @grammar.ptypes[start_rule.ptypename]]
     end

lib/propane/grammar.rb

@@ -5,13 +5,14 @@ class Propane
     # Reserve identifiers beginning with a double-underscore for internal use.
     IDENTIFIER_REGEX = /(?:[a-zA-Z]|_[a-zA-Z0-9])[a-zA-Z_0-9]*/
 
-    attr_reader :ast
-    attr_reader :ast_prefix
-    attr_reader :ast_suffix
+    attr_reader :tree
+    attr_reader :tree_prefix
+    attr_reader :tree_suffix
+    attr_reader :free_token_node
     attr_reader :modulename
     attr_reader :patterns
-    attr_reader :rules
-    attr_reader :start_rule
+    attr_accessor :rules
+    attr_reader :start_rules
     attr_reader :tokens
     attr_reader :code_blocks
     attr_reader :ptypes
@@ -19,20 +20,22 @@ class Propane
 
     def initialize(input)
       @patterns = []
-      @start_rule = "Start"
+      @start_rules = []
       @tokens = []
       @rules = []
       @code_blocks = {}
       @line_number = 1
       @next_line_number = @line_number
-      @mode = nil
+      @modeline = nil
       @input = input.gsub("\r\n", "\n")
       @ptypes = {"default" => "void *"}
       @prefix = "p_"
-      @ast = false
-      @ast_prefix = ""
-      @ast_suffix = ""
+      @tree = false
+      @tree_prefix = ""
+      @tree_suffix = ""
+      @free_token_node = nil
       parse_grammar!
+      @start_rules << "Start" if @start_rules.empty?
     end
 
     def ptype
@@ -58,10 +61,11 @@ class Propane
     def parse_statement!
       if parse_white_space!
       elsif parse_comment_line!
-      elsif @mode.nil? && parse_mode_label!
-      elsif parse_ast_statement!
-      elsif parse_ast_prefix_statement!
-      elsif parse_ast_suffix_statement!
+      elsif @modeline.nil? && parse_mode_label!
+      elsif parse_tree_statement!
+      elsif parse_tree_prefix_statement!
+      elsif parse_tree_suffix_statement!
+      elsif parse_free_token_node_statement!
       elsif parse_module_statement!
       elsif parse_ptype_statement!
       elsif parse_pattern_statement!
@@ -81,8 +85,8 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     def parse_mode_label!
-      if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*:/)
-        @mode = md[1]
+      if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX}(?:\s*,\s*#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})*)\s*:/)
+        @modeline = md[1]
       end
     end
 
@@ -94,21 +98,27 @@ class Propane
       consume!(/#.*\n/)
     end
 
-    def parse_ast_statement!
-      if consume!(/ast\s*;/)
-        @ast = true
+    def parse_tree_statement!
+      if consume!(/tree\s*;/)
+        @tree = true
       end
     end
 
-    def parse_ast_prefix_statement!
-      if md = consume!(/ast_prefix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
-        @ast_prefix = md[1]
+    def parse_tree_prefix_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/tree_prefix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+        @tree_prefix = md[1]
       end
     end
 
-    def parse_ast_suffix_statement!
-      if md = consume!(/ast_suffix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
-        @ast_suffix = md[1]
+    def parse_tree_suffix_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/tree_suffix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+        @tree_suffix = md[1]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_free_token_node_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/free_token_node\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+        @free_token_node = md[1]
       end
     end
 
@@ -117,7 +127,7 @@ class Propane
         md = consume!(/([\w.]+)\s*/, "expected module name")
         @modulename = md[1]
         consume!(/;/, "expected `;'")
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -126,8 +136,8 @@ class Propane
       if consume!(/ptype\s+/)
         name = "default"
         if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*=\s*/)
-          if @ast
-            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          if @tree
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
           end
           name = md[1]
         end
@@ -141,8 +151,8 @@ class Propane
         md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*/, "expected token name")
         name = md[1]
         if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
-          if @ast
-            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          if @tree
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
           end
           ptypename = md[1]
         end
@@ -153,9 +163,9 @@ class Propane
         end
         token = Token.new(name, ptypename, @line_number)
         @tokens << token
-        pattern = Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, token: token, line_number: @line_number, code: code, mode: @mode, ptypename: ptypename)
+        pattern = Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, token: token, line_number: @line_number, code: code, modes: get_modes_from_modeline, ptypename: ptypename)
         @patterns << pattern
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -165,15 +175,15 @@ class Propane
         md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*/, "expected token name")
         name = md[1]
         if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
-          if @ast
-            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          if @tree
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
           end
           ptypename = md[1]
         end
         consume!(/;/, "expected `;'");
         token = Token.new(name, ptypename, @line_number)
         @tokens << token
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -186,8 +196,8 @@ class Propane
         end
         consume!(/\s+/)
         consume!(/;/, "expected `;'")
-        @patterns << Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, line_number: @line_number, mode: @mode)
-        @mode = nil
+        @patterns << Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, line_number: @line_number, modes: get_modes_from_modeline)
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -195,12 +205,12 @@ class Propane
     def parse_rule_statement!
       if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*(?:\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\))?\s*->\s*/)
         rule_name, ptypename = *md[1, 2]
-        if @ast && ptypename
-          raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+        if @tree && ptypename
+          raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
         end
         md = consume!(/((?:#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX}\??(?::#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})?\s*)*)\s*/, "expected rule component list")
         components = md[1].strip.split(/\s+/)
-        if @ast
+        if @tree
           consume!(/;/, "expected `;'")
         else
           unless code = parse_code_block!
@@ -208,7 +218,7 @@ class Propane
           end
         end
         @rules << Rule.new(rule_name, components, code, ptypename, @line_number)
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -217,23 +227,26 @@ class Propane
       if pattern = parse_pattern!
         consume!(/\s+/)
         if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
-          if @ast
-            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          if @tree
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
           end
           ptypename = md[1]
         end
         unless code = parse_code_block!
           raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: expected code block to follow pattern")
         end
-        @patterns << Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, line_number: @line_number, code: code, mode: @mode, ptypename: ptypename)
-        @mode = nil
+        @patterns << Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, line_number: @line_number, code: code, modes: get_modes_from_modeline, ptypename: ptypename)
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
 
     def parse_start_statement!
-      if md = consume!(/start\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
-        @start_rule = md[1]
+      if md = consume!(/start\s+([\w\s]*);/)
+        start_rules = md[1].split(/\s+/).map(&:strip)
+        start_rules.each do |start_rule|
+          @start_rules << start_rule unless @start_rules.include?(start_rule)
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -247,7 +260,7 @@ class Propane
         else
           @code_blocks[name] = code
         end
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -315,6 +328,14 @@ class Propane
       end
     end
 
+    def get_modes_from_modeline
+      if @modeline
+        Set[*@modeline.split(",").map(&:strip)]
+      else
+        Set.new
+      end
+    end
+
   end
 
 end

lib/propane/lexer.rb

@@ -26,8 +26,14 @@ class Propane
     private
 
     def build_tables!
-      @modes = @grammar.patterns.group_by do |pattern|
-        pattern.mode
+      modenames = @grammar.patterns.reduce(Set.new) do |result, pattern|
+        result + pattern.modes
+      end
+      @modes = modenames.reduce({}) do |result, modename|
+        result[modename] = @grammar.patterns.select do |pattern|
+          pattern.modes.include?(modename)
+        end
+        result
       end.transform_values do |patterns|
         {dfa: DFA.new(patterns)}
       end

lib/propane/parser.rb

@@ -16,11 +16,20 @@ class Propane
       @warnings = Set.new
       @errors = Set.new
       @options = options
-      start_item = Item.new(grammar.rules.first, 0)
-      eval_item_sets = Set[ItemSet.new([start_item])]
+      start_items = grammar.rules[0...grammar.start_rules.length].map do |start_rule|
+        Item.new(start_rule, 0)
+      end
+      start_item_sets = start_items.map {|item| ItemSet.new([item])}
+      eval_item_sets = Set[*start_item_sets]
 
       while eval_item_sets.size > 0
-        item_set = eval_item_sets.first
+        item_set =
+          if start_item_sets.size > 0
+            # Ensure we evaluate start_item_sets first in order
+            start_item_sets.slice!(0)
+          else
+            eval_item_sets.first
+          end
         eval_item_sets.delete(item_set)
         unless @item_sets_set.include?(item_set)
           item_set.id = @item_sets.size
@@ -64,24 +73,13 @@ class Propane
       @shift_table = []
       @reduce_table = []
       @item_sets.each do |item_set|
-        shift_entries = item_set.next_symbols.map do |next_symbol|
-          state_id =
-            if next_symbol.name == "$EOF"
-              0
-            else
-              item_set.next_item_set[next_symbol].id
-            end
-          {
-            symbol: next_symbol,
-            state_id: state_id,
-          }
-        end
         unless item_set.reduce_rules.empty?
-          shift_entries.each do |shift_entry|
+          item_set.shift_entries.each do |shift_entry|
             token = shift_entry[:symbol]
-            if get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set).include?(token)
-              rule = item_set.reduce_actions[token]
-              @warnings << "Shift/Reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between token #{token.name} and rule #{rule.name} (defined on line #{rule.line_number})"
+            if item_set.reduce_actions
+              if rule = item_set.reduce_actions[token]
+                @warnings << "Shift/Reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between token #{token.name} and rule #{rule.name} (defined on line #{rule.line_number})"
+              end
             end
           end
         end
@@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ class Propane
               propagate_optional_target: rule.optional? && rule.components.size == 1}]
           elsif reduce_actions = item_set.reduce_actions
             reduce_actions.map do |token, rule|
-              {token_id: token.id, rule_id: rule.id, rule: rule,
+              {token: token, token_id: token.id, rule_id: rule.id, rule: rule,
                rule_set_id: rule.rule_set.id, n_states: rule.components.size,
                propagate_optional_target: rule.optional? && rule.components.size == 1}
             end
@@ -101,11 +99,11 @@ class Propane
           end
         @state_table << {
           shift_index: @shift_table.size,
-          n_shifts: shift_entries.size,
+          n_shifts: item_set.shift_entries.size,
           reduce_index: @reduce_table.size,
           n_reduces: reduce_entries.size,
         }
-        @shift_table += shift_entries
+        @shift_table += item_set.shift_entries
         @reduce_table += reduce_entries
       end
     end
@@ -125,8 +123,110 @@ class Propane
     # @return [void]
     def build_reduce_actions!
       @item_sets.each do |item_set|
+        build_shift_entries(item_set)
         build_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
       end
+      item_sets_to_process = @item_sets.select do |item_set|
+        # We need lookahead reduce actions if:
+        # 1) There is more than one possible rule to reduce. In this case the
+        #    lookahead token can help choose which rule to reduce.
+        # 2) There is at least one shift action and one reduce action for
+        #    this item set. In this case the lookahead reduce actions are
+        #    needed to test for a Shift/Reduce conflict.
+        item_set.reduce_rules.size > 1 ||
+          (item_set.reduce_rules.size > 0 && item_set.shift_entries.size > 0)
+      end
+      if RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"] =~ /linux/
+        item_sets_by_id = {}
+        item_sets_to_process.each do |item_set|
+          item_sets_by_id[item_set.object_id] = item_set
+        end
+        tokens_by_id = {}
+        @grammar.tokens.each do |token|
+          tokens_by_id[token.object_id] = token
+        end
+        rules_by_id = {}
+        @grammar.rules.each do |rule|
+          rules_by_id[rule.object_id] = rule
+        end
+        n_threads = Util.determine_n_threads
+        semaphore = Mutex.new
+        queue = Queue.new
+        threads = {}
+        n_threads.times do
+          piper, pipew = IO.pipe
+          thread = Thread.new do
+            loop do
+              item_set = nil
+              semaphore.synchronize do
+                item_set = item_sets_to_process.slice!(0)
+              end
+              break if item_set.nil?
+              fork do
+                piper.close
+                build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set, pipew)
+              end
+            end
+            queue.push(Thread.current)
+          end
+          threads[thread] = [piper, pipew]
+        end
+        until threads.empty?
+          thread = queue.pop
+          piper, pipew = threads[thread]
+          pipew.close
+          thread_txt = piper.read
+          thread_txt.each_line do |line|
+            if line.start_with?("RA,")
+              parts = line.split(",")
+              item_set_id, token_id, rule_id = parts[1..3].map(&:to_i)
+              item_set = item_sets_by_id[item_set_id]
+              unless item_set
+                raise "Internal error: could not find item set from thread"
+              end
+              token = tokens_by_id[token_id]
+              unless item_set
+                raise "Internal error: could not find token from thread"
+              end
+              rule = rules_by_id[rule_id]
+              unless item_set
+                raise "Internal error: could not find rule from thread"
+              end
+              item_set.reduce_actions ||= {}
+              item_set.reduce_actions[token] = rule
+            elsif line.start_with?("Error: ")
+              @errors << line.chomp
+            else
+              raise "Internal error: unhandled thread line #{line}"
+            end
+          end
+          thread.join
+          threads.delete(thread)
+        end
+      else
+        # Fall back to single threaded algorithm.
+        item_sets_to_process.each do |item_set|
+          item_set.reduce_actions = build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Build the shift entries for a single item set.
+    #
+    # @return [void]
+    def build_shift_entries(item_set)
+      item_set.shift_entries = item_set.next_symbols.map do |next_symbol|
+        state_id =
+          if next_symbol.name == "$EOF"
+            0
+          else
+            item_set.next_item_set[next_symbol].id
+          end
+        {
+          symbol: next_symbol,
+          state_id: state_id,
+        }
+      end
     end
 
     # Build the reduce actions for a single item set (parser state).
@@ -145,33 +245,18 @@ class Propane
       if item_set.reduce_rules.size == 1
         item_set.reduce_rule = item_set.reduce_rules.first
       end
-
-      if item_set.reduce_rules.size > 1
-        # Force item_set.reduce_actions to be built to store the lookahead
-        # tokens for the possible reduce rules if there is more than one.
-        get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Get the reduce actions for a single item set (parser state).
-    #
-    # @param item_set [ItemSet]
-    #   ItemSet (parser state)
-    #
-    # @return [Hash]
-    #   Mapping of lookahead Tokens to the Rules to reduce.
-    def get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
-      item_set.reduce_actions ||= build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
     end
 
     # Build the reduce actions for a single item set (parser state).
     #
     # @param item_set [ItemSet]
     #   ItemSet (parser state)
+    # @param fh [File]
+    #   Output file handle for multiprocessing mode.
     #
     # @return [Hash]
     #   Mapping of lookahead Tokens to the Rules to reduce.
-    def build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
+    def build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set, fh = nil)
       # We will be looking for all possible tokens that can follow instances of
       # these rules. Rather than looking through the entire grammar for the
       # possible following tokens, we will only look in the item sets leading
@@ -182,9 +267,12 @@ class Propane
         lookahead_tokens_for_rule = build_lookahead_tokens_to_reduce(reduce_rule, item_sets)
         lookahead_tokens_for_rule.each do |lookahead_token|
           if existing_reduce_rule = reduce_actions[lookahead_token]
-            @errors << "Error: reduce/reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between rule #{existing_reduce_rule.name}##{existing_reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{existing_reduce_rule.line_number}) and rule #{reduce_rule.name}##{reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{reduce_rule.line_number}) for lookahead token #{lookahead_token}"
+            error = "Error: reduce/reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between rule #{existing_reduce_rule.name}##{existing_reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{existing_reduce_rule.line_number}) and rule #{reduce_rule.name}##{reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{reduce_rule.line_number}) for lookahead token #{lookahead_token}"
+            @errors << error
+            fh.puts(error) if fh
           end
           reduce_actions[lookahead_token] = reduce_rule
+          fh.puts "RA,#{item_set.object_id},#{lookahead_token.object_id},#{reduce_rule.object_id}" if fh
         end
         reduce_actions
       end
@@ -231,6 +319,7 @@ class Propane
                   rule_set = item.rule.rule_set
                   unless checked_rule_sets.include?(rule_set)
                     rule_sets_to_check_after << rule_set
+                    checked_rule_sets << rule_set
                   end
                   break
                 when Token

lib/propane/parser/item.rb

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class Propane
       def initialize(rule, position)
         @rule = rule
         @position = position
+        @_hash = [@rule, @position].hash
       end
 
       # Hash function.
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ class Propane
       # @return [Integer]
       #   Hash code.
       def hash
-        [@rule, @position].hash
+        @_hash
       end
 
       # Compare Item objects.

lib/propane/parser/item_set.rb

@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ class Propane
       #   more than one rule that could be reduced.
       attr_accessor :reduce_actions
 
+      # @return [Array<Hash>]
+      #   Shift table entries.
+      attr_accessor :shift_entries
+
       # Build an ItemSet.
       #
       # @param items [Array<Item>]

lib/propane/pattern.rb

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ class Propane
     #   Regex NFA for matching the pattern.
     attr_reader :nfa
 
-    # @return [String, nil]
-    #   Lexer mode for this pattern.
-    attr_accessor :mode
+    # @return [Set]
+    #   Lexer modes for this pattern.
+    attr_accessor :modes
 
     # @return [String, nil]
     #   Parser value type name.
@@ -46,16 +46,16 @@ class Propane
     #   Token to be returned by this pattern.
     # @option options [Integer, nil] :line_number
     #   Line number where the token was defined in the input grammar.
-    # @option options [String, nil] :mode
-    #   Lexer mode for this pattern.
+    # @option options [String, nil] :modes
+    #   Lexer modes for this pattern.
     def initialize(options)
       @code = options[:code]
       @pattern = options[:pattern]
       @token = options[:token]
       @line_number = options[:line_number]
-      @mode = options[:mode]
+      @modes = options[:modes]
       @ptypename = options[:ptypename]
-      regex = Regex.new(@pattern)
+      regex = Regex.new(@pattern, @line_number)
       regex.nfa.end_state.accepts = self
       @nfa = regex.nfa
     end

lib/propane/regex.rb

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ class Propane
     attr_reader :unit
     attr_reader :nfa
 
-    def initialize(pattern)
+    def initialize(pattern, line_number)
       @pattern = pattern.dup
+      @line_number = line_number
       @unit = parse_alternates
       @nfa = @unit.to_nfa
       if @pattern != ""
-        raise Error.new(%[Unexpected "#{@pattern}" in pattern])
+        raise Error.new(%[Line #{@line_number}: unexpected "#{@pattern}" in pattern])
       end
     end
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ class Propane
             mu = MultiplicityUnit.new(last_unit, min_count, max_count)
             au.replace_last!(mu)
           else
-            raise Error.new("#{c} follows nothing")
+            raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: #{c} follows nothing")
           end
         when "|"
           au.new_alternate!
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ class Propane
     def parse_group
       au = parse_alternates
       if @pattern[0] != ")"
-        raise Error.new("Unterminated group in pattern")
+        raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: unterminated group in pattern")
       end
       @pattern.slice!(0)
       au
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class Propane
       index = 0
       loop do
         if @pattern == ""
-          raise Error.new("Unterminated character class")
+          raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: unterminated character class")
         end
         c = @pattern.slice!(0)
         if c == "]"
@@ -84,13 +85,13 @@ class Propane
         elsif c == "-" && @pattern[0] != "]"
           begin_cu = ccu.last_unit
           unless begin_cu.is_a?(CharacterRangeUnit) && begin_cu.code_point_range.size == 1
-            raise Error.new("Character range must be between single characters")
+            raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: character range must be between single characters")
           end
           if @pattern[0] == "\\"
             @pattern.slice!(0)
             end_cu = parse_backslash
             unless end_cu.is_a?(CharacterRangeUnit) && end_cu.code_point_range.size == 1
-              raise Error.new("Character range must be between single characters")
+              raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: character range must be between single characters")
             end
             max_code_point = end_cu.code_point
           else
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ class Propane
         elsif max_count.to_s != ""
           max_count = max_count.to_i
           if max_count < min_count
-            raise Error.new("Maximum repetition count cannot be less than minimum repetition count")
+            raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: maximum repetition count cannot be less than minimum repetition count")
           end
         else
           max_count = nil
@@ -124,28 +125,33 @@ class Propane
         @pattern = pattern
         [min_count, max_count]
       else
-        raise Error.new("Unexpected match count at #{@pattern}")
+        raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: unexpected match count following {")
       end
     end
 
     def parse_backslash
       if @pattern == ""
-        raise Error.new("Error: unfollowed \\")
+        raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: error: unfollowed \\")
       else
         c = @pattern.slice!(0)
         case c
         when "a"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\a", "\a")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\a")
         when "b"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\b", "\b")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\b")
         when "d"
           CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+        when "D"
+          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+          ccu.negate = true
+          ccu
         when "f"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f", "\f")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f")
         when "n"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\n", "\n")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\n")
         when "r"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\r", "\r")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\r")
         when "s"
           ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
           ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new(" ")
@@ -155,10 +161,35 @@ class Propane
           ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f")
           ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v")
           ccu
+        when "S"
+          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new(" ")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\t")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\r")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\n")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v")
+          ccu.negate = true
+          ccu
         when "t"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\t", "\t")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\t")
         when "v"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v", "\v")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v")
+        when "w"
+          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("_")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("a", "z")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("A", "Z")
+          ccu
+        when "W"
+          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("_")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("a", "z")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("A", "Z")
+          ccu.negate = true
+          ccu
         else
           CharacterRangeUnit.new(c)
         end

lib/propane/regex/unit.rb

@@ -92,16 +92,19 @@ class Propane
         @units = []
         @negate = false
       end
-      def initialize
-        @units = []
-      end
-      def method_missing(*args)
-        @units.__send__(*args)
+      def method_missing(*args, &block)
+        @units.__send__(*args, &block)
       end
       def <<(thing)
         if thing.is_a?(CharacterClassUnit)
-          thing.each do |ccu_unit|
-            @units << ccu_unit
+          if thing.negate
+            CodePointRange.invert_ranges(thing.map(&:code_point_range)).each do |cpr|
+              CharacterRangeUnit.new(cpr.first, cpr.last)
+            end
+          else
+            thing.each do |ccu_unit|
+              @units << ccu_unit
+            end
           end
         else
           @units << thing

lib/propane/rule.rb

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Propane
 
     # @return [Array<Integer>]
     #   Map this rule's components to their positions in the parent RuleSet's
-    #   node field pointer array. This is used for AST construction.
+    #   node field pointer array. This is used for tree construction.
     attr_accessor :rule_set_node_field_index_map
 
     # Construct a Rule.

lib/propane/rule_set.rb

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ class Propane
   class RuleSet
 
     # @return [Array<Hash>]
-    #   AST fields.
-    attr_reader :ast_fields
+    #   tree fields.
+    attr_reader :tree_fields
 
     # @return [Integer]
     #   ID of the RuleSet.
@@ -100,26 +100,28 @@ class Propane
 
     # Finalize a RuleSet after adding all Rules to it.
     def finalize(grammar)
-      if grammar.ast
-        build_ast_fields(grammar)
+      if grammar.tree
+        build_tree_fields(grammar)
       end
     end
 
     private
 
-    # Build the set of AST fields for this RuleSet.
+    # Build the set of tree fields for this RuleSet.
     #
     # This is an Array of Hashes. Each entry in the Array corresponds to a
-    # field location in the AST node. The entry is a Hash. It could have one or
+    # field location in the tree node. The entry is a Hash. It could have one or
     # two keys. It will always have the field name with a positional suffix as
     # a key. It may also have the field name without the positional suffix if
     # that field only exists in one position across all Rules in the RuleSet.
     #
     # @return [void]
-    def build_ast_fields(grammar)
-      field_ast_node_indexes = {}
+    def build_tree_fields(grammar)
+      field_tree_node_indexes = {}
       field_indexes_across_all_rules = {}
-      @ast_fields = []
+      # Stores the index into @tree_fields by field alias name.
+      field_aliases = {}
+      @tree_fields = []
       @rules.each do |rule|
         rule.components.each_with_index do |component, i|
           if component.is_a?(RuleSet) && component.optional?
@@ -130,15 +132,25 @@ class Propane
           else
             node_name = component.name
           end
-          struct_name = "#{grammar.ast_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.ast_suffix}"
+          struct_name = "#{grammar.tree_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.tree_suffix}"
           field_name = "p#{node_name}#{i + 1}"
-          unless field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
-            field_ast_node_indexes[field_name] = @ast_fields.size
-            @ast_fields << {field_name => struct_name}
+          unless field_tree_node_indexes[field_name]
+            field_tree_node_indexes[field_name] = @tree_fields.size
+            @tree_fields << {field_name => struct_name}
+          end
+          rule.aliases.each do |alias_name, index|
+            if index == i
+              alias_tree_fields_index = field_tree_node_indexes[field_name]
+              if field_aliases[alias_name] && field_aliases[alias_name] != alias_tree_fields_index
+                raise Error.new("Error: conflicting tree node field positions for alias `#{alias_name}` in rule #{rule.name} defined on line #{rule.line_number}")
+              end
+              field_aliases[alias_name] = alias_tree_fields_index
+              @tree_fields[alias_tree_fields_index][alias_name] = @tree_fields[alias_tree_fields_index].first[1]
+            end
           end
           field_indexes_across_all_rules[node_name] ||= Set.new
-          field_indexes_across_all_rules[node_name] << field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
-          rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map[i] = field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
+          field_indexes_across_all_rules[node_name] << field_tree_node_indexes[field_name]
+          rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map[i] = field_tree_node_indexes[field_name]
         end
       end
       field_indexes_across_all_rules.each do |node_name, indexes_across_all_rules|
@@ -146,20 +158,8 @@ class Propane
           # If this field was only seen in one position across all rules,
           # then add an alias to the positional field name that does not
           # include the position.
-          @ast_fields[indexes_across_all_rules.first]["p#{node_name}"] =
-            "#{grammar.ast_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.ast_suffix}"
-        end
-      end
-      # Now merge in the field aliases as given by the user in the
-      # grammar.
-      field_aliases = {}
-      @rules.each do |rule|
-        rule.aliases.each do |alias_name, index|
-          if field_aliases[alias_name] && field_aliases[alias_name] != index
-            raise Error.new("Error: conflicting AST node field positions for alias `#{alias_name}`")
-          end
-          field_aliases[alias_name] = index
-          @ast_fields[index][alias_name] = @ast_fields[index].first[1]
+          @tree_fields[indexes_across_all_rules.first]["p#{node_name}"] =
+            "#{grammar.tree_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.tree_suffix}"
         end
       end
     end

lib/propane/util.rb

@@ -10,6 +10,32 @@ class Propane
         "#{s}\n* #{message} *\n#{s}\n"
       end
 
+      # Determine the number of threads to use.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      #   The number of threads to use.
+      def determine_n_threads
+        # Try to figure out how many threads are available on the host hardware.
+        begin
+          case RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]
+          when /linux/
+            return File.read("/proc/cpuinfo").scan(/^processor\s*:/).size
+          when /mswin|mingw|msys/
+            if `wmic cpu get NumberOfLogicalProcessors -value` =~ /NumberOfLogicalProcessors=(\d+)/
+              return $1.to_i
+            end
+          when /darwin/
+            if `sysctl -n hw.ncpu` =~ /(\d+)/
+              return $1.to_i
+            end
+          end
+        rescue
+        end
+
+        # If we can't figure it out, default to 4.
+        4
+      end
+
     end
 
   end

lib/propane/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Propane
-  VERSION = "2.0.0"
+  VERSION = "3.0.0"
 end

spec/json_parser.c.propane

@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ string: /\\t/ <<
 >>
 string: /\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}/ <<
   /* Not actually going to encode the code point for this example... */
-  char s[] = {'{', match[2], match[3], match[4], match[5], '}', 0};
+  char s[] = {'{', (char)match[2], (char)match[3], (char)match[4], (char)match[5], '}', 0};
   str_append(&string_value, s);
 >>
 string: /[^\\]/ <<
-  char s[] = {match[0], 0};
+  char s[] = {(char)match[0], 0};
   str_append(&string_value, s);
 >>
 Start -> Value <<

spec/json_types.c

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 JSONValue * JSONValue_new(size_t id)
 {
-    JSONValue * jv = calloc(1, sizeof(JSONValue));
+    JSONValue * jv = (JSONValue *)calloc(1, sizeof(JSONValue));
     jv->id = id;
     return jv;
 }
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ void JSONObject_append(JSONValue * object, char const * name, JSONValue * value)
         }
     }
     size_t const new_size = size + 1;
-    void * new_entries = malloc(sizeof(object->object.entries[0]) * new_size);
+    JSONObjectEntry * new_entries = (JSONObjectEntry *)malloc(sizeof(object->object.entries[0]) * new_size);
     if (size > 0)
     {
         memcpy(new_entries, object->object.entries, size * sizeof(object->object.entries[0]));
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ void JSONArray_append(JSONValue * array, JSONValue * value)
 {
     size_t const size = array->array.size;
     size_t const new_size = size + 1;
-    JSONValue ** new_entries = malloc(sizeof(JSONValue *) * new_size);
+    JSONValue ** new_entries = (JSONValue **)malloc(sizeof(JSONValue *) * new_size);
     if (array->array.size > 0)
     {
         memcpy(new_entries, array->array.entries, sizeof(JSONValue *) * size);

spec/json_types.h

@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@
 #define JSON_FALSE 5u
 #define JSON_NULL 6u
 
+typedef struct JSONObjectEntry_s
+{
+    char const * name;
+    struct JSONValue_s * value;
+} JSONObjectEntry;
+
 typedef struct JSONValue_s
 {
     size_t id;
@@ -19,11 +25,7 @@ typedef struct JSONValue_s
         struct
         {
             size_t size;
-            struct
-            {
-                char const * name;
-                struct JSONValue_s * value;
-            } * entries;
+            JSONObjectEntry * entries;
         } object;
         struct
         {

spec/propane/grammar_spec.rb

@@ -151,30 +151,30 @@ EOF
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.token == o}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to be_nil
+      expect(o.modes).to be_empty
 
       o = grammar.tokens.find {|token| token.name == "b"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.token == o}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to eq "m1"
+      expect(o.modes).to eq Set["m1"]
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "foo"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to be_nil
+      expect(o.modes).to be_empty
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "bar"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to eq "m2"
+      expect(o.modes).to eq Set["m2"]
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "q"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to be_nil
+      expect(o.modes).to be_empty
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "r"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to eq "m3"
+      expect(o.modes).to eq Set["m3"]
     end
 
     it "allows assigning ptypes to tokens and rules" do

spec/propane/lexer/dfa_spec.rb

@@ -126,6 +126,74 @@ EOF
     ]
     expect(run(<<EOF, ";")).to eq expected
 token semicolon /;/;
+EOF
+  end
+
+  it "matches a negated character class" do
+    expected = [
+      ["pattern", "/abc/"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "/abc/")).to eq expected
+token pattern /\\/[^\\s]*\\//;
+EOF
+  end
+
+  it "matches special character classes " do
+    expected = [
+      ["a", "abc123_FOO"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "abc123_FOO")).to eq expected
+token a /\\w+/;
+EOF
+    expected = [
+      ["b", "FROG*%$#"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "FROG*%$#")).to eq expected
+token b /FROG\\D{1,4}/;
+EOF
+    expected = [
+      ["c", "$883366"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "$883366")).to eq expected
+token c /$\\d+/;
+EOF
+    expected = [
+      ["d", "^&$@"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "^&$@")).to eq expected
+token d /^\\W+/;
+EOF
+    expected = [
+      ["a", "abc123_FOO"],
+      [nil, " "],
+      ["b", "FROG*%$#"],
+      [nil, " "],
+      ["c", "$883366"],
+      [nil, " "],
+      ["d", "^&$@"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "abc123_FOO FROG*%$# $883366 ^&$@")).to eq expected
+token a /\\w+/;
+token b /FROG\\D{1,4}/;
+token c /$\\d+/;
+token d /^\\W+/;
+drop /\\s+/;
+EOF
+  end
+
+  it "matches a negated character class with a nested inner negated character class" do
+    expected = [
+      ["t", "$&*"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "$&*")).to eq expected
+token t /[^%\\W]+/;
+EOF
+  end
+
+  it "\\s matches a newline" do
+    expected = [["s", "\n"]]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "\n")).to eq expected
+token s /\\s/;
 EOF
   end
 end

spec/propane/regex_spec.rb

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ class Propane
   RSpec.describe Regex do
 
     it "parses an empty expression" do
-      regex = Regex.new("")
+      regex = Regex.new("", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0].size).to eq 0
     end
 
     it "parses a single character unit expression" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a")
+      regex = Regex.new("a", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a group with a single character unit expression" do
-      regex = Regex.new("(a)")
+      regex = Regex.new("(a)", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a *" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a*")
+      regex = Regex.new("a*", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a +" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a+")
+      regex = Regex.new("a+", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a ?" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a?")
+      regex = Regex.new("a?", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a multiplicity count" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a{5}")
+      regex = Regex.new("a{5}", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a minimum-only multiplicity count" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a{5,}")
+      regex = Regex.new("a{5,}", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a minimum and maximum multiplicity count" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a{5,8}")
+      regex = Regex.new("a{5,8}", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses an escaped *" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a\\*")
+      regex = Regex.new("a\\*", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses an escaped +" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a\\+")
+      regex = Regex.new("a\\+", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses an escaped \\" do
-      regex = Regex.new("\\\\d")
+      regex = Regex.new("\\\\d", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[a-z_]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[a-z_]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a negated character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[^xyz]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[^xyz]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -189,8 +189,25 @@ class Propane
       expect(ccu[0].first).to eq "x".ord
     end
 
+    it "parses a negated character class with inner character classes" do
+      regex = Regex.new("[^x\\sz]", 1)
+      expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
+      expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
+      expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
+      seq_unit = regex.unit.alternates[0]
+      expect(seq_unit.size).to eq 1
+      expect(seq_unit[0]).to be_a Regex::CharacterClassUnit
+      ccu = seq_unit[0]
+      expect(ccu.negate).to be_truthy
+      expect(ccu.size).to eq 8
+      expect(ccu[0]).to be_a Regex::CharacterRangeUnit
+      expect(ccu[0].first).to eq "x".ord
+      expect(ccu[1].first).to eq " ".ord
+      expect(ccu[7].first).to eq "z".ord
+    end
+
     it "parses - as a plain character at beginning of a character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[-9]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[-9]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -204,7 +221,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses - as a plain character at end of a character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[0-]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[0-]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -220,7 +237,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses - as a plain character at beginning of a negated character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[^-9]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[^-9]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -235,7 +252,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses . as a plain character in a character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[.]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[.]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -250,7 +267,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses - as a plain character when escaped in middle of character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[0\\-9]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[0\\-9]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -269,7 +286,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses alternates" do
-      regex = Regex.new("ab|c")
+      regex = Regex.new("ab|c", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 2
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -279,7 +296,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a ." do
-      regex = Regex.new("a.b")
+      regex = Regex.new("a.b", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -290,7 +307,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses something complex" do
-      regex = Regex.new("(a|)*|[^^]|\\|v|[x-y]+")
+      regex = Regex.new("(a|)*|[^^]|\\|v|[x-y]+", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 4
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit

spec/propane_spec.rb

@@ -65,26 +65,47 @@ EOF
   end
 
   def compile(test_files, options = {})
-    test_files = Array(test_files)
+    test_files = Array(test_files).map do |test_file|
+      if !File.exist?(test_file) && test_file.end_with?(".cpp")
+        test_file.sub(%r{\.cpp$}, ".c")
+      else
+        test_file
+      end
+    end
     options[:parsers] ||= [""]
     parsers = options[:parsers].map do |name|
       "spec/run/testparser#{name}.#{options[:language]}"
     end
     case options[:language]
     when "c"
-      result = system(*%w[gcc -Wall -o spec/run/testparser -Ispec -Ispec/run], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.c", "-lm")
+      command = [*%w[gcc -g -Wall -o spec/run/testparser -Ispec -Ispec/run], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.c", "-lm"]
+    when "cpp"
+      command = [*%w[g++ -g -x c++ -Wall -o spec/run/testparser -Ispec -Ispec/run], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.c", "-lm"]
     when "d"
-      result = system(*%w[ldc2 --unittest -of spec/run/testparser -Ispec], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.d")
+      command = [*%w[ldc2 -g --unittest -of spec/run/testparser -Ispec], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.d"]
     end
+    result = system(*command)
     expect(result).to be_truthy
   end
 
-  def run_test
+  def run_test(options)
     stdout, stderr, status = Open3.capture3("spec/run/testparser")
     File.binwrite("spec/run/.stderr", stderr)
     File.binwrite("spec/run/.stdout", stdout)
     stderr.sub!(/^.*modules passed unittests\n/, "")
-    Results.new(stdout, stderr, status)
+    results = Results.new(stdout, stderr, status)
+    if %w[c cpp].include?(options[:language])
+      stdout, stderr, status = Open3.capture3("valgrind --leak-check=full --show-leak-kinds=all --track-origins=yes --verbose spec/run/testparser")
+      vgout = stdout + stderr
+      File.binwrite("spec/run/.vgout", vgout)
+      vgout.scan(/lost: (\d+) bytes/) do |match|
+        bytes = $1.to_i
+        if bytes > 0
+          raise "Valgrind detected memory leak"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    results
   end
 
   def lines(str)
@@ -224,20 +245,20 @@ EOF
     expect(results.status).to_not eq 0
   end
 
-  it "errors when an alias is in different positions for different rules in a rule set when AST mode is enabled" do
+  it "errors when an alias is in different positions for different rules in a rule set when tree mode is enabled" do
     write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 token a;
 token b;
 Start -> a:foo b;
 Start -> b b:foo;
 EOF
     results = run_propane(extra_args: %w[-w], capture: true)
-    expect(results.stderr).to match %r{Error: conflicting AST node field positions for alias `foo`}
+    expect(results.stderr).to match %r{Error: conflicting tree node field positions for alias `foo`}
     expect(results.status).to_not eq 0
   end
 
-  it "does not error when an alias is in different positions for different rules in a rule set when AST mode is not enabled" do
+  it "does not error when an alias is in different positions for different rules in a rule set when tree mode is not enabled" do
     write_grammar <<EOF
 token a;
 token b;
@@ -249,7 +270,19 @@ EOF
     expect(results.status).to eq 0
   end
 
-  %w[d c].each do |language|
+  it "shows error line number for unmatched left curly brace" do
+    write_grammar <<EOF
+# Line 1
+# Line 2
+token a /a{/;
+Start -> a;
+EOF
+    results = run_propane(capture: true)
+    expect(results.stderr).to match /Line 3: unexpected match count following \{/
+    expect(results.status).to_not eq 0
+  end
+
+  %w[d c cpp].each do |language|
 
     context "#{language.upcase} language" do
 
@@ -265,14 +298,14 @@ Foo -> plus <<>>
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "detects a lexer error when an unknown character is seen" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 ptype int;
 token int /\\d+/ <<
@@ -303,7 +336,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer_unknown_character.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -326,7 +359,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "generates a parser that does basic math - user guide example" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <math.h>
@@ -397,7 +430,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_basic_math_grammar.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -423,7 +456,7 @@ R2 -> a b;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_parser_identical_rules_lookahead.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
@@ -438,13 +471,13 @@ R1 -> b;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_parser_rule_from_multiple_states.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "executes user code when matching lexer token" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -473,7 +506,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_user_code.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "abc!",
@@ -486,7 +519,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "supports a pattern statement" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -509,7 +542,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_pattern.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "def!",
@@ -522,7 +555,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "supports returning tokens from pattern code blocks" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -551,7 +584,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_return_token_from_pattern.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "def!",
@@ -562,7 +595,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "supports lexer modes" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -609,7 +642,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer_modes.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "begin string mode",
@@ -621,9 +654,65 @@ EOF
         ])
       end
 
+      it "multiple lexer modes may apply to a pattern" do
+        case language
+        when "c", "cpp"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+#include <stdio.h>
+>>
+ptype char;
+token abc;
+token def;
+default, identonly: token ident /[a-z]+/ <<
+  $$ = match[0];
+  $mode(default);
+  return $token(ident);
+>>
+token dot /\\./ <<
+  $mode(identonly);
+>>
+default, identonly: drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> abc dot ident <<
+  printf("ident: %c\\n", $3);
+>>
+EOF
+        when "d"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+import std.stdio;
+>>
+ptype char;
+token abc;
+token def;
+default, identonly: token ident /[a-z]+/ <<
+  $$ = match[0];
+  $mode(default);
+>>
+token dot /\\./ <<
+  $mode(identonly);
+>>
+default, identonly: drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> abc dot ident <<
+  writeln("ident: ", $3);
+>>
+EOF
+        end
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_lexer_multiple_modes.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+        verify_lines(results.stdout, [
+          "ident: d",
+          "pass1",
+          "ident: a",
+          "pass2",
+        ])
+      end
+
       it "executes user code associated with a parser rule" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -648,7 +737,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_parser_rule_user_code.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "A!",
@@ -659,7 +748,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "parses lists" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ptype #{language == "c" ? "uint32_t" : "uint"};
+ptype #{language == "d" ? "uint" : "uint32_t"};
 token a;
 Start -> As << $$ = $1; >>
 As -> << $$ = 0u; >>
@@ -667,7 +756,7 @@ As -> As a << $$ = $1 + 1u; >>
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_parsing_lists.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
       end
@@ -694,14 +783,14 @@ EOF
 
       it "provides matched text to user code blocks" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 >>
 token id /[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*/ <<
-  char * t = malloc(match_length + 1);
+  char * t = (char *)malloc(match_length + 1);
   strncpy(t, (char *)match, match_length);
   printf("Matched token is %s\\n", t);
   free(t);
@@ -721,7 +810,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer_match_text.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "Matched token is identifier_123",
@@ -731,7 +820,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "allows storing a result value for the lexer" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 ptype uint64_t;
 token word /[a-z]+/ <<
@@ -754,7 +843,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer_result_value.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -769,13 +858,14 @@ Start -> a num;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_error_positions.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "allows creating a JSON parser" do
-        write_grammar(File.read("spec/json_parser.#{language}.propane"))
+        ext = language == "cpp" ? "c" : language
+        write_grammar(File.read("spec/json_parser.#{ext}.propane"))
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile(["spec/test_parsing_json.#{language}", "spec/json_types.#{language}"], language: language)
       end
@@ -797,7 +887,7 @@ Start -> b c b;
 EOF
         run_propane(name: "myp2", language: language)
         compile("spec/test_multiple_parsers.#{language}", parsers: %w[myp1 myp2], language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -816,7 +906,7 @@ Any -> c;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_user_terminate_lexer.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -834,14 +924,14 @@ Any -> ;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_user_terminate.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "matches backslash escape sequences" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
   #include <stdio.h>
@@ -878,7 +968,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_match_backslashes.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
@@ -906,9 +996,9 @@ EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
       end
 
-      it "generates an AST" do
+      it "generates a tree" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 ptype int;
 
@@ -942,17 +1032,17 @@ One -> one;
 Two -> two;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        compile("spec/test_tree.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "supports AST node prefix and suffix" do
+      it "supports tree node prefix and suffix" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
-ast_prefix P ;
-ast_suffix  S;
+tree;
+tree_prefix P ;
+tree_suffix  S;
 
 ptype int;
 
@@ -986,8 +1076,8 @@ One -> one;
 Two -> two;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast_ps.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        compile("spec/test_tree_ps.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -1002,15 +1092,15 @@ EOF
         compile("spec/test_start_rule.#{language}", language: language)
       end
 
-      it "allows specifying a different start rule with AST generation" do
+      it "allows specifying a different start rule with tree generation" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 token hi;
 start Top;
 Top -> hi;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_start_rule_ast.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_start_rule_tree.#{language}", language: language)
       end
 
       it "allows marking a rule component as optional" do
@@ -1055,13 +1145,13 @@ Start -> a? b R? <<
   printf("b: %d\\n", $2);
   printf("R: %s\\n", $3 == NULL ? "" : $3);
 >>
-R -> c d << $$ = "cd"; >>
-R (string) -> d c << $$ = "dc"; >>
+R -> c d << $$ = (char *)"cd"; >>
+R (string) -> d c << $$ = (char *)"dc"; >>
 EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_optional_rule_component.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
@@ -1077,10 +1167,10 @@ EOF
         ])
       end
 
-      it "allows marking a rule component as optional in AST generation mode" do
+      it "allows marking a rule component as optional in tree generation mode" do
         if language == "d"
           write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 <<
 import std.stdio;
@@ -1096,7 +1186,7 @@ R -> d c;
 EOF
         else
           write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -1112,16 +1202,16 @@ R -> d c;
 EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_optional_rule_component_ast.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        compile("spec/test_optional_rule_component_tree.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "allows naming an optional rule component in AST generation mode" do
+      it "allows naming an optional rule component in tree generation mode" do
         if language == "d"
           write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 <<
 import std.stdio;
@@ -1137,7 +1227,7 @@ R -> d c;
 EOF
         else
           write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -1153,15 +1243,15 @@ R -> d c;
 EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_named_optional_rule_component_ast.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        compile("spec/test_named_optional_rule_component_tree.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "stores token and rule positions in AST nodes" do
+      it "stores token and rule positions in tree nodes" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 token a;
 token bb;
@@ -1173,15 +1263,15 @@ T -> bb;
 T -> c;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast_token_positions.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        compile("spec/test_tree_token_positions.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "stores invalid positions for empty rule matches" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 token a;
 token bb;
@@ -1193,15 +1283,15 @@ T -> a A;
 A -> bb? c?;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast_invalid_positions.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        compile("spec/test_tree_invalid_positions.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "allows specifying field aliases in AST mode" do
+      it "allows specifying field aliases in tree mode" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 token a;
 token b;
@@ -1213,13 +1303,36 @@ T -> b;
 T -> c;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        compile("spec/test_tree_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "allows specifying field aliases when AST mode is not enabled" do
+      it "aliases the correct field when multiple rules are in a rule set in tree mode" do
+        write_grammar <<EOF
+tree;
+
+token a;
+token b;
+token c;
+drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> a;
+Start -> Foo;
+Start -> T:first T:second T:third;
+Foo -> b;
+T -> a;
+T -> b;
+T -> c;
+EOF
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      it "allows specifying field aliases when tree mode is not enabled" do
         if language == "d"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
@@ -1241,9 +1354,9 @@ EOF
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 >>
-ptype char const *;
+ptype char *;
 token id /[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*/ <<
-  char * s = malloc(match_length + 1);
+  char * s = (char *)malloc(match_length + 1);
   strncpy(s, (char const *)match, match_length);
   s[match_length] = 0;
   $$ = s;
@@ -1252,16 +1365,151 @@ drop /\\s+/;
 Start -> id:first id:second <<
   printf("first is %s\\n", ${first});
   printf("second is %s\\n", ${second});
+  free(${first});
+  free(${second});
 >>
 EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         expect(results.stdout).to match /first is foo1.*second is bar2/m
       end
+
+      it "aliases the correct field when multiple rules are in a rule set when tree mode is not enabled" do
+        if language == "d"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+import std.stdio;
+>>
+ptype string;
+token id /[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*/ <<
+  $$ = match;
+>>
+drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> id;
+Start -> Foo;
+Start -> id:first id:second <<
+  writeln("first is ", ${first});
+  writeln("second is ", ${second});
+>>
+Foo -> ;
+EOF
+        else
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+>>
+ptype char *;
+token id /[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*/ <<
+  char * s = (char *)malloc(match_length + 1);
+  strncpy(s, (char const *)match, match_length);
+  s[match_length] = 0;
+  $$ = s;
+>>
+drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> id;
+Start -> Foo;
+Start -> id:first id:second <<
+  printf("first is %s\\n", ${first});
+  printf("second is %s\\n", ${second});
+  free(${first});
+  free(${second});
+>>
+Foo -> ;
+EOF
+        end
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+        expect(results.stdout).to match /first is foo1.*second is bar2/m
+      end
+
+      it "does not free memory allocated for tree nodes" do
+        ext = language == "cpp" ? "c" : language
+        write_grammar(File.read("spec/tree_node_memory_remains.#{ext}.propane"))
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree_node_memory_remains.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      it "allows multiple starting rules" do
+    write_grammar <<EOF
+ptype int;
+token a << $$ = 1; >>
+token b << $$ = 2; >>
+token c << $$ = 3; >>
+Start -> a b R;
+Start -> Bs:bs << $$ = $1; >>
+R -> c:c << $$ = $1; >>
+Bs -> << $$ = 0; >>
+Bs -> b:b Bs:bs << $$ = $1 + $2; >>
+start Start R Bs;
+EOF
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_starting_rules.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      it "allows multiple starting rules in tree mode" do
+    write_grammar <<EOF
+tree;
+ptype int;
+token a << $$ = 1; >>
+token b << $$ = 2; >>
+token c << $$ = 3; >>
+Start -> a b R;
+Start -> Bs:bs;
+R -> c:c;
+Bs -> ;
+Bs -> b:b Bs:bs;
+start Start R Bs;
+EOF
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_starting_rules_tree.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      if %w[c cpp].include?(language)
+        it "allows a user function to free token node memory in tree mode" do
+    write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+static void free_token(Token * token)
+{
+    free(token->pvalue);
+}
+>>
+tree;
+free_token_node free_token;
+ptype int *;
+token a <<
+  $$ = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
+  *$$ = 1;
+>>
+token b <<
+  $$ = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
+  *$$ = 2;
+>>
+Start -> a:a b:b;
+EOF
+          run_propane(language: language)
+          compile("spec/test_free_tree_token_node_memory.#{language}", language: language)
+          results = run_test(language: language)
+          expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+          expect(results.status).to eq 0
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end

spec/spec_helper.rb

@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ unless ENV["dist_specs"]
   require "bundler/setup"
   require "simplecov"
 
+  class MyFormatter
+    def format(*args)
+    end
+  end
   SimpleCov.start do
     add_filter "/spec/"
     add_filter "/.bundle/"
@@ -12,6 +16,7 @@ unless ENV["dist_specs"]
     end
     project_name "Propane"
     merge_timeout 3600
+    formatter(MyFormatter)
   end
 
   RSpec.configure do |config|

spec/test_free_tree_token_node_memory.c

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "ab";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start->a != NULL);
+    assert(*start->a->pvalue == 1);
+    assert(start->b != NULL);
+    assert(*start->b->pvalue == 2);
+
+    p_free_tree(start);
+}

spec/test_lexer_multiple_modes.c

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "abc.def";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass1\n");
+
+    input = "abc .  abc";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass2\n");
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_lexer_multiple_modes.d

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = `abc.def`;
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    writeln("pass1");
+
+    input = `abc .  abc`;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    writeln("pass2");
+}

spec/test_named_optional_rule_component_tree.c

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pR == NULL);
     assert(start->r == NULL);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "abcd";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
@@ -31,6 +33,8 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pR == start->r);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start->pR->pToken1->token);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "bdc";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
@@ -40,6 +44,8 @@ int main()
     assert(start->r != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_d, start->pR->pToken1->token);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     return 0;
 }
 

spec/test_optional_rule_component_tree.c

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pR3 == NULL);
     assert(start->pR == NULL);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "abcd";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
@@ -28,6 +30,8 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pR == start->pR3);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start->pR->pToken1->token);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "bdc";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
@@ -37,6 +41,8 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pR != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_d, start->pR->pToken1->token);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     return 0;
 }
 

spec/test_start_rule_tree.c

@@ -13,5 +13,7 @@ int main()
     assert(top->pToken != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_hi, top->pToken->token);
 
+    p_free_tree(top);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_starting_rules.c

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "bbbb";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    int result = p_result(&context);
+    assert_eq(8, result);
+
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse_Bs(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    result = p_result_Bs(&context);
+    assert_eq(8, result);
+
+    input = "c";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse_R(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    result = p_result_R(&context);
+    assert_eq(3, result);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_starting_rules.d

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "bbbb";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    int result = p_result(&context);
+    assert(result == 8);
+
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse_Bs(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    result = p_result_Bs(&context);
+    assert(result == 8);
+
+    input = "c";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse_R(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    result = p_result_R(&context);
+    assert(result == 3);
+}

spec/test_starting_rules_tree.c

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "bbbb";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs->bs->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs->bs->bs->bs->b);
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse_Bs(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Bs * bs = p_result_Bs(&context);
+    assert_not_null(bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(bs->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(bs->bs->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(bs->bs->bs->bs->b);
+    p_free_tree_Bs(bs);
+
+    input = "c";
+    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse_R(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    R * r = p_result_R(&context);
+    assert_not_null(r->c);
+    p_free_tree_R(r);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_starting_rules_tree.d

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "bbbb";
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    assert(start.bs);
+    assert(start.bs.b);
+    assert(start.bs.bs.b);
+    assert(start.bs.bs.bs.b);
+    assert(start.bs.bs.bs.bs.b);
+
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse_Bs(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Bs * bs = p_result_Bs(&context);
+    assert(bs.b);
+    assert(bs.bs.b);
+    assert(bs.bs.bs.b);
+    assert(bs.bs.bs.bs.b);
+
+    input = "c";
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse_R(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    R * r = p_result_R(&context);
+    assert(r.c);
+}

spec/test_tree.c

@@ -33,12 +33,16 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(22, itemsmore->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
     assert(itemsmore->pItemsMore == NULL);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
     start = p_result(&context);
     assert(start->pItems == NULL);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "2 1";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
@@ -51,5 +55,7 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pTwo2 == NULL);
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pOne1 == NULL);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree_field_aliases.c

@@ -15,5 +15,7 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start->second->pToken->token);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start->third->pToken->token);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree_invalid_positions.c

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(3, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(8, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "a\nbb";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
@@ -54,6 +56,8 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(2, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(2, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "a\nc\nc";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
@@ -78,6 +82,8 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(3, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "a";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
@@ -98,5 +104,7 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(1, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree_node_memory_remains.c

@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char * argv[])
+{
+    const char * input =
+        "# 0\n"
+        "def byte_val() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 1\n"
+        "def short_val() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x4242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 2\n"
+        "def int_val() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42424242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 3\n"
+        "def long_val() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x4242_4242_4242_4242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 4\n"
+        "def ssize_t_val() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42424242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 5\n"
+        "def byte_to_short() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return byte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 6\n"
+        "def byte_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return byte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 7\n"
+        "def byte_to_long() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return byte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 8\n"
+        "def byte_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return byte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 9\n"
+        "def short_to_byte() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return short_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 10\n"
+        "def short_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return short_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 11\n"
+        "def short_to_long() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return short_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 12\n"
+        "def short_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return short_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 13\n"
+        "def int_to_byte() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 14\n"
+        "def int_to_short() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 15\n"
+        "def int_to_long() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 16\n"
+        "def int_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 17\n"
+        "def long_to_byte() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return long_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 18\n"
+        "def long_to_short() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return long_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 19\n"
+        "def long_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return long_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 20\n"
+        "def long_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return long_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 21\n"
+        "def ssize_t_to_byte() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ssize_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 22\n"
+        "def ssize_t_to_short() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ssize_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 23\n"
+        "def ssize_t_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ssize_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 24\n"
+        "def ssize_t_to_long() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ssize_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 25\n"
+        "def ubyte_val() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 26\n"
+        "def ushort_val() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x4242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 27\n"
+        "def uint_val() -> uint\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42424242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 28\n"
+        "def ulong_val() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x4242_4242_4242_4242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 29\n"
+        "def size_t_val() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42424242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 30\n"
+        "def ubyte_to_ushort() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ubyte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 31\n"
+        "def ubyte_to_uint() -> uint\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ubyte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 32\n"
+        "def ubyte_to_ulong() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ubyte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 33\n"
+        "def ubyte_to_size_t() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ubyte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 34\n"
+        "def ushort_to_ubyte() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ushort_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 35\n"
+        "def ushort_to_uint() -> uint\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ushort_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 36\n"
+        "def ushort_to_ulong() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ushort_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 37\n"
+        "def ushort_to_size_t() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ushort_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 38\n"
+        "def uint_to_ubyte() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return uint_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 39\n"
+        "def uint_to_ushort() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return uint_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 40\n"
+        "def uint_to_ulong() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return uint_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 41\n"
+        "def uint_to_size_t() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return uint_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 42\n"
+        "def ulong_to_ubyte() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ulong_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 43\n"
+        "def ulong_to_ushort() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ulong_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 44\n"
+        "def ulong_to_uint() -> uint\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ulong_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 45\n"
+        "def ulong_to_size_t() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ulong_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 46\n"
+        "def size_t_to_ubyte() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return size_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 47\n"
+        "def size_t_to_ushort() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return size_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 48\n"
+        "def size_t_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return size_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 49\n"
+        "def size_t_to_ulong() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return size_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 50\n"
+        "def main() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n";
+    struct
+    {
+        const char * name;
+        p_token_t token;
+    } expected[] = {
+        {"byte_val", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"short_val", TOKEN_short},
+        {"int_val", TOKEN_int},
+        {"long_val", TOKEN_long},
+        {"ssize_t_val", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"byte_to_short", TOKEN_short},
+        {"byte_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"byte_to_long", TOKEN_long},
+        {"byte_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"short_to_byte", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"short_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"short_to_long", TOKEN_long},
+        {"short_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"int_to_byte", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"int_to_short", TOKEN_short},
+        {"int_to_long", TOKEN_long},
+        {"int_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"long_to_byte", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"long_to_short", TOKEN_short},
+        {"long_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"long_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"ssize_t_to_byte", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"ssize_t_to_short", TOKEN_short},
+        {"ssize_t_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"ssize_t_to_long", TOKEN_long},
+        {"ubyte_val", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"ushort_val", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"uint_val", TOKEN_uint},
+        {"ulong_val", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"size_t_val", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"ubyte_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"ubyte_to_uint", TOKEN_uint},
+        {"ubyte_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"ubyte_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"ushort_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"ushort_to_uint", TOKEN_uint},
+        {"ushort_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"ushort_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"uint_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"uint_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"uint_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"uint_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"ulong_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"ulong_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"ulong_to_uint", TOKEN_uint},
+        {"ulong_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"size_t_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"size_t_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"size_t_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"size_t_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"main", TOKEN_int},
+    };
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, (const uint8_t *)input, strlen(input));
+    size_t result = p_parse(&context);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, result);
+    PModule * pmod = p_result(&context);
+    PModuleItems * pmis = pmod->pModuleItems;
+    PFunctionDefinition ** pfds;
+    size_t n_pfds = 0u;
+    while (pmis != NULL)
+    {
+        PModuleItem * pmi = pmis->pModuleItem;
+        if (pmi->pFunctionDefinition != NULL)
+        {
+            n_pfds++;
+        }
+        pmis = pmis->pModuleItems;
+    }
+    pfds = (PFunctionDefinition **)malloc(n_pfds * sizeof(PModuleItems *));
+    pmis = pmod->pModuleItems;
+    size_t pfd_i = n_pfds;
+    while (pmis != NULL)
+    {
+        PModuleItem * pmi = pmis->pModuleItem;
+        PFunctionDefinition * pfd = pmi->pFunctionDefinition;
+        if (pfd != NULL)
+        {
+            pfd_i--;
+            assert(pfd_i < n_pfds);
+            pfds[pfd_i] = pfd;
+        }
+        pmis = pmis->pModuleItems;
+    }
+    assert_eq(51, n_pfds);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_pfds; i++)
+    {
+        if (strncmp(expected[i].name, (const char *)pfds[i]->name->pvalue.s, strlen(expected[i].name)) != 0 ||
+            (expected[i].token != pfds[i]->returntype->pType->pTypeBase->pToken1->token))
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Index %lu: expected %s/%u, got %u\n", i, expected[i].name, expected[i].token, pfds[i]->returntype->pType->pTypeBase->pToken1->token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(pfds);
+    p_free_tree(pmod);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_tree_node_memory_remains.d

@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "
+# 0
+def byte_val() -> byte
+{
+    return 0x42;
+}
+
+# 1
+def short_val() -> short
+{
+    return 0x4242;
+}
+
+# 2
+def int_val() -> int
+{
+    return 0x42424242;
+}
+
+# 3
+def long_val() -> long
+{
+    return 0x4242_4242_4242_4242;
+}
+
+# 4
+def ssize_t_val() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return 0x42424242;
+}
+
+# 5
+def byte_to_short() -> short
+{
+    return byte_val();
+}
+
+# 6
+def byte_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return byte_val();
+}
+
+# 7
+def byte_to_long() -> long
+{
+    return byte_val();
+}
+
+# 8
+def byte_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return byte_val();
+}
+
+# 9
+def short_to_byte() -> byte
+{
+    return short_val();
+}
+
+# 10
+def short_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return short_val();
+}
+
+# 11
+def short_to_long() -> long
+{
+    return short_val();
+}
+
+# 12
+def short_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return short_val();
+}
+
+# 13
+def int_to_byte() -> byte
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+
+# 14
+def int_to_short() -> short
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+
+# 15
+def int_to_long() -> long
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+
+# 16
+def int_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+
+# 17
+def long_to_byte() -> byte
+{
+    return long_val();
+}
+
+# 18
+def long_to_short() -> short
+{
+    return long_val();
+}
+
+# 19
+def long_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return long_val();
+}
+
+# 20
+def long_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return long_val();
+}
+
+# 21
+def ssize_t_to_byte() -> byte
+{
+    return ssize_t_val();
+}
+
+# 22
+def ssize_t_to_short() -> short
+{
+    return ssize_t_val();
+}
+
+# 23
+def ssize_t_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return ssize_t_val();
+}
+
+# 24
+def ssize_t_to_long() -> long
+{
+    return ssize_t_val();
+}
+
+# 25
+def ubyte_val() -> ubyte
+{
+    return 0x42;
+}
+
+# 26
+def ushort_val() -> ushort
+{
+    return 0x4242;
+}
+
+# 27
+def uint_val() -> uint
+{
+    return 0x42424242;
+}
+
+# 28
+def ulong_val() -> ulong
+{
+    return 0x4242_4242_4242_4242;
+}
+
+# 29
+def size_t_val() -> size_t
+{
+    return 0x42424242;
+}
+
+# 30
+def ubyte_to_ushort() -> ushort
+{
+    return ubyte_val();
+}
+
+# 31
+def ubyte_to_uint() -> uint
+{
+    return ubyte_val();
+}
+
+# 32
+def ubyte_to_ulong() -> ulong
+{
+    return ubyte_val();
+}
+
+# 33
+def ubyte_to_size_t() -> size_t
+{
+    return ubyte_val();
+}
+
+# 34
+def ushort_to_ubyte() -> ubyte
+{
+    return ushort_val();
+}
+
+# 35
+def ushort_to_uint() -> uint
+{
+    return ushort_val();
+}
+
+# 36
+def ushort_to_ulong() -> ulong
+{
+    return ushort_val();
+}
+
+# 37
+def ushort_to_size_t() -> size_t
+{
+    return ushort_val();
+}
+
+# 38
+def uint_to_ubyte() -> ubyte
+{
+    return uint_val();
+}
+
+# 39
+def uint_to_ushort() -> ushort
+{
+    return uint_val();
+}
+
+# 40
+def uint_to_ulong() -> ulong
+{
+    return uint_val();
+}
+
+# 41
+def uint_to_size_t() -> size_t
+{
+    return uint_val();
+}
+
+# 42
+def ulong_to_ubyte() -> ubyte
+{
+    return ulong_val();
+}
+
+# 43
+def ulong_to_ushort() -> ushort
+{
+    return ulong_val();
+}
+
+# 44
+def ulong_to_uint() -> uint
+{
+    return ulong_val();
+}
+
+# 45
+def ulong_to_size_t() -> size_t
+{
+    return ulong_val();
+}
+
+# 46
+def size_t_to_ubyte() -> ubyte
+{
+    return size_t_val();
+}
+
+# 47
+def size_t_to_ushort() -> ushort
+{
+    return size_t_val();
+}
+
+# 48
+def size_t_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return size_t_val();
+}
+
+# 49
+def size_t_to_ulong() -> ulong
+{
+    return size_t_val();
+}
+
+# 50
+def main() -> int
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+";
+    struct Expected
+    {
+        string name;
+        p_token_t token;
+    }
+    Expected[] expected = [
+        Expected("byte_val", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("short_val", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("int_val", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("long_val", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("ssize_t_val", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("byte_to_short", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("byte_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("byte_to_long", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("byte_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("short_to_byte", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("short_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("short_to_long", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("short_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("int_to_byte", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("int_to_short", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("int_to_long", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("int_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("long_to_byte", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("long_to_short", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("long_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("long_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("ssize_t_to_byte", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("ssize_t_to_short", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("ssize_t_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("ssize_t_to_long", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("ubyte_val", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("ushort_val", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("uint_val", TOKEN_uint),
+        Expected("ulong_val", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("size_t_val", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("ubyte_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("ubyte_to_uint", TOKEN_uint),
+        Expected("ubyte_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("ubyte_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("ushort_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("ushort_to_uint", TOKEN_uint),
+        Expected("ushort_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("ushort_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("uint_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("uint_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("uint_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("uint_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("ulong_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("ulong_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("ulong_to_uint", TOKEN_uint),
+        Expected("ulong_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("size_t_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("size_t_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("size_t_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("size_t_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("main", TOKEN_int),
+    ];
+    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    size_t result = p_parse(&context);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, result);
+    PModule * pmod = p_result(&context);
+    PModuleItems * pmis = pmod.pModuleItems;
+    PFunctionDefinition *[] pfds;
+    while (pmis !is null)
+    {
+        PModuleItem * pmi = pmis.pModuleItem;
+        if (pmi is null)
+        {
+            stderr.writeln("pmi is null!!!?");
+            assert(0);
+        }
+        PFunctionDefinition * pfd = pmi.pFunctionDefinition;
+        if (pfd !is null)
+        {
+            pfds = [pfd] ~ pfds;
+        }
+        pmis = pmis.pModuleItems;
+    }
+    assert_eq(51, pfds.length);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < pfds.length; i++)
+    {
+        if ((expected[i].name != pfds[i].name.pvalue.s) ||
+            (expected[i].token != pfds[i].returntype.pType.pTypeBase.pToken1.token))
+        {
+            stderr.writeln("Index ", i, ": expected ", expected[i].name, "/", expected[i].token, ", got ", pfds[i].name.pvalue.s, "/", pfds[i].returntype.pType.pTypeBase.pToken1.token);
+        }
+    }
+}

spec/test_tree_ps.c

@@ -33,12 +33,16 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(22, itemsmore->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
     assert(itemsmore->pItemsMore == NULL);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
     start = p_result(&context);
     assert(start->pItems == NULL);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "2 1";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
@@ -51,5 +55,7 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pTwo2 == NULL);
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pOne1 == NULL);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree_token_positions.c

@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(1, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(6, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     input = "\n\n  bb\nc\ncc\n\n     a";
     p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
     assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
@@ -80,5 +82,7 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(7, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(6, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_free_tree(start);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/testutils.c

@@ -14,10 +14,28 @@ void assert_eq_size_t_i(size_t expected, size_t actual, char const * file, size_
     }
 }
 
+void assert_ne_size_t_i(size_t expected, size_t actual, char const * file, size_t line)
+{
+    if (expected == actual)
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%lu: expected not %lu, got %lu\n", file, line, expected, actual);
+        assert(false);
+    }
+}
+
+void assert_not_null_i(void * ptr, char const * file, size_t line)
+{
+    if (ptr == NULL)
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%lu: expected not NULL\n", file, line);
+        assert(false);
+    }
+}
+
 void str_init(str_t * str, char const * cs)
 {
     size_t length = strlen(cs);
-    str->cs = malloc(length + 1u);
+    str->cs = (char *)malloc(length + 1u);
     strcpy(str->cs, cs);
 }
 
@@ -25,7 +43,7 @@ void str_append(str_t * str, char const * cs)
 {
     size_t length = strlen(str->cs);
     size_t length2 = strlen(cs);
-    char * new_cs = malloc(length + length2 + 1u);
+    char * new_cs = (char *)malloc(length + length2 + 1u);
     memcpy(new_cs, str->cs, length);
     strcpy(&new_cs[length], cs);
     free(str->cs);

spec/testutils.h

@@ -5,6 +5,16 @@ void assert_eq_size_t_i(size_t expected, size_t actual, char const * file, size_
 #define assert_eq(expected, actual) \
     assert_eq_size_t_i(expected, actual, __FILE__, __LINE__)
 
+void assert_ne_size_t_i(size_t expected, size_t actual, char const * file, size_t line);
+
+#define assert_ne(expected, actual) \
+    assert_ne_size_t_i(expected, actual, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
+void assert_not_null_i(void * ptr, char const * file, size_t line);
+
+#define assert_not_null(ptr) \
+    assert_not_null_i(ptr, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+
 typedef struct
 {
     char * cs;

spec/tree_node_memory_remains.c.propane

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+tree;
+tree_prefix P;
+
+<<header
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+typedef union
+{
+    uint64_t i64;
+    const uint8_t * s;
+    double dou;
+} TokenVal;
+>>
+
+ptype TokenVal;
+
+# Keywords.
+token byte;
+token def;
+token int;
+token long;
+token module;
+token return;
+token short;
+token size_t;
+token ssize_t;
+token ubyte;
+token uint;
+token ulong;
+token ushort;
+
+# Symbols.
+token arrow /->/;
+token comma /,/;
+token lbrace /\{/;
+token lparen /\(/;
+token rbrace /\}/;
+token rparen /\)/;
+token semicolon /;/;
+
+# Integer literals.
+token hex_int_l /0[xX][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F_]*/ <<
+  $$.i64 = 64u;
+>>
+
+# Identifier.
+token ident /\$?[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*\??/ <<
+  $$.s = match;
+  $mode(default);
+  return $token(ident);
+>>
+
+# Comments.
+drop /#.*/;
+
+# Whitespace.
+drop /[ \r\n]*/;
+
+start Module;
+
+# Assignment operators - right associative
+Expression -> Expression_Or:exp0;
+
+# Logical OR operator - left associative
+Expression_Or -> Expression_And:exp0;
+
+# Logical AND operator - left associative
+Expression_And -> Expression_Comp:exp0;
+
+# Equality operators - left associative
+Expression_Comp -> Expression_Relational:exp0;
+
+# Relational operators - left associative
+Expression_Relational -> Expression_REMatch:exp0;
+
+# Regular expression - left associative
+Expression_REMatch -> Expression_BinOr:exp0;
+
+# Binary OR operator - left associative
+Expression_BinOr -> Expression_Xor:exp0;
+
+# Binary XOR operator - left associative
+Expression_Xor -> Expression_BinAnd:exp0;
+
+# Binary AND operator - left associative
+Expression_BinAnd -> Expression_BitShift:exp0;
+
+# Bit shift operators - left associative
+Expression_BitShift -> Expression_Plus:exp0;
+
+# Add/subtract operators - left associative
+Expression_Plus -> Expression_Mul:exp0;
+
+# Multiplication/divide/modulus operators - left associative
+Expression_Mul -> Expression_Range:exp0;
+
+# Range construction operators - left associative
+Expression_Range -> Expression_UnaryPrefix:exp0;
+
+# Unary prefix operators
+Expression_UnaryPrefix -> Expression_Dot:exp0;
+
+# Postfix operators
+Expression_Dot -> Expression_Ident:exp0;
+Expression_Dot -> Expression_Dot:exp1 lparen rparen;
+
+# Literals, identifiers, and parenthesized expressions
+Expression_Ident -> Literal;
+Expression_Ident -> ident;
+
+FunctionDefinition -> def ident:name lparen FunctionParameterList?:parameters rparen FunctionReturnType?:returntype lbrace Statements rbrace;
+
+FunctionParameterList -> ident:name Type:type FunctionParameterListMore?:more;
+FunctionParameterListMore -> comma ident:name Type:type FunctionParameterListMore?:more;
+
+FunctionReturnType -> arrow Type;
+
+Literal -> LiteralInteger;
+LiteralInteger -> hex_int_l;
+
+Module -> ModuleStatement? ModuleItems;
+
+ModuleItem -> FunctionDefinition;
+
+ModuleItems -> ;
+ModuleItems -> ModuleItems ModuleItem;
+
+ModulePath -> ident;
+
+ModuleStatement -> module ModulePath semicolon;
+
+ReturnStatement -> return Expression?:exp0 semicolon;
+
+Statements -> ;
+Statements -> Statements Statement;
+Statement -> Expression semicolon;
+Statement -> ReturnStatement;
+
+Type -> TypeBase;
+
+TypeBase -> byte;
+TypeBase -> ubyte;
+TypeBase -> short;
+TypeBase -> ushort;
+TypeBase -> int;
+TypeBase -> uint;
+TypeBase -> long;
+TypeBase -> ulong;
+TypeBase -> size_t;
+TypeBase -> ssize_t;

spec/tree_node_memory_remains.d.propane

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+tree;
+tree_prefix P;
+
+<<
+import std.bigint;
+
+private string stringvalue;
+
+union TokenVal
+{
+    BigInt bi;
+    string s;
+    double dou;
+}
+>>
+
+ptype TokenVal;
+
+# Keywords.
+token byte;
+token def;
+token int;
+token long;
+token module;
+token return;
+token short;
+token size_t;
+token ssize_t;
+token ubyte;
+token uint;
+token ulong;
+token ushort;
+
+# Symbols.
+token arrow /->/;
+token comma /,/;
+token lbrace /\{/;
+token lparen /\(/;
+token rbrace /\}/;
+token rparen /\)/;
+token semicolon /;/;
+
+# Integer literals.
+token hex_int_l /0[xX][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F_]*/ <<
+  $$.bi = BigInt(match[0..3]);
+  foreach (c; match[3..$])
+  {
+    if (('0' <= c) && (c <= '9'))
+    {
+      $$.bi *= 0x10;
+      $$.bi += (c - '0');
+    }
+    if (('a' <= c) && (c <= 'f'))
+    {
+      $$.bi *= 0x10;
+      $$.bi += (c - 'a' + 10);
+    }
+    if (('A' <= c) && (c <= 'F'))
+    {
+      $$.bi *= 0x10;
+      $$.bi += (c - 'A' + 10);
+    }
+  }
+>>
+
+# Identifier.
+token ident /\$?[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*\??/ <<
+  if (match[0] == '$')
+  {
+    $$.s = match[1..$];
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    $$.s = match;
+  }
+  $mode(default);
+  return $token(ident);
+>>
+
+# Comments.
+drop /#.*/;
+
+# Whitespace.
+drop /[ \r\n]*/;
+
+start Module;
+
+# Assignment operators - right associative
+Expression -> Expression_Or:exp0;
+
+# Logical OR operator - left associative
+Expression_Or -> Expression_And:exp0;
+
+# Logical AND operator - left associative
+Expression_And -> Expression_Comp:exp0;
+
+# Equality operators - left associative
+Expression_Comp -> Expression_Relational:exp0;
+
+# Relational operators - left associative
+Expression_Relational -> Expression_REMatch:exp0;
+
+# Regular expression - left associative
+Expression_REMatch -> Expression_BinOr:exp0;
+
+# Binary OR operator - left associative
+Expression_BinOr -> Expression_Xor:exp0;
+
+# Binary XOR operator - left associative
+Expression_Xor -> Expression_BinAnd:exp0;
+
+# Binary AND operator - left associative
+Expression_BinAnd -> Expression_BitShift:exp0;
+
+# Bit shift operators - left associative
+Expression_BitShift -> Expression_Plus:exp0;
+
+# Add/subtract operators - left associative
+Expression_Plus -> Expression_Mul:exp0;
+
+# Multiplication/divide/modulus operators - left associative
+Expression_Mul -> Expression_Range:exp0;
+
+# Range construction operators - left associative
+Expression_Range -> Expression_UnaryPrefix:exp0;
+
+# Unary prefix operators
+Expression_UnaryPrefix -> Expression_Dot:exp0;
+
+# Postfix operators
+Expression_Dot -> Expression_Ident:exp0;
+Expression_Dot -> Expression_Dot:exp1 lparen rparen;
+
+# Literals, identifiers, and parenthesized expressions
+Expression_Ident -> Literal;
+Expression_Ident -> ident;
+
+FunctionDefinition -> def ident:name lparen FunctionParameterList?:parameters rparen FunctionReturnType?:returntype lbrace Statements rbrace;
+
+FunctionParameterList -> ident:name Type:type FunctionParameterListMore?:more;
+FunctionParameterListMore -> comma ident:name Type:type FunctionParameterListMore?:more;
+
+FunctionReturnType -> arrow Type;
+
+Literal -> LiteralInteger;
+LiteralInteger -> hex_int_l;
+
+Module -> ModuleStatement? ModuleItems;
+
+ModuleItem -> FunctionDefinition;
+
+ModuleItems -> ;
+ModuleItems -> ModuleItems ModuleItem;
+
+ModulePath -> ident;
+
+ModuleStatement -> module ModulePath semicolon;
+
+ReturnStatement -> return Expression?:exp0 semicolon;
+
+Statements -> ;
+Statements -> Statements Statement;
+Statement -> Expression semicolon;
+Statement -> ReturnStatement;
+
+Type -> TypeBase;
+
+TypeBase -> byte;
+TypeBase -> ubyte;
+TypeBase -> short;
+TypeBase -> ushort;
+TypeBase -> int;
+TypeBase -> uint;
+TypeBase -> long;
+TypeBase -> ulong;
+TypeBase -> size_t;
+TypeBase -> ssize_t;