Update CHANGELOG for v4.1.0

This issue manifested when multiple ptypes are present with different sizes.

.github/workflows/run-tests.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+name: Run Propane Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+    - master
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
+        ruby-version: ['3.4']
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Install dependencies (Linux)
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+      run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y gcc gdc ldc
+
+    - name: Install dependencies (macOS)
+      if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+      run: brew install gcc ldc
+
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Set up Ruby
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+      with:
+        ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby-version }}
+
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: bundle install
+
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: rake all

.rspec

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
---format documentation
 --color
 --require spec_helper

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,89 @@
+## v4.1.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Add `p_context_delete()` and `p_tree_delete()` for D targets.
+
+## v4.0.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Add `context_user_fields` statement to allow custom context user fields.
+- Add `token_user_fields` statement to allow custom token user fields.
+- Add `on_token_node` statement to allow custom code when constructing token nodes.
+- Add `free_token_node` statement to allow custom code when freeing token nodes.
+- Add `p_context_delete()`.
+- Allow `drop` patterns to execute lexer user code blocks.
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+- Replace `p_context_init()` with `p_context_new()` and `p_context_delete()`.
+- Renamed `p_free_tree()` to `p_tree_delete()`.
+- The `free_token_node` statement now takes a user code block instead of a
+  function name parameter.
+
+## v3.0.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Add support for multiple starting rules (#38)
+- Add `p_free_tree()` functions to reclaim generated tree memory
+- Add `free_token_node` grammar statement to reclaim user-allocated memory stored in a Token tree node `pvalue` field
+- Add valgrind memory leak tests to unit tests
+- Fix build issues for C++ to officially support C++ target output
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Document `p_lex()` and `p_token_info_t` in user guide (#37)
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+- Rename AST generation mode to tree generation mode (see [UPGRADING.md](UPGRADING.md))
+
+## v2.3.0
+
+### New Features
+
+- Add \D, \S, \w, \W special character classes
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Include line numbers for pattern errors
+- Improve performance in a few places
+- Parallelize parser table generation on Linux hosts
+- Add github workflow to run unit tests
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Fix a couple clang warnings for C backend
+- Fix C backend not fully initializing pvalues when multiple ptypes are used with different sizes.
+- Fix some user guide examples
+
+## v2.2.1
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Fix GC issue for D backend when AST is enabled (#36)
+
+## v2.2.0
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Allow multiple lexer modes to be specified for a lexer pattern (#35)
+- Document p_decode_code_point() API function (#34)
+
+## v2.1.1
+
+### Fixes
+
+- Field aliases for AST node fields could alias incorrect field when multiple rule alternatives present for one rule set (#33)
+
+## v2.1.0
+
+### Improvements
+
+- Report rule name and line number for conflicting AST node field positions errors (#32)
+
 ## v2.0.0
 
 ### Improvements

Gemfile

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 source "https://rubygems.org"
 
+gem "base64"
 gem "rake"
 gem "rspec"
 gem "rdoc"

Gemfile.lock

@@ -1,42 +1,48 @@
 GEM
   remote: https://rubygems.org/
   specs:
-    date (3.4.1)
+    base64 (0.3.0)
-    diff-lcs (1.5.1)
+    date (3.5.1)
+    diff-lcs (1.6.2)
     docile (1.4.1)
-    psych (5.2.2)
+    erb (6.0.1)
+    psych (5.3.1)
       date
       stringio
-    rake (13.2.1)
+    rake (13.3.1)
-    rdoc (6.10.0)
+    rdoc (7.2.0)
+      erb
       psych (>= 4.0.0)
-    redcarpet (3.6.0)
+      tsort
-    rspec (3.13.0)
+    redcarpet (3.6.1)
+    rspec (3.13.2)
       rspec-core (~> 3.13.0)
       rspec-expectations (~> 3.13.0)
       rspec-mocks (~> 3.13.0)
-    rspec-core (3.13.2)
+    rspec-core (3.13.6)
       rspec-support (~> 3.13.0)
-    rspec-expectations (3.13.3)
+    rspec-expectations (3.13.5)
       diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0)
       rspec-support (~> 3.13.0)
-    rspec-mocks (3.13.2)
+    rspec-mocks (3.13.7)
       diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0)
       rspec-support (~> 3.13.0)
-    rspec-support (3.13.2)
+    rspec-support (3.13.7)
     simplecov (0.22.0)
       docile (~> 1.1)
       simplecov-html (~> 0.11)
       simplecov_json_formatter (~> 0.1)
-    simplecov-html (0.13.1)
+    simplecov-html (0.13.2)
     simplecov_json_formatter (0.1.4)
-    stringio (3.1.2)
+    stringio (3.2.0)
     syntax (1.2.2)
+    tsort (0.2.0)
 
 PLATFORMS
   ruby
 
 DEPENDENCIES
+  base64
   rake
   rdoc
   redcarpet

README.md

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ Propane is a LALR Parser Generator (LPG) which:
   * generates a built-in lexer to tokenize input
   * supports UTF-8 lexer inputs
   * generates a table-driven shift/reduce parser to parse input in linear time
-  * targets C or D language outputs
+  * targets C, C++, or D language outputs
-  * optionally supports automatic full AST generation
+  * optionally supports automatic full parse tree generation
+  * supports starting parsing from multiple start rules
+  * tracks input text start and end positions for all matched tokens/rules
   * is MIT-licensed
   * is distributable as a standalone Ruby script
 

Rakefile.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require "rake/clean"
 require "rspec/core/rake_task"
+require "simplecov"
+require "stringio"
 
 CLEAN.include %w[spec/run gen .yardoc yard coverage dist]
 
@@ -12,6 +14,18 @@ RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec, :example_pattern) do |task, args|
     task.rspec_opts = %W[-e "#{args.example_pattern}" -f documentation]
   end
 end
+task :spec do |task, args|
+  unless ENV["dist_specs"]
+    original_stdout = $stdout
+    sio = StringIO.new
+    $stdout = sio
+    SimpleCov.collate Dir["coverage/.resultset.json"]
+    $stdout = original_stdout
+    sio.string.lines.each do |line|
+      $stdout.write(line) unless line =~ /Coverage report generated for/
+    end
+  end
+end
 
 # dspec task is useful to test the distributable release script, but is not
 # useful for coverage information.

UPGRADING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+## v4.0.0
+
+### API Changes
+
+- Replace any calls to `p_context_init()` with `p_context_new()`.
+- Replace any references to the address of a statically allocated context
+  structure with the pointer returned from `p_context_init()` (e.g. `&context`
+  -> `context`).
+- Add a call to `p_context_delete()` (for C or C++) after lexing/parsing to
+  reclaim context memory.
+- Rename `p_free_tree()` calls to `p_tree_delete()`.
+- Change `free_token_node` statement calls from taking a function name argument
+  to taking a user code block.
+
+## v3.0.0
+
+### Grammar Changes
+
+- Rename `ast;` statement to `tree;`.
+- Rename `ast_prefix;` statement to `tree_prefix;`.
+- Rename `ast_suffix;` statement to `tree_suffix;`.

assets/parser.c.erb

@@ -43,29 +43,52 @@ const char * <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_names[] = {
  *************************************************************************/
 
 /**
- * Initialize lexer/parser context structure.
+ * Allocate and initialize lexer/parser context structure.
+ *
+ * Deinitialize and deallocate with <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_delete().
  *
- * @param[out] context
- *   Lexer/parser context structure.
  * @param input
  *   Text input.
  * @param input_length
  *   Text input length.
+ *
+ * @return Context structure for lexer/parser.
  */
-void <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_init(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, uint8_t const * input, size_t input_length)
+<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_new(uint8_t const * input, size_t input_length)
 {
-    /* New default-initialized context structure. */
+<% if @cpp %>
-    <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t newcontext = {0};
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context = new <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t();
+<% else %>
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context = (<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t *)calloc(1, sizeof(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t));
+<% end %>
 
     /* Lexer initialization. */
-    newcontext.input = input;
+    context->input = input;
-    newcontext.input_length = input_length;
+    context->input_length = input_length;
-    newcontext.text_position.row = 1u;
+    context->text_position.row = 1u;
-    newcontext.text_position.col = 1u;
+    context->text_position.col = 1u;
-    newcontext.mode = <%= @lexer.mode_id("default") %>;
+    context->mode = <%= @lexer.mode_id("default") %>;
 
-    /* Copy to the user's context structure. */
+    return context;
-    *context = newcontext;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Deinitialize and deallocate lexer/parser context structure.
+ *
+ * For C++, destructors will be called for any context user fields. However, if
+ * pointers are used to store allocated resources, the user should free them
+ * before calling this function.
+ *
+ * @param context
+ *   Lexer/parser context structure allocated with <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_new().
+ */
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_delete(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+<% if @cpp %>
+    delete context;
+<% else %>
+    free(context);
+<% end %>
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************
@@ -344,8 +367,10 @@ static lexer_state_id_t check_lexer_transition(uint32_t current_state, uint32_t
 static size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
     lexer_match_info_t * out_match_info, size_t * out_unexpected_input_length)
 {
-    lexer_match_info_t longest_match = {0};
+    lexer_match_info_t longest_match;
-    lexer_match_info_t attempt_match = {0};
+    memset(&longest_match, 0, sizeof(longest_match));
+    lexer_match_info_t attempt_match;
+    memset(&attempt_match, 0, sizeof(attempt_match));
     *out_match_info = longest_match;
     uint32_t current_state = lexer_mode_table[context->mode].state_table_offset;
     for (;;)
@@ -359,6 +384,7 @@ static size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
         switch (result)
         {
         case P_SUCCESS:
+            {
             lexer_state_id_t transition_state = check_lexer_transition(current_state, code_point);
             if (transition_state != INVALID_LEXER_STATE_ID)
             {
@@ -390,6 +416,7 @@ static size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
                 *out_unexpected_input_length = attempt_match.length + code_point_length;
                 return P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT;
             }
+            }
             break;
 
         case P_EOF:
@@ -447,7 +474,8 @@ static size_t find_longest_match(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context,
  */
 static size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t * out_token_info)
 {
-    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info = {0};
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info;
+    memset(&token_info, 0, sizeof(token_info));
     token_info.position = context->text_position;
     token_info.token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
     lexer_match_info_t match_info;
@@ -456,6 +484,7 @@ static size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @
     switch (result)
     {
     case P_SUCCESS:
+        {
         <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token_to_accept = match_info.accepting_state->token;
         if (match_info.accepting_state->code_id != INVALID_USER_CODE_ID)
         {
@@ -507,6 +536,7 @@ static size_t attempt_lex_token(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @
             token_info.end_position.col = token_info.position.col + match_info.end_delta_position.col;
         }
         *out_token_info = token_info;
+        }
         return P_SUCCESS;
 
     case P_EOF:
@@ -630,7 +660,7 @@ typedef struct
      * reduce action.
      */
     parser_state_id_t n_states;
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 
     /**
      * Map of rule components to rule set child fields.
@@ -638,7 +668,7 @@ typedef struct
     uint16_t const * rule_set_node_field_index_map;
 
     /**
-     * Number of rule set AST node fields.
+     * Number of rule set tree node fields.
      */
     uint16_t rule_set_node_field_array_size;
 
@@ -680,19 +710,23 @@ typedef struct
     /** Parser value from this state. */
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-    /** AST node. */
+    /** tree node. */
-    void * ast_node;
+    void * tree_node;
 <% end %>
 } state_value_t;
 
-/** Common AST node structure. */
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-typedef struct
+/** Common tree node structure. */
+typedef struct TreeNode_s
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
-    void * fields[];
+    uint16_t n_fields;
-} ASTNode;
+    uint8_t is_token;
+    struct TreeNode_s * fields[];
+} TreeNode;
+<% end %>
 
 /** Parser shift table. */
 static const shift_t parser_shift_table[] = {
@@ -701,7 +735,7 @@ static const shift_t parser_shift_table[] = {
 <%   end %>
 };
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 <%   @grammar.rules.each do |rule| %>
 <%     unless rule.flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
 const uint16_t r_<%= rule.name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= rule.id %>_node_field_index_map[<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.size %>] = {<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.map {|v| v.to_s}.join(", ") %>};
@@ -712,17 +746,22 @@ const uint16_t r_<%= rule.name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= rule.id %>_node_field_index_
 /** Parser reduce table. */
 static const reduce_t parser_reduce_table[] = {
 <%   @parser.reduce_table.each do |reduce| %>
-    {<%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u
+    {
-<%     if @grammar.ast %>
+        <%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, /* Token: <%= reduce[:token] ? reduce[:token].name : "(any)" %> */
+        <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, /* Rule ID */
+        <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, /* Rule set ID (<%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.name %>) */
+<%     if @grammar.tree %>
+        <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u, /* Number of states */
 <%       if reduce[:rule].flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
-             , NULL
+        NULL, /* No rule set node field index map (flat map) */
 <%       else %>
-             , &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0]
+        &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0], /* Rule set node field index map */
 <%       end %>
-             , <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.ast_fields.size %>
+        <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.tree_fields.size %>, /* Number of tree fields */
-             , <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>
+        <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>}, /* Propagate optional target? */
+<%     else %>
+        <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u},
 <%     end %>
-    },
 <%   end %>
 };
 
@@ -792,7 +831,7 @@ static void state_values_stack_push(state_values_stack_t * stack)
     if (current_length >= current_capacity)
     {
         size_t const new_capacity = current_capacity * 2u;
-        state_value_t * new_entries = malloc(new_capacity * sizeof(state_value_t));
+        state_value_t * new_entries = (state_value_t *)malloc(new_capacity * sizeof(state_value_t));
         memcpy(new_entries, stack->entries, current_length * sizeof(state_value_t));
         free(stack->entries);
         stack->capacity = new_capacity;
@@ -826,7 +865,7 @@ static void state_values_stack_free(state_values_stack_t * stack)
      free(stack->entries);
 }
 
-<% unless @grammar.ast %>
+<% unless @grammar.tree %>
 /**
  * Execute user code associated with a parser rule.
  *
@@ -909,6 +948,8 @@ static size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token)
  *
  * @param context
  *   Lexer/parser context structure.
+ * @start_state_id
+ *   ID of the state in which to start.
  *
  * @retval P_SUCCESS
  *   The parser successfully matched the input text. The parse result value
@@ -921,19 +962,20 @@ static size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token)
  * @reval P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT
  *   Input text does not match any lexer pattern.
  */
-size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+static size_t parse_from(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, size_t start_state_id)
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
     state_values_stack_t statevalues;
     size_t reduced_rule_set = INVALID_ID;
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
     void * reduced_parser_node;
 <% else %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value;
 <% end %>
     state_values_stack_init(&statevalues);
     state_values_stack_push(&statevalues);
+    state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->state_id = start_state_id;
     size_t result;
     for (;;)
     {
@@ -958,8 +1000,8 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
             if ((shift_state != INVALID_ID) && (token == TOKEN___EOF))
             {
                 /* Successful parse. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-                context->parse_result = (<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> *)state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->ast_node;
+                context->parse_result = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->tree_node;
 <% else %>
                 context->parse_result = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->pvalue;
 <% end %>
@@ -975,13 +1017,20 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
             if (reduced_rule_set == INVALID_ID)
             {
                 /* We shifted a token, mark it consumed. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-                <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * token_ast_node = malloc(sizeof(<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>));
+<%   if @cpp %>
-                token_ast_node->position = token_info.position;
+                <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * token_tree_node = new <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>();
-                token_ast_node->end_position = token_info.end_position;
+<%   else %>
-                token_ast_node->token = token;
+                <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * token_tree_node = (<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *)malloc(sizeof(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>));
-                token_ast_node->pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
+<%   end %>
-                state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->ast_node = token_ast_node;
+                token_tree_node->position = token_info.position;
+                token_tree_node->end_position = token_info.end_position;
+                token_tree_node->n_fields = 0u;
+                token_tree_node->is_token = 1u;
+                token_tree_node->token = token;
+                token_tree_node->pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
+<%= expand_code(@grammar.on_token_node, false, nil, nil) %>
+                state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->tree_node = token_tree_node;
 <% else %>
                 state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
 <% end %>
@@ -990,11 +1039,12 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
             else
             {
                 /* We shifted a RuleSet. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-                state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->ast_node = reduced_parser_node;
+                state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->tree_node = reduced_parser_node;
 <% else %>
                 state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->pvalue = reduced_parser_value;
-                <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t new_parse_result = {0};
+                <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t new_parse_result;
+                memset(&new_parse_result, 0, sizeof(new_parse_result));
                 reduced_parser_value = new_parse_result;
 <% end %>
                 reduced_rule_set = INVALID_ID;
@@ -1006,39 +1056,38 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
         if (reduce_index != INVALID_ID)
         {
             /* We have something to reduce. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
             if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].propagate_optional_target)
             {
-                reduced_parser_node = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->ast_node;
+                reduced_parser_node = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -1)->tree_node;
             }
             else if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states > 0)
             {
                 size_t n_fields = parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_array_size;
-                ASTNode * node = (ASTNode *)malloc(sizeof(ASTNode) + n_fields * sizeof(void *));
+                size_t bytes = sizeof(TreeNode) + n_fields * sizeof(void *);
+                TreeNode * node = (TreeNode *)malloc(bytes);
+                memset(node, 0, bytes);
                 node->position = INVALID_POSITION;
                 node->end_position = INVALID_POSITION;
-                for (size_t i = 0; i < n_fields; i++)
+                node->n_fields = n_fields;
-                {
-                    node->fields[i] = NULL;
-                }
                 if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map == NULL)
                 {
                     for (size_t i = 0; i < parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states; i++)
                     {
-                        node->fields[i] = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -(int)parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + (int)i)->ast_node;
+                        node->fields[i] = (TreeNode *)state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -(int)parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + (int)i)->tree_node;
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     for (size_t i = 0; i < parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states; i++)
                     {
-                        node->fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -(int)parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + (int)i)->ast_node;
+                        node->fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = (TreeNode *)state_values_stack_index(&statevalues, -(int)parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + (int)i)->tree_node;
                     }
                 }
                 bool position_found = false;
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < n_fields; i++)
                 {
-                    ASTNode * child = (ASTNode *)node->fields[i];
+                    TreeNode * child = node->fields[i];
                     if ((child != NULL) && <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_valid(child->position))
                     {
                         if (!position_found)
@@ -1056,9 +1105,11 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
                 reduced_parser_node = NULL;
             }
 <% else %>
-            <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value2 = {0};
+            <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value2;
+            memset(&reduced_parser_value2, 0, sizeof(reduced_parser_value2));
             if (parser_user_code(&reduced_parser_value2, parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule, &statevalues, parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states, context) == P_USER_TERMINATED)
             {
+                state_values_stack_free(&statevalues);
                 return P_USER_TERMINATED;
             }
             reduced_parser_value = reduced_parser_value2;
@@ -1082,6 +1133,19 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
     return result;
 }
 
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return parse_from(context, 0u);
+}
+
+<% @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return parse_from(context, <%= i %>u);
+}
+<% end %>
+
 /**
  * Get the parse result value.
  *
@@ -1090,18 +1154,29 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
  *
  * @return Parse result value.
  */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return (<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *) context->parse_result;
+}
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return (<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *) context->parse_result;
+}
+<%   end %>
 <% else %>
 <%= start_rule_type[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
-<% end %>
 {
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-    return context->parse_result;
-<% else %>
     return context->parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type[0] %>;
-<% end %>
 }
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+<%= start_rule_type(i)[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return context->parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type(i)[0] %>;
+}
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
 
 /**
  * Get the current text input position.
@@ -1138,3 +1213,48 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>user_terminate_code(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t
 {
     return context->token;
 }
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+
+static void tree_delete(TreeNode * node)
+{
+    if (node->is_token)
+    {
+        <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * token_tree_node = (<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *)node;
+<%= expand_code(@grammar.free_token_node, false, nil, nil) %>
+<%   if @cpp %>
+        delete token_tree_node;
+<%   else %>
+        free(token_tree_node);
+<%   end %>
+    }
+    else if (node->n_fields > 0u)
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0u; i < node->n_fields; i++)
+        {
+            if (node->fields[i] != NULL)
+            {
+                tree_delete(node->fields[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        free(node);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Free all tree node memory.
+ */
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>tree_delete(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree)
+{
+    tree_delete((TreeNode *)tree);
+}
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+
+/**
+ * Free all tree node memory.
+ */
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>tree_delete_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree)
+{
+    tree_delete((TreeNode *)tree);
+}
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>

assets/parser.d.erb

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
 module <%= @grammar.modulename %>;
 <% end %>
 
-import core.stdc.stdlib : malloc;
+import core.memory;
+import core.stdc.stdlib : malloc, free;
 
 /**************************************************************************
  * User code blocks
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ public struct <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t
     }
 }
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 /** Parser values type. */
 public alias <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t = <%= @grammar.ptype %>;
 <% else %>
@@ -87,33 +88,40 @@ public union <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t
 }
 <% end %>
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-/** Common AST node structure. */
+/** Common tree node structure. */
-private struct ASTNode
+private struct TreeNode
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+    ushort n_fields;
+    bool is_token;
     void *[0] fields;
 }
 
-/** AST node types. @{ */
+/** Tree node types. @{ */
-public struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+public struct <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>
 {
-    /* ASTNode fields must be present in the same order here. */
+    /* TreeNode fields must be present in the same order here. */
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+    ushort n_fields;
+    bool is_token;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
+<%= @grammar.token_user_fields %>
 }
 
 <%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
 <%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
 <%     next if rule_set.optional? %>
-public struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+public struct <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
-<%     rule_set.ast_fields.each do |fields| %>
+    ushort n_fields;
+    bool is_token;
+<%     rule_set.tree_fields.each do |fields| %>
     union
     {
 <%       fields.each do |field_name, type| %>
@@ -171,8 +179,8 @@ public struct <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t
     /* Parser context data. */
 
     /** Parse result value. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-    <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * parse_result;
+    void * parse_result;
 <% else %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t parse_result;
 <% end %>
@@ -182,6 +190,8 @@ public struct <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t
 
     /** User terminate code. */
     size_t user_terminate_code;
+
+<%= @grammar.context_user_fields %>
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************
@@ -221,26 +231,39 @@ private enum size_t INVALID_ID = cast(size_t)-1;
  *************************************************************************/
 
 /**
- * Initialize lexer/parser context structure.
+ * Allocate and initialize lexer/parser context structure.
+ *
+ * Deinitialize and deallocate with <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_delete().
  *
- * @param[out] context
- *   Lexer/parser context structure.
  * @param input
  *   Text input.
+ * @param input_length
+ *   Text input length.
+ *
+ * @return Context structure for lexer/parser.
  */
-public void <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_init(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, string input)
+<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_new(string input)
 {
     /* New default-initialized context structure. */
-    <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t newcontext;
+    <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context = new <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t;
 
     /* Lexer initialization. */
-    newcontext.input = input;
+    context.input = input;
-    newcontext.text_position.row = 1u;
+    context.text_position.row = 1u;
-    newcontext.text_position.col = 1u;
+    context.text_position.col = 1u;
-    newcontext.mode = <%= @lexer.mode_id("default") %>;
+    context.mode = <%= @lexer.mode_id("default") %>;
 
-    /* Copy to the user's context structure. */
+    return context;
-    *context = newcontext;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Deinitialize and deallocate lexer/parser context structure.
+ *
+ * @param context
+ *   Lexer/parser context structure allocated with <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_new().
+ */
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_delete(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************
@@ -796,7 +819,7 @@ private struct reduce_t
      * reduce action.
      */
     parser_state_id_t n_states;
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 
     /**
      * Map of rule components to rule set child fields.
@@ -804,7 +827,7 @@ private struct reduce_t
     immutable(ushort) * rule_set_node_field_index_map;
 
     /**
-     * Number of rule set AST node fields.
+     * Number of rule set tree node fields.
      */
     ushort rule_set_node_field_array_size;
 
@@ -846,9 +869,9 @@ private struct state_value_t
     /** Parser value from this state. */
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-    /** AST node. */
+    /** Tree node. */
-    void * ast_node;
+    void * tree_node;
 <% end %>
 
     this(size_t state_id)
@@ -864,7 +887,7 @@ private immutable shift_t[] parser_shift_table = [
 <%   end %>
 ];
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 <%   @grammar.rules.each do |rule| %>
 <%     unless rule.flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
 immutable ushort[<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.size %>] r_<%= rule.name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= rule.id %>_node_field_index_map = [<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.map {|v| v.to_s}.join(", ") %>];
@@ -875,17 +898,22 @@ immutable ushort[<%= rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map.size %>] r_<%= rule.name
 /** Parser reduce table. */
 private immutable reduce_t[] parser_reduce_table = [
 <%   @parser.reduce_table.each do |reduce| %>
-    reduce_t(<%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u
+    reduce_t(
-<%     if @grammar.ast %>
+        <%= reduce[:token_id] %>u, /* Token: <%= reduce[:token] ? reduce[:token].name : "(any)" %> */
+        <%= reduce[:rule_id] %>u, /* Rule ID */
+        <%= reduce[:rule_set_id] %>u, /* Rule set ID (<%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.name %>) */
+<%     if @grammar.tree %>
+        <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u, /* Number of states */
 <%       if reduce[:rule].flat_rule_set_node_field_index_map? %>
-             , null
+        null, /* No rule set node field index map (flat map) */
 <%       else %>
-             , &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0]
+        &r_<%= reduce[:rule].name.gsub("$", "_") %><%= reduce[:rule].id %>_node_field_index_map[0], /* Rule set node field index map */
 <%       end %>
-             , <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.ast_fields.size %>
+        <%= reduce[:rule].rule_set.tree_fields.size %>, /* Number of tree fields */
-             , <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>
+        <%= reduce[:propagate_optional_target] %>), /* Propagate optional target? */
+<%     else %>
+        <%= reduce[:n_states] %>u), /* Number of states */
 <%     end %>
-            ),
 <%   end %>
 ];
 
@@ -896,7 +924,7 @@ private immutable parser_state_t[] parser_state_table = [
 <%   end %>
 ];
 
-<% unless @grammar.ast %>
+<% unless @grammar.tree %>
 /**
  * Execute user code associated with a parser rule.
  *
@@ -979,6 +1007,8 @@ private size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token
  *
  * @param context
  *   Lexer/parser context structure.
+ * @start_state_id
+ *   ID of the state in which to start.
  *
  * @retval P_SUCCESS
  *   The parser successfully matched the input text. The parse result value
@@ -991,13 +1021,14 @@ private size_t check_reduce(size_t state_id, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token
  * @reval P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT
  *   Input text does not match any lexer pattern.
  */
-public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+private size_t parse_from(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, size_t start_state_id)
 {
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t token_info;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token = INVALID_TOKEN_ID;
     state_value_t[] statevalues = new state_value_t[](1);
+    statevalues[0].state_id = start_state_id;
     size_t reduced_rule_set = INVALID_ID;
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
     void * reduced_parser_node;
 <% else %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t reduced_parser_value;
@@ -1024,8 +1055,8 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
             if ((shift_state != INVALID_ID) && (token == TOKEN___EOF))
             {
                 /* Successful parse. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-                context.parse_result = cast(<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> *)statevalues[$-1].ast_node;
+                context.parse_result = statevalues[$-1].tree_node;
 <% else %>
                 context.parse_result = statevalues[$-1].pvalue;
 <% end %>
@@ -1039,9 +1070,10 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
             if (reduced_rule_set == INVALID_ID)
             {
                 /* We shifted a token, mark it consumed. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-                <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * token_ast_node = new <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>(token_info.position, token_info.end_position, token, token_info.pvalue);
+                <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * token_tree_node = new <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>(token_info.position, token_info.end_position, 0u, true, token, token_info.pvalue);
-                statevalues[$-1].ast_node = token_ast_node;
+<%= expand_code(@grammar.on_token_node, false, nil, nil) %>
+                statevalues[$-1].tree_node = token_tree_node;
 <% else %>
                 statevalues[$-1].pvalue = token_info.pvalue;
 <% end %>
@@ -1050,8 +1082,8 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
             else
             {
                 /* We shifted a RuleSet. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-                statevalues[$-1].ast_node = reduced_parser_node;
+                statevalues[$-1].tree_node = reduced_parser_node;
 <% else %>
                 statevalues[$-1].pvalue = reduced_parser_value;
                 <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t new_parse_result;
@@ -1066,17 +1098,21 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
         if (reduce_index != INVALID_ID)
         {
             /* We have something to reduce. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
             if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].propagate_optional_target)
             {
-                reduced_parser_node = statevalues[$ - 1].ast_node;
+                reduced_parser_node = statevalues[$ - 1].tree_node;
             }
             else if (parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states > 0)
             {
                 size_t n_fields = parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_array_size;
-                ASTNode * node = cast(ASTNode *)malloc(ASTNode.sizeof + n_fields * (void *).sizeof);
+                size_t node_size = TreeNode.sizeof + n_fields * (void *).sizeof;
+                TreeNode * node = cast(TreeNode *)malloc(node_size);
+                GC.addRange(node, node_size);
                 node.position = <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t.INVALID;
                 node.end_position = <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t.INVALID;
+                node.n_fields = cast(ushort)n_fields;
+                node.is_token = false;
                 foreach (i; 0..n_fields)
                 {
                     node.fields[i] = null;
@@ -1085,20 +1121,20 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
                 {
                     foreach (i; 0..parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states)
                     {
-                        node.fields[i] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].ast_node;
+                        node.fields[i] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].tree_node;
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     foreach (i; 0..parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states)
                     {
-                        node.fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].ast_node;
+                        node.fields[parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].rule_set_node_field_index_map[i]] = statevalues[$ - parser_reduce_table[reduce_index].n_states + i].tree_node;
                     }
                 }
                 bool position_found = false;
                 foreach (i; 0..n_fields)
                 {
-                    ASTNode * child = cast(ASTNode *)node.fields[i];
+                    TreeNode * child = cast(TreeNode *)node.fields[i];
                     if (child && child.position.valid)
                     {
                         if (!position_found)
@@ -1139,6 +1175,19 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
     }
 }
 
+public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return parse_from(context, 0u);
+}
+
+<% @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+
+public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return parse_from(context, <%= i %>u);
+}
+<% end %>
+
 /**
  * Get the parse result value.
  *
@@ -1147,18 +1196,58 @@ public size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * cont
  *
  * @return Parse result value.
  */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-public <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+public <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return cast(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *)context.parse_result;
+}
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+public <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return cast(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> *)context.parse_result;
+}
+<%   end %>
 <% else %>
 public <%= start_rule_type[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
-<% end %>
 {
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
-    return context.parse_result;
-<% else %>
     return context.parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type[0] %>;
-<% end %>
 }
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+public <%= start_rule_type(i)[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context)
+{
+    return context.parse_result.v_<%= start_rule_type(i)[0] %>;
+}
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
+
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+private void tree_delete(TreeNode * node)
+{
+    if (!node.is_token)
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0u; i < node.n_fields; i++)
+        {
+            if (node.fields[i])
+            {
+                tree_delete(cast(TreeNode *)node.fields[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        GC.removeRange(node);
+        free(node);
+    }
+}
+
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>tree_delete(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree)
+{
+    tree_delete(cast(TreeNode *)tree);
+}
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>tree_delete_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree)
+{
+    tree_delete(cast(TreeNode *)tree);
+}
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
 
 /**
  * Get the current text input position.

assets/parser.h.erb

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ typedef struct
 /** User header code blocks. */
 <%= @grammar.code_blocks.fetch("header", "") %>
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
 /** Parser values type. */
 typedef <%= @grammar.ptype %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t;
 <% else %>
@@ -71,16 +71,19 @@ typedef union
 } <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t;
 <% end %>
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-/** AST node types. @{ */
+/** Tree node types. @{ */
-typedef struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+typedef struct <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>
 {
-    /* ASTNode fields must be present in the same order here. */
+    <% # TreeNode fields must be present in the same order here. # %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
+    uint16_t n_fields;
+    uint8_t is_token;
+<%= @grammar.token_user_fields %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_t token;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t pvalue;
-} <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>;
+} <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %>Token<%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>;
 
 <%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
 <%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
@@ -91,11 +94,14 @@ struct <%= name %>;
 <%   @parser.rule_sets.each do |name, rule_set| %>
 <%     next if name.start_with?("$") %>
 <%     next if rule_set.optional? %>
-typedef struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
+typedef struct <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>
 {
+    <% # TreeNode fields must be present in the same order here. # %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t position;
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t end_position;
-<%     rule_set.ast_fields.each do |fields| %>
+    uint16_t n_fields;
+    uint8_t is_token;
+<%     rule_set.tree_fields.each do |fields| %>
     union
     {
 <%       fields.each do |field_name, type| %>
@@ -103,7 +109,7 @@ typedef struct <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>
 <%       end %>
     };
 <%     end %>
-} <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %>;
+} <%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= name %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %>;
 
 <%   end %>
 /** @} */
@@ -156,8 +162,8 @@ typedef struct
     /* Parser context data. */
 
     /** Parse result value. */
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-    <%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * parse_result;
+    void * parse_result;
 <% else %>
     <%= @grammar.prefix %>value_t parse_result;
 <% end %>
@@ -167,6 +173,8 @@ typedef struct
 
     /** User terminate code. */
     size_t user_terminate_code;
+
+<%= @grammar.context_user_fields %>
 } <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t;
 
 /**************************************************************************
@@ -176,7 +184,9 @@ typedef struct
 /** Token names. */
 extern const char * <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_names[];
 
-void <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_init(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, uint8_t const * input, size_t input_length);
+<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_new(uint8_t const * input, size_t input_length);
+
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>context_delete(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
 
 size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>decode_code_point(uint8_t const * input, size_t input_length,
         <%= @grammar.prefix %>code_point_t * out_code_point, uint8_t * out_code_point_length);
@@ -184,11 +194,27 @@ size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>decode_code_point(uint8_t const * input, size_t inp
 size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>lex(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context, <%= @grammar.prefix %>token_info_t * out_token_info);
 
 size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+size_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>parse_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   end %>
 
-<% if @grammar.ast %>
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
-<%= @grammar.ast_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rule %><%= @grammar.ast_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   end %>
 <% else %>
 <%= start_rule_type[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+<%= start_rule_type(i)[1] %> <%= @grammar.prefix %>result_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);
+<%   end %>
+<% end %>
+
+<% if @grammar.tree %>
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>tree_delete(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= @grammar.start_rules[0] %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree);
+<%   @grammar.start_rules.each_with_index do |start_rule, i| %>
+void <%= @grammar.prefix %>tree_delete_<%= start_rule %>(<%= @grammar.tree_prefix %><%= start_rule %><%= @grammar.tree_suffix %> * tree);
+<%   end %>
 <% end %>
 
 <%= @grammar.prefix %>position_t <%= @grammar.prefix %>position(<%= @grammar.prefix %>context_t * context);

extra/vim/syntax/propane.vim

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ syn match propaneOperator "->"
 syn match propaneFieldAlias ":[a-zA-Z0-9_]\+" contains=propaneFieldOperator
 syn match propaneFieldOperator ":" contained
 syn match propaneOperator "?"
-syn keyword propaneKeyword ast ast_prefix ast_suffix drop module prefix ptype start token tokenid
+syn keyword propaneKeyword drop free_token_node free_token_user_fields module prefix ptype start token token_user_fields tokenid tree tree_prefix tree_suffix
 
-syn region propaneRegex start="/" end="/" skip="\\/"
+syn region propaneRegex start="/" end="/" skip="\v\\\\|\\/"
 
 hi def link propaneComment Comment
 hi def link propaneKeyword Keyword

lib/propane/generator.rb

@@ -11,24 +11,33 @@ class Propane
         @log = StringIO.new
       end
       @language =
-        if output_file =~ /\.([a-z]+)$/
+        if output_file.end_with?(".d")
-          $1
-        else
           "d"
+        elsif output_file.end_with?(".c")
+          "c"
+        elsif output_file =~ %r{\.(cc|cpp|cxx)$}
+          @cpp = true
+          "c"
+        else
+          raise Error.new("Could not determine target language from output file name (#{output_file})")
         end
       @options = options
       process_grammar!
     end
 
     def generate
-      extensions = [@language]
+      extensions = [nil]
       if @language == "c"
         extensions += %w[h]
       end
       extensions.each do |extension|
-        template = Assets.get("parser.#{extension}.erb")
+        template = Assets.get("parser.#{extension || @language}.erb")
+        if extension
+          output_file = @output_file.sub(%r{\.[a-z]+$}, ".#{extension}")
+        else
+          output_file = @output_file
+        end
         erb = ERB.new(template, trim_mode: "<>")
-        output_file = @output_file.sub(%r{\.[a-z]+$}, ".#{extension}")
         result = erb.result(binding.clone)
         File.open(output_file, "wb") do |fh|
           fh.write(result)
@@ -43,8 +52,8 @@ class Propane
       # Assign default pattern mode to patterns without a mode assigned.
       found_default = false
       @grammar.patterns.each do |pattern|
-        if pattern.mode.nil?
+        if pattern.modes.empty?
-          pattern.mode = "default"
+          pattern.modes << "default"
           found_default = true
         end
         pattern.ptypename ||= "default"
@@ -67,12 +76,15 @@ class Propane
         end
         tokens_by_name[token.name] = token
       end
-      # Check for user start rule.
+      # Create real start rule(s).
-      unless @grammar.rules.find {|rule| rule.name == @grammar.start_rule}
+      real_start_rules = @grammar.start_rules.map do |start_rule|
-        raise Error.new("Start rule `#{@grammar.start_rule}` not found")
+        unless @grammar.rules.find {|rule| rule.name == start_rule}
+          raise Error.new("Start rule `#{start_rule}` not found")
+        end
+        Rule.new("$#{start_rule}", [start_rule, "$EOF"], nil, nil, nil)
       end
-      # Add "real" start rule.
+      # Add real start rules before user-given rules.
-      @grammar.rules.unshift(Rule.new("$Start", [@grammar.start_rule, "$EOF"], nil, nil, nil))
+      @grammar.rules = real_start_rules + @grammar.rules
       # Generate and add rules for optional components.
       generate_optional_component_rules!(tokens_by_name)
       # Build rule sets.
@@ -258,6 +270,24 @@ class Propane
           "context.user_terminate_code = (#{user_terminate_code}); return #{retval};"
         end
       end
+      code = code.gsub(/\$\{context\.(\w+)\}/) do |match|
+        fieldname = $1
+        case @language
+        when "c"
+          "context->#{fieldname}"
+        when "d"
+          "context.#{fieldname}"
+        end
+      end
+      code = code.gsub(/\$\{token\.(\w+)\}/) do |match|
+        fieldname = $1
+        case @language
+        when "c"
+          "token_tree_node->#{fieldname}"
+        when "d"
+          "token_tree_node.#{fieldname}"
+        end
+      end
       if parser
         code = code.gsub(/\$\$/) do |match|
           case @language
@@ -291,7 +321,7 @@ class Propane
         end
       else
         code = code.gsub(/\$\$/) do |match|
-          if @grammar.ast
+          if @grammar.tree
             case @language
             when "c"
               "out_token_info->pvalue"
@@ -328,9 +358,9 @@ class Propane
     #
     # @return [Array<String>]
     #   Start rule parser value type name and type string.
-    def start_rule_type
+    def start_rule_type(start_rule_index = 0)
       start_rule = @grammar.rules.find do |rule|
-        rule.name == @grammar.start_rule
+        rule.name == @grammar.start_rules[start_rule_index]
       end
       [start_rule.ptypename, @grammar.ptypes[start_rule.ptypename]]
     end

lib/propane/grammar.rb

@@ -5,34 +5,43 @@ class Propane
     # Reserve identifiers beginning with a double-underscore for internal use.
     IDENTIFIER_REGEX = /(?:[a-zA-Z]|_[a-zA-Z0-9])[a-zA-Z_0-9]*/
 
-    attr_reader :ast
+    attr_reader :context_user_fields
-    attr_reader :ast_prefix
+    attr_reader :tree
-    attr_reader :ast_suffix
+    attr_reader :tree_prefix
+    attr_reader :tree_suffix
+    attr_reader :free_token_node
     attr_reader :modulename
     attr_reader :patterns
-    attr_reader :rules
+    attr_accessor :rules
-    attr_reader :start_rule
+    attr_reader :start_rules
     attr_reader :tokens
     attr_reader :code_blocks
     attr_reader :ptypes
     attr_reader :prefix
+    attr_reader :on_token_node
+    attr_reader :token_user_fields
 
     def initialize(input)
       @patterns = []
-      @start_rule = "Start"
+      @start_rules = []
       @tokens = []
       @rules = []
       @code_blocks = {}
       @line_number = 1
       @next_line_number = @line_number
-      @mode = nil
+      @modeline = nil
       @input = input.gsub("\r\n", "\n")
       @ptypes = {"default" => "void *"}
       @prefix = "p_"
-      @ast = false
+      @tree = false
-      @ast_prefix = ""
+      @tree_prefix = ""
-      @ast_suffix = ""
+      @tree_suffix = ""
+      @free_token_node = ""
+      @context_user_fields = nil
+      @on_token_node = ""
+      @token_user_fields = nil
       parse_grammar!
+      @start_rules << "Start" if @start_rules.empty?
     end
 
     def ptype
@@ -58,11 +67,15 @@ class Propane
     def parse_statement!
       if parse_white_space!
       elsif parse_comment_line!
-      elsif @mode.nil? && parse_mode_label!
+      elsif @modeline.nil? && parse_mode_label!
-      elsif parse_ast_statement!
+      elsif parse_context_user_fields_statement!
-      elsif parse_ast_prefix_statement!
+      elsif parse_tree_statement!
-      elsif parse_ast_suffix_statement!
+      elsif parse_tree_prefix_statement!
+      elsif parse_tree_suffix_statement!
+      elsif parse_free_token_node_statement!
       elsif parse_module_statement!
+      elsif parse_on_token_node_statement!
+      elsif parse_token_user_fields_statement!
       elsif parse_ptype_statement!
       elsif parse_pattern_statement!
       elsif parse_start_statement!
@@ -81,8 +94,8 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     def parse_mode_label!
-      if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*:/)
+      if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX}(?:\s*,\s*#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})*)\s*:/)
-        @mode = md[1]
+        @modeline = md[1]
       end
     end
 
@@ -94,21 +107,31 @@ class Propane
       consume!(/#.*\n/)
     end
 
-    def parse_ast_statement!
+    def parse_context_user_fields_statement!
-      if consume!(/ast\s*;/)
+      if md = consume!(/context_user_fields\b\s*/)
-        @ast = true
+        unless code = parse_code_block!
+          raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: expected code block")
+        end
+        @context_user_fields ||= ""
+        @context_user_fields += code
       end
     end
 
-    def parse_ast_prefix_statement!
+    def parse_tree_statement!
-      if md = consume!(/ast_prefix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+      if consume!(/tree\s*;/)
-        @ast_prefix = md[1]
+        @tree = true
       end
     end
 
-    def parse_ast_suffix_statement!
+    def parse_tree_prefix_statement!
-      if md = consume!(/ast_suffix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+      if md = consume!(/tree_prefix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
-        @ast_suffix = md[1]
+        @tree_prefix = md[1]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_tree_suffix_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/tree_suffix\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+        @tree_suffix = md[1]
       end
     end
 
@@ -117,17 +140,45 @@ class Propane
         md = consume!(/([\w.]+)\s*/, "expected module name")
         @modulename = md[1]
         consume!(/;/, "expected `;'")
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
 
+    def parse_on_token_node_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/on_token_node\b\s*/)
+        unless code = parse_code_block!
+          raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: expected code block")
+        end
+        @on_token_node += code
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_token_user_fields_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/token_user_fields\b\s*/)
+        unless code = parse_code_block!
+          raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: expected code block")
+        end
+        @token_user_fields ||= ""
+        @token_user_fields += code
+      end
+    end
+
+    def parse_free_token_node_statement!
+      if md = consume!(/free_token_node\b\s*/)
+        unless code = parse_code_block!
+          raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: expected code block")
+        end
+        @free_token_node += code
+      end
+    end
+
     def parse_ptype_statement!
       if consume!(/ptype\s+/)
         name = "default"
         if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*=\s*/)
-          if @ast
+          if @tree
-            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
           end
           name = md[1]
         end
@@ -141,8 +192,8 @@ class Propane
         md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*/, "expected token name")
         name = md[1]
         if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
-          if @ast
+          if @tree
-            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
           end
           ptypename = md[1]
         end
@@ -153,9 +204,9 @@ class Propane
         end
         token = Token.new(name, ptypename, @line_number)
         @tokens << token
-        pattern = Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, token: token, line_number: @line_number, code: code, mode: @mode, ptypename: ptypename)
+        pattern = Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, token: token, line_number: @line_number, code: code, modes: get_modes_from_modeline, ptypename: ptypename)
         @patterns << pattern
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -165,15 +216,15 @@ class Propane
         md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*/, "expected token name")
         name = md[1]
         if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
-          if @ast
+          if @tree
-            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
           end
           ptypename = md[1]
         end
         consume!(/;/, "expected `;'");
         token = Token.new(name, ptypename, @line_number)
         @tokens << token
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -185,9 +236,11 @@ class Propane
           raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: expected pattern to follow `drop'")
         end
         consume!(/\s+/)
-        consume!(/;/, "expected `;'")
+        unless code = parse_code_block!
-        @patterns << Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, line_number: @line_number, mode: @mode)
+          consume!(/;/, "expected `;' or code block")
-        @mode = nil
+        end
+        @patterns << Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, line_number: @line_number, code: code, modes: get_modes_from_modeline)
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -195,12 +248,12 @@ class Propane
     def parse_rule_statement!
       if md = consume!(/(#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\s*(?:\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\))?\s*->\s*/)
         rule_name, ptypename = *md[1, 2]
-        if @ast && ptypename
+        if @tree && ptypename
-          raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+          raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
         end
         md = consume!(/((?:#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX}\??(?::#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})?\s*)*)\s*/, "expected rule component list")
         components = md[1].strip.split(/\s+/)
-        if @ast
+        if @tree
           consume!(/;/, "expected `;'")
         else
           unless code = parse_code_block!
@@ -208,7 +261,7 @@ class Propane
           end
         end
         @rules << Rule.new(rule_name, components, code, ptypename, @line_number)
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -217,23 +270,26 @@ class Propane
       if pattern = parse_pattern!
         consume!(/\s+/)
         if md = consume!(/\((#{IDENTIFIER_REGEX})\)\s*/)
-          if @ast
+          if @tree
-            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in AST mode")
+            raise Error.new("Multiple ptypes are unsupported in tree mode")
           end
           ptypename = md[1]
         end
         unless code = parse_code_block!
           raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: expected code block to follow pattern")
         end
-        @patterns << Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, line_number: @line_number, code: code, mode: @mode, ptypename: ptypename)
+        @patterns << Pattern.new(pattern: pattern, line_number: @line_number, code: code, modes: get_modes_from_modeline, ptypename: ptypename)
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
 
     def parse_start_statement!
-      if md = consume!(/start\s+(\w+)\s*;/)
+      if md = consume!(/start\s+([\w\s]*);/)
-        @start_rule = md[1]
+        start_rules = md[1].split(/\s+/).map(&:strip)
+        start_rules.each do |start_rule|
+          @start_rules << start_rule unless @start_rules.include?(start_rule)
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -247,7 +303,7 @@ class Propane
         else
           @code_blocks[name] = code
         end
-        @mode = nil
+        @modeline = nil
         true
       end
     end
@@ -272,6 +328,8 @@ class Propane
             end
           elsif md = consume!(%r{(.)})
             pattern += md[1]
+          elsif @input == "" || @input.start_with?("\n")
+            raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: Unterminated pattern; expected `/`")
           end
         end
         pattern
@@ -315,6 +373,14 @@ class Propane
       end
     end
 
+    def get_modes_from_modeline
+      if @modeline
+        Set[*@modeline.split(",").map(&:strip)]
+      else
+        Set.new
+      end
+    end
+
   end
 
 end

lib/propane/lexer.rb

@@ -26,8 +26,14 @@ class Propane
     private
 
     def build_tables!
-      @modes = @grammar.patterns.group_by do |pattern|
+      modenames = @grammar.patterns.reduce(Set.new) do |result, pattern|
-        pattern.mode
+        result + pattern.modes
+      end
+      @modes = modenames.reduce({}) do |result, modename|
+        result[modename] = @grammar.patterns.select do |pattern|
+          pattern.modes.include?(modename)
+        end
+        result
       end.transform_values do |patterns|
         {dfa: DFA.new(patterns)}
       end

lib/propane/parser.rb

@@ -16,11 +16,20 @@ class Propane
       @warnings = Set.new
       @errors = Set.new
       @options = options
-      start_item = Item.new(grammar.rules.first, 0)
+      start_items = grammar.rules[0...grammar.start_rules.length].map do |start_rule|
-      eval_item_sets = Set[ItemSet.new([start_item])]
+        Item.new(start_rule, 0)
+      end
+      start_item_sets = start_items.map {|item| ItemSet.new([item])}
+      eval_item_sets = Set[*start_item_sets]
 
       while eval_item_sets.size > 0
-        item_set = eval_item_sets.first
+        item_set =
+          if start_item_sets.size > 0
+            # Ensure we evaluate start_item_sets first in order
+            start_item_sets.slice!(0)
+          else
+            eval_item_sets.first
+          end
         eval_item_sets.delete(item_set)
         unless @item_sets_set.include?(item_set)
           item_set.id = @item_sets.size
@@ -64,24 +73,13 @@ class Propane
       @shift_table = []
       @reduce_table = []
       @item_sets.each do |item_set|
-        shift_entries = item_set.next_symbols.map do |next_symbol|
-          state_id =
-            if next_symbol.name == "$EOF"
-              0
-            else
-              item_set.next_item_set[next_symbol].id
-            end
-          {
-            symbol: next_symbol,
-            state_id: state_id,
-          }
-        end
         unless item_set.reduce_rules.empty?
-          shift_entries.each do |shift_entry|
+          item_set.shift_entries.each do |shift_entry|
             token = shift_entry[:symbol]
-            if get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set).include?(token)
+            if item_set.reduce_actions
-              rule = item_set.reduce_actions[token]
+              if rule = item_set.reduce_actions[token]
-              @warnings << "Shift/Reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between token #{token.name} and rule #{rule.name} (defined on line #{rule.line_number})"
+                @warnings << "Shift/Reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between token #{token.name} and rule #{rule.name} (defined on line #{rule.line_number})"
+              end
             end
           end
         end
@@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ class Propane
               propagate_optional_target: rule.optional? && rule.components.size == 1}]
           elsif reduce_actions = item_set.reduce_actions
             reduce_actions.map do |token, rule|
-              {token_id: token.id, rule_id: rule.id, rule: rule,
+              {token: token, token_id: token.id, rule_id: rule.id, rule: rule,
                rule_set_id: rule.rule_set.id, n_states: rule.components.size,
                propagate_optional_target: rule.optional? && rule.components.size == 1}
             end
@@ -101,11 +99,11 @@ class Propane
           end
         @state_table << {
           shift_index: @shift_table.size,
-          n_shifts: shift_entries.size,
+          n_shifts: item_set.shift_entries.size,
           reduce_index: @reduce_table.size,
           n_reduces: reduce_entries.size,
         }
-        @shift_table += shift_entries
+        @shift_table += item_set.shift_entries
         @reduce_table += reduce_entries
       end
     end
@@ -125,8 +123,110 @@ class Propane
     # @return [void]
     def build_reduce_actions!
       @item_sets.each do |item_set|
+        build_shift_entries(item_set)
         build_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
       end
+      item_sets_to_process = @item_sets.select do |item_set|
+        # We need lookahead reduce actions if:
+        # 1) There is more than one possible rule to reduce. In this case the
+        #    lookahead token can help choose which rule to reduce.
+        # 2) There is at least one shift action and one reduce action for
+        #    this item set. In this case the lookahead reduce actions are
+        #    needed to test for a Shift/Reduce conflict.
+        item_set.reduce_rules.size > 1 ||
+          (item_set.reduce_rules.size > 0 && item_set.shift_entries.size > 0)
+      end
+      if RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"] =~ /linux/
+        item_sets_by_id = {}
+        item_sets_to_process.each do |item_set|
+          item_sets_by_id[item_set.object_id] = item_set
+        end
+        tokens_by_id = {}
+        @grammar.tokens.each do |token|
+          tokens_by_id[token.object_id] = token
+        end
+        rules_by_id = {}
+        @grammar.rules.each do |rule|
+          rules_by_id[rule.object_id] = rule
+        end
+        n_threads = Util.determine_n_threads
+        semaphore = Mutex.new
+        queue = Queue.new
+        threads = {}
+        n_threads.times do
+          piper, pipew = IO.pipe
+          thread = Thread.new do
+            loop do
+              item_set = nil
+              semaphore.synchronize do
+                item_set = item_sets_to_process.slice!(0)
+              end
+              break if item_set.nil?
+              fork do
+                piper.close
+                build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set, pipew)
+              end
+            end
+            queue.push(Thread.current)
+          end
+          threads[thread] = [piper, pipew]
+        end
+        until threads.empty?
+          thread = queue.pop
+          piper, pipew = threads[thread]
+          pipew.close
+          thread_txt = piper.read
+          thread_txt.each_line do |line|
+            if line.start_with?("RA,")
+              parts = line.split(",")
+              item_set_id, token_id, rule_id = parts[1..3].map(&:to_i)
+              item_set = item_sets_by_id[item_set_id]
+              unless item_set
+                raise "Internal error: could not find item set from thread"
+              end
+              token = tokens_by_id[token_id]
+              unless item_set
+                raise "Internal error: could not find token from thread"
+              end
+              rule = rules_by_id[rule_id]
+              unless item_set
+                raise "Internal error: could not find rule from thread"
+              end
+              item_set.reduce_actions ||= {}
+              item_set.reduce_actions[token] = rule
+            elsif line.start_with?("Error: ")
+              @errors << line.chomp
+            else
+              raise "Internal error: unhandled thread line #{line}"
+            end
+          end
+          thread.join
+          threads.delete(thread)
+        end
+      else
+        # Fall back to single threaded algorithm.
+        item_sets_to_process.each do |item_set|
+          item_set.reduce_actions = build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Build the shift entries for a single item set.
+    #
+    # @return [void]
+    def build_shift_entries(item_set)
+      item_set.shift_entries = item_set.next_symbols.map do |next_symbol|
+        state_id =
+          if next_symbol.name == "$EOF"
+            0
+          else
+            item_set.next_item_set[next_symbol].id
+          end
+        {
+          symbol: next_symbol,
+          state_id: state_id,
+        }
+      end
     end
 
     # Build the reduce actions for a single item set (parser state).
@@ -145,33 +245,18 @@ class Propane
       if item_set.reduce_rules.size == 1
         item_set.reduce_rule = item_set.reduce_rules.first
       end
-
-      if item_set.reduce_rules.size > 1
-        # Force item_set.reduce_actions to be built to store the lookahead
-        # tokens for the possible reduce rules if there is more than one.
-        get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Get the reduce actions for a single item set (parser state).
-    #
-    # @param item_set [ItemSet]
-    #   ItemSet (parser state)
-    #
-    # @return [Hash]
-    #   Mapping of lookahead Tokens to the Rules to reduce.
-    def get_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
-      item_set.reduce_actions ||= build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
     end
 
     # Build the reduce actions for a single item set (parser state).
     #
     # @param item_set [ItemSet]
     #   ItemSet (parser state)
+    # @param fh [File]
+    #   Output file handle for multiprocessing mode.
     #
     # @return [Hash]
     #   Mapping of lookahead Tokens to the Rules to reduce.
-    def build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set)
+    def build_lookahead_reduce_actions_for_item_set(item_set, fh = nil)
       # We will be looking for all possible tokens that can follow instances of
       # these rules. Rather than looking through the entire grammar for the
       # possible following tokens, we will only look in the item sets leading
@@ -182,9 +267,12 @@ class Propane
         lookahead_tokens_for_rule = build_lookahead_tokens_to_reduce(reduce_rule, item_sets)
         lookahead_tokens_for_rule.each do |lookahead_token|
           if existing_reduce_rule = reduce_actions[lookahead_token]
-            @errors << "Error: reduce/reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between rule #{existing_reduce_rule.name}##{existing_reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{existing_reduce_rule.line_number}) and rule #{reduce_rule.name}##{reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{reduce_rule.line_number}) for lookahead token #{lookahead_token}"
+            error = "Error: reduce/reduce conflict (state #{item_set.id}) between rule #{existing_reduce_rule.name}##{existing_reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{existing_reduce_rule.line_number}) and rule #{reduce_rule.name}##{reduce_rule.id} (defined on line #{reduce_rule.line_number}) for lookahead token #{lookahead_token}"
+            @errors << error
+            fh.puts(error) if fh
           end
           reduce_actions[lookahead_token] = reduce_rule
+          fh.puts "RA,#{item_set.object_id},#{lookahead_token.object_id},#{reduce_rule.object_id}" if fh
         end
         reduce_actions
       end
@@ -231,6 +319,7 @@ class Propane
                   rule_set = item.rule.rule_set
                   unless checked_rule_sets.include?(rule_set)
                     rule_sets_to_check_after << rule_set
+                    checked_rule_sets << rule_set
                   end
                   break
                 when Token

lib/propane/parser/item.rb

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class Propane
       def initialize(rule, position)
         @rule = rule
         @position = position
+        @_hash = [@rule, @position].hash
       end
 
       # Hash function.
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ class Propane
       # @return [Integer]
       #   Hash code.
       def hash
-        [@rule, @position].hash
+        @_hash
       end
 
       # Compare Item objects.

lib/propane/parser/item_set.rb

@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ class Propane
       #   more than one rule that could be reduced.
       attr_accessor :reduce_actions
 
+      # @return [Array<Hash>]
+      #   Shift table entries.
+      attr_accessor :shift_entries
+
       # Build an ItemSet.
       #
       # @param items [Array<Item>]

lib/propane/pattern.rb

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ class Propane
     #   Regex NFA for matching the pattern.
     attr_reader :nfa
 
-    # @return [String, nil]
+    # @return [Set]
-    #   Lexer mode for this pattern.
+    #   Lexer modes for this pattern.
-    attr_accessor :mode
+    attr_accessor :modes
 
     # @return [String, nil]
     #   Parser value type name.
@@ -46,16 +46,16 @@ class Propane
     #   Token to be returned by this pattern.
     # @option options [Integer, nil] :line_number
     #   Line number where the token was defined in the input grammar.
-    # @option options [String, nil] :mode
+    # @option options [String, nil] :modes
-    #   Lexer mode for this pattern.
+    #   Lexer modes for this pattern.
     def initialize(options)
       @code = options[:code]
       @pattern = options[:pattern]
       @token = options[:token]
       @line_number = options[:line_number]
-      @mode = options[:mode]
+      @modes = options[:modes]
       @ptypename = options[:ptypename]
-      regex = Regex.new(@pattern)
+      regex = Regex.new(@pattern, @line_number)
       regex.nfa.end_state.accepts = self
       @nfa = regex.nfa
     end

lib/propane/regex.rb

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ class Propane
     attr_reader :unit
     attr_reader :nfa
 
-    def initialize(pattern)
+    def initialize(pattern, line_number)
       @pattern = pattern.dup
+      @line_number = line_number
       @unit = parse_alternates
       @nfa = @unit.to_nfa
       if @pattern != ""
-        raise Error.new(%[Unexpected "#{@pattern}" in pattern])
+        raise Error.new(%[Line #{@line_number}: unexpected "#{@pattern}" in pattern])
       end
     end
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ class Propane
             mu = MultiplicityUnit.new(last_unit, min_count, max_count)
             au.replace_last!(mu)
           else
-            raise Error.new("#{c} follows nothing")
+            raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: #{c} follows nothing")
           end
         when "|"
           au.new_alternate!
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ class Propane
     def parse_group
       au = parse_alternates
       if @pattern[0] != ")"
-        raise Error.new("Unterminated group in pattern")
+        raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: unterminated group in pattern")
       end
       @pattern.slice!(0)
       au
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class Propane
       index = 0
       loop do
         if @pattern == ""
-          raise Error.new("Unterminated character class")
+          raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: unterminated character class")
         end
         c = @pattern.slice!(0)
         if c == "]"
@@ -84,13 +85,13 @@ class Propane
         elsif c == "-" && @pattern[0] != "]"
           begin_cu = ccu.last_unit
           unless begin_cu.is_a?(CharacterRangeUnit) && begin_cu.code_point_range.size == 1
-            raise Error.new("Character range must be between single characters")
+            raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: character range must be between single characters")
           end
           if @pattern[0] == "\\"
             @pattern.slice!(0)
             end_cu = parse_backslash
             unless end_cu.is_a?(CharacterRangeUnit) && end_cu.code_point_range.size == 1
-              raise Error.new("Character range must be between single characters")
+              raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: character range must be between single characters")
             end
             max_code_point = end_cu.code_point
           else
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ class Propane
         elsif max_count.to_s != ""
           max_count = max_count.to_i
           if max_count < min_count
-            raise Error.new("Maximum repetition count cannot be less than minimum repetition count")
+            raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: maximum repetition count cannot be less than minimum repetition count")
           end
         else
           max_count = nil
@@ -124,28 +125,33 @@ class Propane
         @pattern = pattern
         [min_count, max_count]
       else
-        raise Error.new("Unexpected match count at #{@pattern}")
+        raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: unexpected match count following {")
       end
     end
 
     def parse_backslash
       if @pattern == ""
-        raise Error.new("Error: unfollowed \\")
+        raise Error.new("Line #{@line_number}: error: unfollowed \\")
       else
         c = @pattern.slice!(0)
         case c
         when "a"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\a", "\a")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\a")
         when "b"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\b", "\b")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\b")
         when "d"
           CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+        when "D"
+          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+          ccu.negate = true
+          ccu
         when "f"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f", "\f")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f")
         when "n"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\n", "\n")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\n")
         when "r"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\r", "\r")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\r")
         when "s"
           ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
           ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new(" ")
@@ -155,10 +161,35 @@ class Propane
           ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f")
           ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v")
           ccu
+        when "S"
+          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new(" ")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\t")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\r")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\n")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\f")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v")
+          ccu.negate = true
+          ccu
         when "t"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\t", "\t")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\t")
         when "v"
-          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v", "\v")
+          CharacterRangeUnit.new("\v")
+        when "w"
+          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("_")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("a", "z")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("A", "Z")
+          ccu
+        when "W"
+          ccu = CharacterClassUnit.new
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("_")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("0", "9")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("a", "z")
+          ccu << CharacterRangeUnit.new("A", "Z")
+          ccu.negate = true
+          ccu
         else
           CharacterRangeUnit.new(c)
         end

lib/propane/regex/unit.rb

@@ -92,16 +92,19 @@ class Propane
         @units = []
         @negate = false
       end
-      def initialize
+      def method_missing(*args, &block)
-        @units = []
+        @units.__send__(*args, &block)
-      end
-      def method_missing(*args)
-        @units.__send__(*args)
       end
       def <<(thing)
         if thing.is_a?(CharacterClassUnit)
-          thing.each do |ccu_unit|
+          if thing.negate
-            @units << ccu_unit
+            CodePointRange.invert_ranges(thing.map(&:code_point_range)).each do |cpr|
+              CharacterRangeUnit.new(cpr.first, cpr.last)
+            end
+          else
+            thing.each do |ccu_unit|
+              @units << ccu_unit
+            end
           end
         else
           @units << thing

lib/propane/rule.rb

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Propane
 
     # @return [Array<Integer>]
     #   Map this rule's components to their positions in the parent RuleSet's
-    #   node field pointer array. This is used for AST construction.
+    #   node field pointer array. This is used for tree construction.
     attr_accessor :rule_set_node_field_index_map
 
     # Construct a Rule.

lib/propane/rule_set.rb

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ class Propane
   class RuleSet
 
     # @return [Array<Hash>]
-    #   AST fields.
+    #   tree fields.
-    attr_reader :ast_fields
+    attr_reader :tree_fields
 
     # @return [Integer]
     #   ID of the RuleSet.
@@ -100,26 +100,28 @@ class Propane
 
     # Finalize a RuleSet after adding all Rules to it.
     def finalize(grammar)
-      if grammar.ast
+      if grammar.tree
-        build_ast_fields(grammar)
+        build_tree_fields(grammar)
       end
     end
 
     private
 
-    # Build the set of AST fields for this RuleSet.
+    # Build the set of tree fields for this RuleSet.
     #
     # This is an Array of Hashes. Each entry in the Array corresponds to a
-    # field location in the AST node. The entry is a Hash. It could have one or
+    # field location in the tree node. The entry is a Hash. It could have one or
     # two keys. It will always have the field name with a positional suffix as
     # a key. It may also have the field name without the positional suffix if
     # that field only exists in one position across all Rules in the RuleSet.
     #
     # @return [void]
-    def build_ast_fields(grammar)
+    def build_tree_fields(grammar)
-      field_ast_node_indexes = {}
+      field_tree_node_indexes = {}
       field_indexes_across_all_rules = {}
-      @ast_fields = []
+      # Stores the index into @tree_fields by field alias name.
+      field_aliases = {}
+      @tree_fields = []
       @rules.each do |rule|
         rule.components.each_with_index do |component, i|
           if component.is_a?(RuleSet) && component.optional?
@@ -130,15 +132,25 @@ class Propane
           else
             node_name = component.name
           end
-          struct_name = "#{grammar.ast_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.ast_suffix}"
+          struct_name = "#{grammar.tree_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.tree_suffix}"
           field_name = "p#{node_name}#{i + 1}"
-          unless field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
+          unless field_tree_node_indexes[field_name]
-            field_ast_node_indexes[field_name] = @ast_fields.size
+            field_tree_node_indexes[field_name] = @tree_fields.size
-            @ast_fields << {field_name => struct_name}
+            @tree_fields << {field_name => struct_name}
+          end
+          rule.aliases.each do |alias_name, index|
+            if index == i
+              alias_tree_fields_index = field_tree_node_indexes[field_name]
+              if field_aliases[alias_name] && field_aliases[alias_name] != alias_tree_fields_index
+                raise Error.new("Error: conflicting tree node field positions for alias `#{alias_name}` in rule #{rule.name} defined on line #{rule.line_number}")
+              end
+              field_aliases[alias_name] = alias_tree_fields_index
+              @tree_fields[alias_tree_fields_index][alias_name] = @tree_fields[alias_tree_fields_index].first[1]
+            end
           end
           field_indexes_across_all_rules[node_name] ||= Set.new
-          field_indexes_across_all_rules[node_name] << field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
+          field_indexes_across_all_rules[node_name] << field_tree_node_indexes[field_name]
-          rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map[i] = field_ast_node_indexes[field_name]
+          rule.rule_set_node_field_index_map[i] = field_tree_node_indexes[field_name]
         end
       end
       field_indexes_across_all_rules.each do |node_name, indexes_across_all_rules|
@@ -146,20 +158,8 @@ class Propane
           # If this field was only seen in one position across all rules,
           # then add an alias to the positional field name that does not
           # include the position.
-          @ast_fields[indexes_across_all_rules.first]["p#{node_name}"] =
+          @tree_fields[indexes_across_all_rules.first]["p#{node_name}"] =
-            "#{grammar.ast_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.ast_suffix}"
+            "#{grammar.tree_prefix}#{node_name}#{grammar.tree_suffix}"
-        end
-      end
-      # Now merge in the field aliases as given by the user in the
-      # grammar.
-      field_aliases = {}
-      @rules.each do |rule|
-        rule.aliases.each do |alias_name, index|
-          if field_aliases[alias_name] && field_aliases[alias_name] != index
-            raise Error.new("Error: conflicting AST node field positions for alias `#{alias_name}` in rule #{rule.name} defined on line #{rule.line_number}")
-          end
-          field_aliases[alias_name] = index
-          @ast_fields[index][alias_name] = @ast_fields[index].first[1]
         end
       end
     end

lib/propane/util.rb

@@ -10,6 +10,32 @@ class Propane
         "#{s}\n* #{message} *\n#{s}\n"
       end
 
+      # Determine the number of threads to use.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      #   The number of threads to use.
+      def determine_n_threads
+        # Try to figure out how many threads are available on the host hardware.
+        begin
+          case RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]
+          when /linux/
+            return File.read("/proc/cpuinfo").scan(/^processor\s*:/).size
+          when /mswin|mingw|msys/
+            if `wmic cpu get NumberOfLogicalProcessors -value` =~ /NumberOfLogicalProcessors=(\d+)/
+              return $1.to_i
+            end
+          when /darwin/
+            if `sysctl -n hw.ncpu` =~ /(\d+)/
+              return $1.to_i
+            end
+          end
+        rescue
+        end
+
+        # If we can't figure it out, default to 4.
+        4
+      end
+
     end
 
   end

lib/propane/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class Propane
-  VERSION = "2.1.0"
+  VERSION = "4.1.0"
 end

spec/json_parser.c.propane

@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ string: /\\t/ <<
 >>
 string: /\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}/ <<
   /* Not actually going to encode the code point for this example... */
-  char s[] = {'{', match[2], match[3], match[4], match[5], '}', 0};
+  char s[] = {'{', (char)match[2], (char)match[3], (char)match[4], (char)match[5], '}', 0};
   str_append(&string_value, s);
 >>
 string: /[^\\]/ <<
-  char s[] = {match[0], 0};
+  char s[] = {(char)match[0], 0};
   str_append(&string_value, s);
 >>
 Start -> Value <<

spec/json_types.c

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 JSONValue * JSONValue_new(size_t id)
 {
-    JSONValue * jv = calloc(1, sizeof(JSONValue));
+    JSONValue * jv = (JSONValue *)calloc(1, sizeof(JSONValue));
     jv->id = id;
     return jv;
 }
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ void JSONObject_append(JSONValue * object, char const * name, JSONValue * value)
         }
     }
     size_t const new_size = size + 1;
-    void * new_entries = malloc(sizeof(object->object.entries[0]) * new_size);
+    JSONObjectEntry * new_entries = (JSONObjectEntry *)malloc(sizeof(object->object.entries[0]) * new_size);
     if (size > 0)
     {
         memcpy(new_entries, object->object.entries, size * sizeof(object->object.entries[0]));
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ void JSONArray_append(JSONValue * array, JSONValue * value)
 {
     size_t const size = array->array.size;
     size_t const new_size = size + 1;
-    JSONValue ** new_entries = malloc(sizeof(JSONValue *) * new_size);
+    JSONValue ** new_entries = (JSONValue **)malloc(sizeof(JSONValue *) * new_size);
     if (array->array.size > 0)
     {
         memcpy(new_entries, array->array.entries, sizeof(JSONValue *) * size);

spec/json_types.h

@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@
 #define JSON_FALSE 5u
 #define JSON_NULL 6u
 
+typedef struct JSONObjectEntry_s
+{
+    char const * name;
+    struct JSONValue_s * value;
+} JSONObjectEntry;
+
 typedef struct JSONValue_s
 {
     size_t id;
@@ -19,11 +25,7 @@ typedef struct JSONValue_s
         struct
         {
             size_t size;
-            struct
+            JSONObjectEntry * entries;
-            {
-                char const * name;
-                struct JSONValue_s * value;
-            } * entries;
         } object;
         struct
         {

spec/propane/grammar_spec.rb

@@ -151,30 +151,30 @@ EOF
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.token == o}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to be_nil
+      expect(o.modes).to be_empty
 
       o = grammar.tokens.find {|token| token.name == "b"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.token == o}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to eq "m1"
+      expect(o.modes).to eq Set["m1"]
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "foo"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to be_nil
+      expect(o.modes).to be_empty
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "bar"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to eq "m2"
+      expect(o.modes).to eq Set["m2"]
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "q"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to be_nil
+      expect(o.modes).to be_empty
 
       o = grammar.patterns.find {|pattern| pattern.pattern == "r"}
       expect(o).to_not be_nil
-      expect(o.mode).to eq "m3"
+      expect(o.modes).to eq Set["m3"]
     end
 
     it "allows assigning ptypes to tokens and rules" do

spec/propane/lexer/dfa_spec.rb

@@ -126,6 +126,74 @@ EOF
     ]
     expect(run(<<EOF, ";")).to eq expected
 token semicolon /;/;
+EOF
+  end
+
+  it "matches a negated character class" do
+    expected = [
+      ["pattern", "/abc/"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "/abc/")).to eq expected
+token pattern /\\/[^\\s]*\\//;
+EOF
+  end
+
+  it "matches special character classes " do
+    expected = [
+      ["a", "abc123_FOO"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "abc123_FOO")).to eq expected
+token a /\\w+/;
+EOF
+    expected = [
+      ["b", "FROG*%$#"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "FROG*%$#")).to eq expected
+token b /FROG\\D{1,4}/;
+EOF
+    expected = [
+      ["c", "$883366"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "$883366")).to eq expected
+token c /$\\d+/;
+EOF
+    expected = [
+      ["d", "^&$@"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "^&$@")).to eq expected
+token d /^\\W+/;
+EOF
+    expected = [
+      ["a", "abc123_FOO"],
+      [nil, " "],
+      ["b", "FROG*%$#"],
+      [nil, " "],
+      ["c", "$883366"],
+      [nil, " "],
+      ["d", "^&$@"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "abc123_FOO FROG*%$# $883366 ^&$@")).to eq expected
+token a /\\w+/;
+token b /FROG\\D{1,4}/;
+token c /$\\d+/;
+token d /^\\W+/;
+drop /\\s+/;
+EOF
+  end
+
+  it "matches a negated character class with a nested inner negated character class" do
+    expected = [
+      ["t", "$&*"],
+    ]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "$&*")).to eq expected
+token t /[^%\\W]+/;
+EOF
+  end
+
+  it "\\s matches a newline" do
+    expected = [["s", "\n"]]
+    expect(run(<<EOF, "\n")).to eq expected
+token s /\\s/;
 EOF
   end
 end

spec/propane/regex_spec.rb

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ class Propane
   RSpec.describe Regex do
 
     it "parses an empty expression" do
-      regex = Regex.new("")
+      regex = Regex.new("", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0].size).to eq 0
     end
 
     it "parses a single character unit expression" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a")
+      regex = Regex.new("a", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a group with a single character unit expression" do
-      regex = Regex.new("(a)")
+      regex = Regex.new("(a)", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a *" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a*")
+      regex = Regex.new("a*", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a +" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a+")
+      regex = Regex.new("a+", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a ?" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a?")
+      regex = Regex.new("a?", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a multiplicity count" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a{5}")
+      regex = Regex.new("a{5}", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a minimum-only multiplicity count" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a{5,}")
+      regex = Regex.new("a{5,}", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a minimum and maximum multiplicity count" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a{5,8}")
+      regex = Regex.new("a{5,8}", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses an escaped *" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a\\*")
+      regex = Regex.new("a\\*", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses an escaped +" do
-      regex = Regex.new("a\\+")
+      regex = Regex.new("a\\+", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses an escaped \\" do
-      regex = Regex.new("\\\\d")
+      regex = Regex.new("\\\\d", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[a-z_]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[a-z_]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a negated character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[^xyz]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[^xyz]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -189,8 +189,25 @@ class Propane
       expect(ccu[0].first).to eq "x".ord
     end
 
+    it "parses a negated character class with inner character classes" do
+      regex = Regex.new("[^x\\sz]", 1)
+      expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
+      expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
+      expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
+      seq_unit = regex.unit.alternates[0]
+      expect(seq_unit.size).to eq 1
+      expect(seq_unit[0]).to be_a Regex::CharacterClassUnit
+      ccu = seq_unit[0]
+      expect(ccu.negate).to be_truthy
+      expect(ccu.size).to eq 8
+      expect(ccu[0]).to be_a Regex::CharacterRangeUnit
+      expect(ccu[0].first).to eq "x".ord
+      expect(ccu[1].first).to eq " ".ord
+      expect(ccu[7].first).to eq "z".ord
+    end
+
     it "parses - as a plain character at beginning of a character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[-9]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[-9]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -204,7 +221,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses - as a plain character at end of a character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[0-]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[0-]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -220,7 +237,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses - as a plain character at beginning of a negated character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[^-9]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[^-9]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -235,7 +252,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses . as a plain character in a character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[.]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[.]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -250,7 +267,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses - as a plain character when escaped in middle of character class" do
-      regex = Regex.new("[0\\-9]")
+      regex = Regex.new("[0\\-9]", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -269,7 +286,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses alternates" do
-      regex = Regex.new("ab|c")
+      regex = Regex.new("ab|c", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 2
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -279,7 +296,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses a ." do
-      regex = Regex.new("a.b")
+      regex = Regex.new("a.b", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 1
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit
@@ -290,7 +307,7 @@ class Propane
     end
 
     it "parses something complex" do
-      regex = Regex.new("(a|)*|[^^]|\\|v|[x-y]+")
+      regex = Regex.new("(a|)*|[^^]|\\|v|[x-y]+", 1)
       expect(regex.unit).to be_a Regex::AlternatesUnit
       expect(regex.unit.alternates.size).to eq 4
       expect(regex.unit.alternates[0]).to be_a Regex::SequenceUnit

spec/propane_spec.rb

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ describe Propane do
   end
 
   def run_propane(options = {})
+    options[:language] ||= "d"
     @statics[:build_test_id] ||= 0
     @statics[:build_test_id] += 1
     if ENV["dist_specs"]
@@ -65,26 +66,45 @@ EOF
   end
 
   def compile(test_files, options = {})
-    test_files = Array(test_files)
+    test_files = Array(test_files).map do |test_file|
+      if !File.exist?(test_file) && test_file.end_with?(".cpp")
+        test_file.sub(%r{\.cpp$}, ".c")
+      else
+        test_file
+      end
+    end
     options[:parsers] ||= [""]
     parsers = options[:parsers].map do |name|
       "spec/run/testparser#{name}.#{options[:language]}"
     end
     case options[:language]
     when "c"
-      result = system(*%w[gcc -Wall -o spec/run/testparser -Ispec -Ispec/run], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.c", "-lm")
+      command = [*%w[gcc -g -Wall -o spec/run/testparser -Ispec -Ispec/run], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.c", "-lm"]
+    when "cpp"
+      command = [*%w[g++ -g -x c++ -Wall -o spec/run/testparser -Ispec -Ispec/run], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.c", "-lm"]
     when "d"
-      result = system(*%w[ldc2 --unittest -of spec/run/testparser -Ispec], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.d")
+      command = [*%w[ldc2 -g --unittest -of spec/run/testparser -Ispec], *parsers, *test_files, "spec/testutils.d"]
     end
+    result = system(*command)
     expect(result).to be_truthy
   end
 
-  def run_test
+  def run_test(options)
     stdout, stderr, status = Open3.capture3("spec/run/testparser")
     File.binwrite("spec/run/.stderr", stderr)
     File.binwrite("spec/run/.stdout", stdout)
     stderr.sub!(/^.*modules passed unittests\n/, "")
-    Results.new(stdout, stderr, status)
+    results = Results.new(stdout, stderr, status)
+    stdout, stderr, status = Open3.capture3("valgrind --leak-check=full --show-leak-kinds=all --track-origins=yes --verbose spec/run/testparser")
+    vgout = stdout + stderr
+    File.binwrite("spec/run/.vgout", vgout)
+    vgout.scan(/(?:definitely|indirectly) lost: (\d+) bytes/) do |match|
+      bytes = $1.to_i
+      if bytes > 0
+        raise "Valgrind detected memory leak"
+      end
+    end
+    results
   end
 
   def lines(str)
@@ -224,20 +244,20 @@ EOF
     expect(results.status).to_not eq 0
   end
 
-  it "errors when an alias is in different positions for different rules in a rule set when AST mode is enabled" do
+  it "errors when an alias is in different positions for different rules in a rule set when tree mode is enabled" do
     write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 token a;
 token b;
 Start -> a:foo b;
 Start -> b b:foo;
 EOF
     results = run_propane(extra_args: %w[-w], capture: true)
-    expect(results.stderr).to match %r{Error: conflicting AST node field positions for alias `foo`}
+    expect(results.stderr).to match %r{Error: conflicting tree node field positions for alias `foo`}
     expect(results.status).to_not eq 0
   end
 
-  it "does not error when an alias is in different positions for different rules in a rule set when AST mode is not enabled" do
+  it "does not error when an alias is in different positions for different rules in a rule set when tree mode is not enabled" do
     write_grammar <<EOF
 token a;
 token b;
@@ -249,7 +269,19 @@ EOF
     expect(results.status).to eq 0
   end
 
-  %w[d c].each do |language|
+  it "shows error line number for unmatched left curly brace" do
+    write_grammar <<EOF
+# Line 1
+# Line 2
+token a /a{/;
+Start -> a;
+EOF
+    results = run_propane(capture: true)
+    expect(results.stderr).to match /Line 3: unexpected match count following \{/
+    expect(results.status).to_not eq 0
+  end
+
+  %w[d c cpp].each do |language|
 
     context "#{language.upcase} language" do
 
@@ -265,14 +297,14 @@ Foo -> plus <<>>
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "detects a lexer error when an unknown character is seen" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 ptype int;
 token int /\\d+/ <<
@@ -303,7 +335,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer_unknown_character.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -326,7 +358,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "generates a parser that does basic math - user guide example" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <math.h>
@@ -397,7 +429,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_basic_math_grammar.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -423,7 +455,7 @@ R2 -> a b;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_parser_identical_rules_lookahead.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
@@ -438,13 +470,13 @@ R1 -> b;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_parser_rule_from_multiple_states.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "executes user code when matching lexer token" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -473,7 +505,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_user_code.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "abc!",
@@ -486,7 +518,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "supports a pattern statement" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -509,7 +541,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_pattern.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "def!",
@@ -522,7 +554,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "supports returning tokens from pattern code blocks" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -551,7 +583,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_return_token_from_pattern.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "def!",
@@ -562,7 +594,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "supports lexer modes" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -609,7 +641,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer_modes.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "begin string mode",
@@ -621,9 +653,65 @@ EOF
         ])
       end
 
+      it "multiple lexer modes may apply to a pattern" do
+        case language
+        when "c", "cpp"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+#include <stdio.h>
+>>
+ptype char;
+token abc;
+token def;
+default, identonly: token ident /[a-z]+/ <<
+  $$ = match[0];
+  $mode(default);
+  return $token(ident);
+>>
+token dot /\\./ <<
+  $mode(identonly);
+>>
+default, identonly: drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> abc dot ident <<
+  printf("ident: %c\\n", $3);
+>>
+EOF
+        when "d"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+import std.stdio;
+>>
+ptype char;
+token abc;
+token def;
+default, identonly: token ident /[a-z]+/ <<
+  $$ = match[0];
+  $mode(default);
+>>
+token dot /\\./ <<
+  $mode(identonly);
+>>
+default, identonly: drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> abc dot ident <<
+  writeln("ident: ", $3);
+>>
+EOF
+        end
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_lexer_multiple_modes.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+        verify_lines(results.stdout, [
+          "ident: d",
+          "pass1",
+          "ident: a",
+          "pass2",
+        ])
+      end
+
       it "executes user code associated with a parser rule" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -648,7 +736,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_parser_rule_user_code.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "A!",
@@ -659,7 +747,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "parses lists" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ptype #{language == "c" ? "uint32_t" : "uint"};
+ptype #{language == "d" ? "uint" : "uint32_t"};
 token a;
 Start -> As << $$ = $1; >>
 As -> << $$ = 0u; >>
@@ -667,7 +755,7 @@ As -> As a << $$ = $1 + 1u; >>
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_parsing_lists.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
       end
@@ -694,14 +782,14 @@ EOF
 
       it "provides matched text to user code blocks" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 >>
 token id /[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*/ <<
-  char * t = malloc(match_length + 1);
+  char * t = (char *)malloc(match_length + 1);
   strncpy(t, (char *)match, match_length);
   printf("Matched token is %s\\n", t);
   free(t);
@@ -721,7 +809,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer_match_text.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
           "Matched token is identifier_123",
@@ -731,7 +819,7 @@ EOF
 
       it "allows storing a result value for the lexer" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 ptype uint64_t;
 token word /[a-z]+/ <<
@@ -754,7 +842,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_lexer_result_value.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -769,13 +857,14 @@ Start -> a num;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_error_positions.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "allows creating a JSON parser" do
-        write_grammar(File.read("spec/json_parser.#{language}.propane"))
+        ext = language == "cpp" ? "c" : language
+        write_grammar(File.read("spec/json_parser.#{ext}.propane"))
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile(["spec/test_parsing_json.#{language}", "spec/json_types.#{language}"], language: language)
       end
@@ -797,7 +886,7 @@ Start -> b c b;
 EOF
         run_propane(name: "myp2", language: language)
         compile("spec/test_multiple_parsers.#{language}", parsers: %w[myp1 myp2], language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -816,7 +905,7 @@ Any -> c;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_user_terminate_lexer.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -834,14 +923,14 @@ Any -> ;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_user_terminate.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "matches backslash escape sequences" do
         case language
-        when "c"
+        when "c", "cpp"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
   #include <stdio.h>
@@ -878,7 +967,7 @@ EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_match_backslashes.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
@@ -906,9 +995,9 @@ EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
       end
 
-      it "generates an AST" do
+      it "generates a tree" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 ptype int;
 
@@ -942,17 +1031,17 @@ One -> one;
 Two -> two;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "supports AST node prefix and suffix" do
+      it "supports tree node prefix and suffix" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
-ast_prefix P ;
+tree_prefix P ;
-ast_suffix  S;
+tree_suffix  S;
 
 ptype int;
 
@@ -986,8 +1075,8 @@ One -> one;
 Two -> two;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast_ps.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree_ps.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
@@ -1002,15 +1091,15 @@ EOF
         compile("spec/test_start_rule.#{language}", language: language)
       end
 
-      it "allows specifying a different start rule with AST generation" do
+      it "allows specifying a different start rule with tree generation" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 token hi;
 start Top;
 Top -> hi;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_start_rule_ast.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_start_rule_tree.#{language}", language: language)
       end
 
       it "allows marking a rule component as optional" do
@@ -1055,13 +1144,13 @@ Start -> a? b R? <<
   printf("b: %d\\n", $2);
   printf("R: %s\\n", $3 == NULL ? "" : $3);
 >>
-R -> c d << $$ = "cd"; >>
+R -> c d << $$ = (char *)"cd"; >>
-R (string) -> d c << $$ = "dc"; >>
+R (string) -> d c << $$ = (char *)"dc"; >>
 EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_optional_rule_component.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         verify_lines(results.stdout, [
@@ -1077,10 +1166,10 @@ EOF
         ])
       end
 
-      it "allows marking a rule component as optional in AST generation mode" do
+      it "allows marking a rule component as optional in tree generation mode" do
         if language == "d"
           write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 <<
 import std.stdio;
@@ -1096,7 +1185,7 @@ R -> d c;
 EOF
         else
           write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -1112,16 +1201,16 @@ R -> d c;
 EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_optional_rule_component_ast.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_optional_rule_component_tree.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "allows naming an optional rule component in AST generation mode" do
+      it "allows naming an optional rule component in tree generation mode" do
         if language == "d"
           write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 <<
 import std.stdio;
@@ -1137,7 +1226,7 @@ R -> d c;
 EOF
         else
           write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 <<
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -1153,15 +1242,15 @@ R -> d c;
 EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_named_optional_rule_component_ast.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_named_optional_rule_component_tree.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "stores token and rule positions in AST nodes" do
+      it "stores token and rule positions in tree nodes" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 token a;
 token bb;
@@ -1173,15 +1262,15 @@ T -> bb;
 T -> c;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast_token_positions.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree_token_positions.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
       it "stores invalid positions for empty rule matches" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 token a;
 token bb;
@@ -1193,15 +1282,15 @@ T -> a A;
 A -> bb? c?;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast_invalid_positions.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree_invalid_positions.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "allows specifying field aliases in AST mode" do
+      it "allows specifying field aliases in tree mode" do
         write_grammar <<EOF
-ast;
+tree;
 
 token a;
 token b;
@@ -1213,13 +1302,36 @@ T -> b;
 T -> c;
 EOF
         run_propane(language: language)
-        compile("spec/test_ast_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
       end
 
-      it "allows specifying field aliases when AST mode is not enabled" do
+      it "aliases the correct field when multiple rules are in a rule set in tree mode" do
+        write_grammar <<EOF
+tree;
+
+token a;
+token b;
+token c;
+drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> a;
+Start -> Foo;
+Start -> T:first T:second T:third;
+Foo -> b;
+T -> a;
+T -> b;
+T -> c;
+EOF
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      it "allows specifying field aliases when tree mode is not enabled" do
         if language == "d"
           write_grammar <<EOF
 <<
@@ -1241,9 +1353,9 @@ EOF
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 >>
-ptype char const *;
+ptype char *;
 token id /[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*/ <<
-  char * s = malloc(match_length + 1);
+  char * s = (char *)malloc(match_length + 1);
   strncpy(s, (char const *)match, match_length);
   s[match_length] = 0;
   $$ = s;
@@ -1252,16 +1364,341 @@ drop /\\s+/;
 Start -> id:first id:second <<
   printf("first is %s\\n", ${first});
   printf("second is %s\\n", ${second});
+  free(${first});
+  free(${second});
 >>
 EOF
         end
         run_propane(language: language)
         compile("spec/test_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
-        results = run_test
+        results = run_test(language: language)
         expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
         expect(results.status).to eq 0
         expect(results.stdout).to match /first is foo1.*second is bar2/m
       end
+
+      it "aliases the correct field when multiple rules are in a rule set when tree mode is not enabled" do
+        if language == "d"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+import std.stdio;
+>>
+ptype string;
+token id /[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*/ <<
+  $$ = match;
+>>
+drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> id;
+Start -> Foo;
+Start -> id:first id:second <<
+  writeln("first is ", ${first});
+  writeln("second is ", ${second});
+>>
+Foo -> ;
+EOF
+        else
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+>>
+ptype char *;
+token id /[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*/ <<
+  char * s = (char *)malloc(match_length + 1);
+  strncpy(s, (char const *)match, match_length);
+  s[match_length] = 0;
+  $$ = s;
+>>
+drop /\\s+/;
+Start -> id;
+Start -> Foo;
+Start -> id:first id:second <<
+  printf("first is %s\\n", ${first});
+  printf("second is %s\\n", ${second});
+  free(${first});
+  free(${second});
+>>
+Foo -> ;
+EOF
+        end
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_field_aliases.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+        expect(results.stdout).to match /first is foo1.*second is bar2/m
+      end
+
+      # D garbage collector was freeing memory for nodes when it should not
+      # have been. This was due to pointers being in the TreeNode that was
+      # allocated by C malloc() function instead of allocated using D.
+      it "does not free memory allocated for tree nodes" do
+        ext = language == "cpp" ? "c" : language
+        write_grammar(File.read("spec/tree_node_memory_remains.#{ext}.propane"))
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_tree_node_memory_remains.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      it "allows multiple starting rules" do
+    write_grammar <<EOF
+ptype int;
+token a << $$ = 1; >>
+token b << $$ = 2; >>
+token c << $$ = 3; >>
+Start -> a b R;
+Start -> Bs:bs << $$ = $1; >>
+R -> c:c << $$ = $1; >>
+Bs -> << $$ = 0; >>
+Bs -> b:b Bs:bs << $$ = $1 + $2; >>
+start Start R Bs;
+EOF
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_starting_rules.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      it "allows multiple starting rules in tree mode" do
+    write_grammar <<EOF
+tree;
+ptype int;
+token a << $$ = 1; >>
+token b << $$ = 2; >>
+token c << $$ = 3; >>
+Start -> a b R;
+Start -> Bs:bs;
+R -> c:c;
+Bs -> ;
+Bs -> b:b Bs:bs;
+start Start R Bs;
+EOF
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_starting_rules_tree.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      if %w[c cpp].include?(language)
+        it "allows a user function to free token node memory in tree mode" do
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+tree;
+free_token_node <<
+    free(${token.pvalue});
+>>
+ptype int *;
+token a <<
+  $$ = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
+  *$$ = 1;
+>>
+token b <<
+  $$ = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
+  *$$ = 2;
+>>
+Start -> a:a b:b;
+EOF
+          run_propane(language: language)
+          compile("spec/test_tree_delete_token_node_memory.#{language}", language: language)
+          results = run_test(language: language)
+          expect(results.stderr).to eq ""
+          expect(results.status).to eq 0
+        end
+      end
+
+      it "executes code blocks associated with drop statements" do
+        if language == "d"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+import std.stdio;
+>>
+drop /\\s+/;
+drop /#(.*)\\n/ <<
+  stderr.write("comment: ", match);
+>>
+token a;
+Start -> a;
+EOF
+        else
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+>>
+drop /\\s+/;
+drop /#(.*)\\n/ <<
+  fprintf(stderr, "comment: %.*s", (int)match_length, match);
+>>
+token a;
+Start -> a;
+EOF
+        end
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_drop_code_block.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to match %r{comment: # comment 1\n.*comment: #    comment 2}m
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      it "allows user-defined context fields" do
+        if language == "d"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+context_user_fields <<
+    string comments;
+    uint acount;
+>>
+drop /\\s+/;
+drop /#(.*)\\n/ <<
+    ${context.comments} ~= match;
+>>
+token a <<
+    ${context.acount}++;
+>>
+Start -> As;
+As -> ;
+As -> a As;
+EOF
+        else
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+>>
+context_user_fields <<
+    char * comments;
+    unsigned int acount;
+>>
+drop /\\s+/;
+drop /#(.*)\\n/ <<
+    size_t cur_len = 0u;
+    if (${context.comments} != NULL)
+        cur_len = strlen(${context.comments});
+    char * commentsnew = (char *)malloc(cur_len + match_length + 1);
+    if (${context.comments} != NULL)
+        memcpy(commentsnew, ${context.comments}, cur_len);
+    memcpy(&commentsnew[cur_len], match, match_length);
+    commentsnew[cur_len + match_length] = '\\0';
+    if (${context.comments} != NULL)
+    {
+        free(${context.comments});
+    }
+    ${context.comments} = commentsnew;
+>>
+token a <<
+    ${context.acount}++;
+>>
+Start -> As;
+As -> ;
+As -> a As;
+EOF
+        end
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_user_context_fields.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.stderr).to include %r{comments: # comment 1\n#    comment 2}
+        expect(results.stderr).to include %r{acount: 11\n}
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
+
+      it "allows custom token user fields" do
+        if language == "d"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+context_user_fields <<
+    string comments;
+>>
+token_user_fields <<
+    string comments;
+>>
+on_token_node <<
+    ${token.comments} = ${context.comments};
+    ${context.comments} = "";
+>>
+tree;
+drop /\\s+/;
+drop /#(.*)\\n/ <<
+    ${context.comments} ~= match;
+>>
+token id /\\w+/;
+Start -> IDs;
+IDs -> ;
+IDs -> id:id IDs;
+EOF
+        elsif language == "c"
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+>>
+context_user_fields <<
+    char * comments;
+>>
+token_user_fields <<
+    char * comments;
+>>
+free_token_node <<
+    free(${token.comments});
+>>
+on_token_node <<
+    ${token.comments} = ${context.comments};
+    ${context.comments} = (char *)malloc(1);
+    ${context.comments}[0] = '\\0';
+>>
+tree;
+drop /\\s+/;
+drop /#(.*)\\n/ <<
+    size_t cur_len = 0u;
+    if (${context.comments} != NULL)
+        cur_len = strlen(${context.comments});
+    char * commentsnew = (char *)malloc(cur_len + match_length + 1);
+    if (${context.comments} != NULL)
+        memcpy(commentsnew, ${context.comments}, cur_len);
+    memcpy(&commentsnew[cur_len], match, match_length);
+    commentsnew[cur_len + match_length] = '\\0';
+    if (${context.comments} != NULL)
+    {
+        free(${context.comments});
+    }
+    ${context.comments} = commentsnew;
+>>
+token id /\\w+/;
+Start -> IDs;
+IDs -> ;
+IDs -> id:id IDs;
+EOF
+        else # C++
+          write_grammar <<EOF
+<<header
+#include <string>
+>>
+context_user_fields <<
+    std::string comments;
+>>
+token_user_fields <<
+    std::string comments;
+>>
+on_token_node <<
+    ${token.comments} = ${context.comments};
+    ${context.comments} = "";
+>>
+tree;
+drop /\\s+/;
+drop /#(.*)\\n/ <<
+    ${context.comments} += std::string((const char *)match, match_length);
+>>
+token id /\\w+/;
+Start -> IDs;
+IDs -> ;
+IDs -> id:id IDs;
+EOF
+        end
+        run_propane(language: language)
+        compile("spec/test_token_user_fields.#{language}", language: language)
+        results = run_test(language: language)
+        expect(results.status).to eq 0
+      end
     end
   end
 end

spec/spec_helper.rb

@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ unless ENV["dist_specs"]
   require "bundler/setup"
   require "simplecov"
 
+  class MyFormatter
+    def format(*args)
+    end
+  end
   SimpleCov.start do
     add_filter "/spec/"
     add_filter "/.bundle/"
@@ -12,6 +16,7 @@ unless ENV["dist_specs"]
     end
     project_name "Propane"
     merge_timeout 3600
+    formatter(MyFormatter)
   end
 
   RSpec.configure do |config|

spec/test_basic_math_grammar.c

@@ -5,25 +5,29 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "1 + 2 * 3 + 4";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(11, p_result(&context));
+    assert_eq(11, p_result(context));
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "1 * 2 ** 4 * 3";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(48, p_result(&context));
+    assert_eq(48, p_result(context));
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "(1 + 2) * 3 + 4";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(13, p_result(&context));
+    assert_eq(13, p_result(context));
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "(2 * 2) ** 3 + 4 + 5";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(73, p_result(&context));
+    assert_eq(73, p_result(context));
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_basic_math_grammar.d

@@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "1 + 2 * 3 + 4";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(11, p_result(&context));
+    assert_eq(11, p_result(context));
 
     input = "1 * 2 ** 4 * 3";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(48, p_result(&context));
+    assert_eq(48, p_result(context));
 
     input = "(1 + 2) * 3 + 4";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(13, p_result(&context));
+    assert_eq(13, p_result(context));
 
     input = "(2 * 2) ** 3 + 4 + 5";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(73, p_result(&context));
+    assert_eq(73, p_result(context));
 }

spec/test_drop_code_block.c

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "    # comment 1\n#    comment 2\na\n";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_drop_code_block.d

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "    # comment 1\n#    comment 2\na\n";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+}

spec/test_error_positions.c

@@ -5,38 +5,43 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "a 42";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "a\n123\na  a";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
-    assert(p_position(&context).row == 3);
+    assert(p_position(context).row == 3);
-    assert(p_position(&context).col == 4);
+    assert(p_position(context).col == 4);
-    assert(p_token(&context) == TOKEN_a);
+    assert(p_token(context) == TOKEN_a);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "12";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
-    assert(p_position(&context).row == 1);
+    assert(p_position(context).row == 1);
-    assert(p_position(&context).col == 1);
+    assert(p_position(context).col == 1);
-    assert(p_token(&context) == TOKEN_num);
+    assert(p_token(context) == TOKEN_num);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "a 12\n\nab";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
-    assert(p_position(&context).row == 3);
+    assert(p_position(context).row == 3);
-    assert(p_position(&context).col == 2);
+    assert(p_position(context).col == 2);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "a 12\n\na\n\n77\na   \xAA";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_DECODE_ERROR);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_DECODE_ERROR);
-    assert(p_position(&context).row == 6);
+    assert(p_position(context).row == 6);
-    assert(p_position(&context).col == 5);
+    assert(p_position(context).col == 5);
 
     assert(strcmp(p_token_names[TOKEN_a], "a") == 0);
     assert(strcmp(p_token_names[TOKEN_num], "num") == 0);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_error_positions.d

@@ -9,31 +9,31 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "a 42";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 
     input = "a\n123\na  a";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
-    assert(p_position(&context) == p_position_t(3, 4));
+    assert(p_position(context) == p_position_t(3, 4));
-    assert(p_token(&context) == TOKEN_a);
+    assert(p_token(context) == TOKEN_a);
 
     input = "12";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
-    assert(p_position(&context) == p_position_t(1, 1));
+    assert(p_position(context) == p_position_t(1, 1));
-    assert(p_token(&context) == TOKEN_num);
+    assert(p_token(context) == TOKEN_num);
 
     input = "a 12\n\nab";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
-    assert(p_position(&context) == p_position_t(3, 2));
+    assert(p_position(context) == p_position_t(3, 2));
 
     input = "a 12\n\na\n\n77\na   \xAA";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_DECODE_ERROR);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_DECODE_ERROR);
-    assert(p_position(&context) == p_position_t(6, 5));
+    assert(p_position(context) == p_position_t(6, 5));
 
     assert(p_token_names[TOKEN_a] == "a");
     assert(p_token_names[TOKEN_num] == "num");

spec/test_field_aliases.c

@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "foo1\nbar2";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_field_aliases.d

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "foo1\nbar2";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 }

spec/test_lexer.c

@@ -38,73 +38,75 @@ int main()
 
     p_token_info_t token_info;
     char const * input = "5 + 4 * \n677 + 567";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 1u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 1u);
     assert(token_info.length == 1u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_int);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 3u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 3u);
     assert(token_info.length == 1u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_plus);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 5u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 5u);
     assert(token_info.length == 1u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_int);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 7u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 7u);
     assert(token_info.length == 1u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_times);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 2u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 1u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 2u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 3u);
     assert(token_info.length == 3u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_int);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 2u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 5u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 2u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 5u);
     assert(token_info.length == 1u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_plus);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 2u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 7u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 2u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 9u);
     assert(token_info.length == 3u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN_int);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 2u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 10u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 2u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 10u);
     assert(token_info.length == 0u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN___EOF);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)"", 0u);
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)"", 0u);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info.position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.position.col == 1u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.row == 1u);
     assert(token_info.end_position.col == 1u);
     assert(token_info.length == 0u);
     assert(token_info.token == TOKEN___EOF);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_lexer.d

@@ -44,26 +44,26 @@ unittest
 {
     p_token_info_t token_info;
     string input = "5 + 4 * \n677 + 567";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 1), p_position_t(1, 1), 1, TOKEN_int));
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 3), p_position_t(1, 3), 1, TOKEN_plus));
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 5), p_position_t(1, 5), 1, TOKEN_int));
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 7), p_position_t(1, 7), 1, TOKEN_times));
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(2, 1), p_position_t(2, 3), 3, TOKEN_int));
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(2, 5), p_position_t(2, 5), 1, TOKEN_plus));
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(2, 7), p_position_t(2, 9), 3, TOKEN_int));
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(2, 10), p_position_t(2, 10), 0, TOKEN___EOF));
 
-    p_context_init(&context, "");
+    context = p_context_new("");
-    assert(p_lex(&context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_lex(context, &token_info) == P_SUCCESS);
     assert(token_info == p_token_info_t(p_position_t(1, 1), p_position_t(1, 1), 0, TOKEN___EOF));
 }

spec/test_lexer_match_text.c

@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "identifier_123";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     printf("pass1\n");
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_lexer_match_text.d

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = `identifier_123`;
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     writeln("pass1");
 }

spec/test_lexer_modes.c

@@ -6,15 +6,17 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "abc \"a string\" def";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     printf("pass1\n");
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "abc \"abc def\" def";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     printf("pass2\n");
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_lexer_modes.d

@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = `abc "a string" def`;
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     writeln("pass1");
 
     input = `abc "abc def" def`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     writeln("pass2");
 }

spec/test_lexer_multiple_modes.c

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "abc.def";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass1\n");
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    input = "abc .  abc";
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    printf("pass2\n");
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_lexer_multiple_modes.d

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = `abc.def`;
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    writeln("pass1");
+
+    input = `abc .  abc`;
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    writeln("pass2");
+}

spec/test_lexer_result_value.c

@@ -5,15 +5,17 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "x";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 1u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 1u);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "fabulous";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 8u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 8u);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_lexer_result_value.d

@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = `x`;
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 1u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 1u);
 
     input = `fabulous`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 8u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 8u);
 }

spec/test_lexer_unknown_character.c

@@ -5,14 +5,16 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "x";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "123";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 123u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 123u);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_lexer_unknown_character.d

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = `x`;
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_INPUT);
 
     input = `123`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 123u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 123u);
 }

spec/test_match_backslashes.c

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "\a\b\t\n\v\f\rt";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_match_backslashes.d

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "\a\b\t\n\v\f\rt";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 }

spec/test_multiple_parsers.c

@@ -6,14 +6,16 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input1 = "a\n1";
-    myp1_context_t context1;
+    myp1_context_t * context1;
-    myp1_context_init(&context1, (uint8_t const *)input1, strlen(input1));
+    context1 = myp1_context_new((uint8_t const *)input1, strlen(input1));
-    assert(myp1_parse(&context1) == MYP1_SUCCESS);
+    assert(myp1_parse(context1) == MYP1_SUCCESS);
+    myp1_context_delete(context1);
 
     char const * input2 = "bcb";
-    myp2_context_t context2;
+    myp2_context_t * context2;
-    myp2_context_init(&context2, (uint8_t const *)input2, strlen(input2));
+    context2 = myp2_context_new((uint8_t const *)input2, strlen(input2));
-    assert(myp2_parse(&context2) == MYP2_SUCCESS);
+    assert(myp2_parse(context2) == MYP2_SUCCESS);
+    myp2_context_delete(context2);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_multiple_parsers.d

@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input1 = "a\n1";
-    myp1_context_t context1;
+    myp1_context_t * context1;
-    myp1_context_init(&context1, input1);
+    context1 = myp1_context_new(input1);
-    assert(myp1_parse(&context1) == MYP1_SUCCESS);
+    assert(myp1_parse(context1) == MYP1_SUCCESS);
 
     string input2 = "bcb";
-    myp2_context_t context2;
+    myp2_context_t * context2;
-    myp2_context_init(&context2, input2);
+    context2 = myp2_context_new(input2);
-    assert(myp2_parse(&context2) == MYP2_SUCCESS);
+    assert(myp2_parse(context2) == MYP2_SUCCESS);
 }

spec/test_named_optional_rule_component_tree.c

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->a == NULL);
     assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start->pToken2->token);
@@ -17,10 +17,13 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pR == NULL);
     assert(start->r == NULL);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "abcd";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->a != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start->pToken1->token);
     assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
@@ -31,15 +34,21 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pR == start->r);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start->pR->pToken1->token);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "bdc";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->a == NULL);
     assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
     assert(start->r != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_d, start->pR->pToken1->token);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     return 0;
 }
 

spec/test_named_optional_rule_component_tree.d

@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
     assert(start.pToken1 is null);
     assert(start.pToken2 !is null);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start.pToken2.token);
@@ -21,10 +20,12 @@ unittest
     assert(start.pR is null);
     assert(start.r is null);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "abcd";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start.pToken1 != null);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start.pToken1.token);
     assert(start.pToken2 != null);
@@ -35,12 +36,16 @@ unittest
     assert(start.pR == start.r);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start.pR.pToken1.token);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "bdc";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start.pToken1 is null);
     assert(start.pToken2 !is null);
     assert(start.pR !is null);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_d, start.pR.pToken1.token);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
 }

spec/test_optional_rule_component.c

@@ -5,17 +5,20 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "abcd";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "abdc";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_optional_rule_component.d

@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 
     input = "abcd";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 
     input = "abdc";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 }

spec/test_optional_rule_component_tree.c

@@ -6,20 +6,23 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pToken1 == NULL);
     assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start->pToken2->token);
     assert(start->pR3 == NULL);
     assert(start->pR == NULL);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "abcd";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pToken1 != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start->pToken1->token);
     assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
@@ -28,15 +31,21 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pR == start->pR3);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start->pR->pToken1->token);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "bdc";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pToken1 == NULL);
     assert(start->pToken2 != NULL);
     assert(start->pR != NULL);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_d, start->pR->pToken1->token);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     return 0;
 }
 

spec/test_optional_rule_component_tree.d

@@ -10,20 +10,21 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
     assert(start.pToken1 is null);
     assert(start.pToken2 !is null);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start.pToken2.token);
     assert(start.pR3 is null);
     assert(start.pR is null);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "abcd";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start.pToken1 != null);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start.pToken1.token);
     assert(start.pToken2 != null);
@@ -32,12 +33,16 @@ unittest
     assert(start.pR == start.pR3);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start.pR.pToken1.token);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "bdc";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start.pToken1 is null);
     assert(start.pToken2 !is null);
     assert(start.pR !is null);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_d, start.pR.pToken1.token);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
 }

spec/test_parser_identical_rules_lookahead.c

@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "aba";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "abb";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_parser_identical_rules_lookahead.d

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "aba";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 
     input = "abb";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 }

spec/test_parser_rule_from_multiple_states.c

@@ -5,20 +5,23 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "a";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
-    assert(p_position(&context).row == 1);
+    assert(p_position(context).row == 1);
-    assert(p_position(&context).col == 2);
+    assert(p_position(context).col == 2);
-    assert(context.token == TOKEN___EOF);
+    assert(context->token == TOKEN___EOF);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "a b";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "bb";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_parser_rule_from_multiple_states.d

@@ -9,17 +9,17 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "a";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN);
-    assert(p_position(&context) == p_position_t(1, 2));
+    assert(p_position(context) == p_position_t(1, 2));
     assert(context.token == TOKEN___EOF);
 
     input = "a b";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 
     input = "bb";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 }

spec/test_parser_rule_user_code.c

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "ab";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_parser_rule_user_code.d

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "ab";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 }

spec/test_parsing_json.c

@@ -6,51 +6,58 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "{}";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context)->id == JSON_OBJECT);
+    assert(p_result(context)->id == JSON_OBJECT);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "[]";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context)->id == JSON_ARRAY);
+    assert(p_result(context)->id == JSON_ARRAY);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "-45.6";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context)->id == JSON_NUMBER);
+    assert(p_result(context)->id == JSON_NUMBER);
-    assert(p_result(&context)->number == -45.6);
+    assert(p_result(context)->number == -45.6);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "2E-2";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context)->id == JSON_NUMBER);
+    assert(p_result(context)->id == JSON_NUMBER);
-    assert(p_result(&context)->number == 0.02);
+    assert(p_result(context)->number == 0.02);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "{\"hi\":true}";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    JSONValue * o = p_result(&context);
+    JSONValue * o = p_result(context);
     assert(o->id == JSON_OBJECT);
     assert_eq(1, o->object.size);
     assert(strcmp(o->object.entries[0].name, "hi") == 0);
     assert(o->object.entries[0].value->id == JSON_TRUE);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "{\"ff\": false, \"nn\": null}";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    o = p_result(&context);
+    o = p_result(context);
     assert(o->id == JSON_OBJECT);
     assert_eq(2, o->object.size);
     assert(strcmp(o->object.entries[0].name, "ff") == 0);
     assert(o->object.entries[0].value->id == JSON_FALSE);
     assert(strcmp(o->object.entries[1].name, "nn") == 0);
     assert(o->object.entries[1].value->id == JSON_NULL);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_parsing_json.d

@@ -10,45 +10,45 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = ``;
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 
     input = `{}`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(cast(JSONObject)p_result(&context));
+    assert(cast(JSONObject)p_result(context));
 
     input = `[]`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(cast(JSONArray)p_result(&context));
+    assert(cast(JSONArray)p_result(context));
 
     input = `-45.6`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(cast(JSONNumber)p_result(&context));
+    assert(cast(JSONNumber)p_result(context));
-    assert((cast(JSONNumber)p_result(&context)).value == -45.6);
+    assert((cast(JSONNumber)p_result(context)).value == -45.6);
 
     input = `2E-2`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(cast(JSONNumber)p_result(&context));
+    assert(cast(JSONNumber)p_result(context));
-    assert((cast(JSONNumber)p_result(&context)).value == 0.02);
+    assert((cast(JSONNumber)p_result(context)).value == 0.02);
 
     input = `{"hi":true}`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(cast(JSONObject)p_result(&context));
+    assert(cast(JSONObject)p_result(context));
-    JSONObject o = cast(JSONObject)p_result(&context);
+    JSONObject o = cast(JSONObject)p_result(context);
     assert(o.value["hi"]);
     assert(cast(JSONTrue)o.value["hi"]);
 
     input = `{"ff": false, "nn": null}`;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(cast(JSONObject)p_result(&context));
+    assert(cast(JSONObject)p_result(context));
-    o = cast(JSONObject)p_result(&context);
+    o = cast(JSONObject)p_result(context);
     assert(o.value["ff"]);
     assert(cast(JSONFalse)o.value["ff"]);
     assert(o.value["nn"]);

spec/test_parsing_lists.c

@@ -5,20 +5,23 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "a";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 1u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 1u);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 0u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 0u);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 16u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 16u);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_parsing_lists.d

@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "a";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 1u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 1u);
 
     input = "";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 0u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 0u);
 
     input = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_result(&context) == 16u);
+    assert(p_result(context) == 16u);
 }

spec/test_pattern.c

@@ -6,15 +6,17 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "abcdef";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     printf("pass1\n");
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     input = "defabcdef";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     printf("pass2\n");
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_pattern.d

@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "abcdef";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     writeln("pass1");
 
     input = "defabcdef";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
     writeln("pass2");
 }

spec/test_return_token_from_pattern.c

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "defghidef";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    p_context_delete(context);
 
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_return_token_from_pattern.d

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "defghidef";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
 }

spec/test_start_rule_ast.c

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#include "testparser.h"
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include "testutils.h"
-
-int main()
-{
-    char const * input = "hi";
-    p_context_t context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
-    Top * top = p_result(&context);
-    assert(top->pToken != NULL);
-    assert_eq(TOKEN_hi, top->pToken->token);
-
-    return 0;
-}

spec/test_start_rule_tree.c

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "hi";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
+    Top * top = p_result(context);
+    assert(top->pToken != NULL);
+    assert_eq(TOKEN_hi, top->pToken->token);
+
+    p_tree_delete(top);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_start_rule_tree.d

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "hi";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    Top * top = p_result(&context);
+    Top * top = p_result(context);
     assert(top.pToken !is null);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_hi, top.pToken.token);
 }

spec/test_starting_rules.c

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "bbbb";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    int result = p_result(context);
+    assert_eq(8, result);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse_Bs(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    result = p_result_Bs(context);
+    assert_eq(8, result);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    input = "c";
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse_R(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    result = p_result_R(context);
+    assert_eq(3, result);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_starting_rules.d

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "bbbb";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    int result = p_result(context);
+    assert(result == 8);
+
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse_Bs(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    result = p_result_Bs(context);
+    assert(result == 8);
+
+    input = "c";
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse_R(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    result = p_result_R(context);
+    assert(result == 3);
+}

spec/test_starting_rules_tree.c

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "bbbb";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs->bs->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(start->bs->bs->bs->bs->b);
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse_Bs(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Bs * bs = p_result_Bs(context);
+    assert_not_null(bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(bs->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(bs->bs->bs->b);
+    assert_not_null(bs->bs->bs->bs->b);
+    p_tree_delete_Bs(bs);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    input = "c";
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse_R(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    R * r = p_result_R(context);
+    assert_not_null(r->c);
+    p_tree_delete_R(r);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_starting_rules_tree.d

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "bbbb";
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
+    assert(start.bs);
+    assert(start.bs.b);
+    assert(start.bs.bs.b);
+    assert(start.bs.bs.bs.b);
+    assert(start.bs.bs.bs.bs.b);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse_Bs(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Bs * bs = p_result_Bs(context);
+    assert(bs.b);
+    assert(bs.bs.b);
+    assert(bs.bs.bs.b);
+    assert(bs.bs.bs.bs.b);
+
+    p_tree_delete_Bs(bs);
+
+    input = "c";
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse_R(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    R * r = p_result_R(context);
+    assert(r.c);
+
+    p_tree_delete_R(r);
+}

spec/test_token_user_fields.c

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input =
+        "# c1\n"
+        "#  c2\n"
+        "\n"
+        "first\n"
+        "\n   \n  \n"
+        "  # s1\n"
+        "   #   s2\n"
+        "second\n";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
+    assert(start->pIDs);
+    assert(start->pIDs->id);
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+    assert(start->pIDs->id->comments == "# c1\n#  c2\n");
+#else
+    assert(start->pIDs->id->comments);
+    assert(strcmp(start->pIDs->id->comments, "# c1\n#  c2\n") == 0);
+#endif
+    assert(start->pIDs->pIDs);
+    assert(start->pIDs->pIDs->id);
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+    assert(start->pIDs->pIDs->id->comments == "# s1\n#   s2\n");
+#else
+    assert(start->pIDs->pIDs->id->comments);
+    assert(strcmp(start->pIDs->pIDs->id->comments, "# s1\n#   s2\n") == 0);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __cplusplus
+    free(context->comments);
+#endif
+    p_context_delete(context);
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_token_user_fields.d

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input =
+        "# c1\n" ~
+        "#  c2\n" ~
+        "\n" ~
+        "first\n" ~
+        "\n   \n  \n" ~
+        "  # s1\n" ~
+        "   #   s2\n" ~
+        "second\n";
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
+    assert(start.pIDs);
+    assert(start.pIDs.id);
+    assert(start.pIDs.id.comments == "# c1\n#  c2\n");
+    assert(start.pIDs.pIDs);
+    assert(start.pIDs.pIDs.id);
+    assert(start.pIDs.pIDs.id.comments == "# s1\n#   s2\n");
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+}

spec/test_tree.c

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "a, ((b)), b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pItems1 != NULL);
     assert(start->pItems != NULL);
     Items * items = start->pItems;
@@ -33,16 +33,22 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(22, itemsmore->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
     assert(itemsmore->pItemsMore == NULL);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pItems == NULL);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "2 1";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pItems != NULL);
     assert(start->pItems->pItem != NULL);
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual != NULL);
@@ -51,5 +57,8 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pTwo2 == NULL);
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pOne1 == NULL);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree.d

@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "a, ((b)), b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
     assert(start.pItems1 !is null);
     assert(start.pItems !is null);
     Items * items = start.pItems;
@@ -37,16 +36,20 @@ unittest
     assert_eq(22, itemsmore.pItem.pToken1.pvalue);
     assert(itemsmore.pItemsMore is null);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start.pItems is null);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "2 1";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start.pItems !is null);
     assert(start.pItems.pItem !is null);
     assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual !is null);
@@ -54,4 +57,6 @@ unittest
     assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pOne2 !is null);
     assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pTwo2 is null);
     assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pOne1 is null);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
 }

spec/test_tree_delete_token_node_memory.c

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main()
+{
+    char const * input = "ab";
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
+    assert(start->a != NULL);
+    assert(*start->a->pvalue == 1);
+    assert(start->b != NULL);
+    assert(*start->b->pvalue == 2);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+}

spec/test_tree_field_aliases.c

@@ -6,14 +6,17 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "\na\nb\nc";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start->first->pToken->token);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start->second->pToken->token);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start->third->pToken->token);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree_field_aliases.d

@@ -10,12 +10,13 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "\na\nb\nc";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
 
     assert_eq(TOKEN_a, start.first.pToken.token);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_b, start.second.pToken.token);
     assert_eq(TOKEN_c, start.third.pToken.token);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
 }

spec/test_tree_invalid_positions.c

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "\na\n  bb ccc";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(2, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
@@ -30,10 +30,13 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(3, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(8, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "a\nbb";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
@@ -54,10 +57,13 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(2, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(2, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "a\nc\nc";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
@@ -78,10 +84,13 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(3, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "a";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
@@ -98,5 +107,8 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(1, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree_invalid_positions.d

@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "\na\n  bb ccc";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
 
     assert_eq(2, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
@@ -34,10 +33,12 @@ unittest
     assert_eq(3, start.end_position.row);
     assert_eq(8, start.end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "a\nbb";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
@@ -58,10 +59,12 @@ unittest
     assert_eq(2, start.end_position.row);
     assert_eq(2, start.end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "a\nc\nc";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
@@ -82,10 +85,12 @@ unittest
     assert_eq(3, start.end_position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start.end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "a";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
@@ -101,4 +106,6 @@ unittest
     assert_eq(1, start.position.col);
     assert_eq(1, start.end_position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start.end_position.col);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
 }

spec/test_tree_node_memory_remains.c

@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+#include "testparser.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "testutils.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char * argv[])
+{
+    const char * input =
+        "# 0\n"
+        "def byte_val() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 1\n"
+        "def short_val() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x4242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 2\n"
+        "def int_val() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42424242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 3\n"
+        "def long_val() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x4242_4242_4242_4242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 4\n"
+        "def ssize_t_val() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42424242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 5\n"
+        "def byte_to_short() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return byte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 6\n"
+        "def byte_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return byte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 7\n"
+        "def byte_to_long() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return byte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 8\n"
+        "def byte_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return byte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 9\n"
+        "def short_to_byte() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return short_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 10\n"
+        "def short_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return short_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 11\n"
+        "def short_to_long() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return short_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 12\n"
+        "def short_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return short_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 13\n"
+        "def int_to_byte() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 14\n"
+        "def int_to_short() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 15\n"
+        "def int_to_long() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 16\n"
+        "def int_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 17\n"
+        "def long_to_byte() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return long_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 18\n"
+        "def long_to_short() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return long_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 19\n"
+        "def long_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return long_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 20\n"
+        "def long_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return long_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 21\n"
+        "def ssize_t_to_byte() -> byte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ssize_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 22\n"
+        "def ssize_t_to_short() -> short\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ssize_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 23\n"
+        "def ssize_t_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ssize_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 24\n"
+        "def ssize_t_to_long() -> long\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ssize_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 25\n"
+        "def ubyte_val() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 26\n"
+        "def ushort_val() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x4242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 27\n"
+        "def uint_val() -> uint\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42424242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 28\n"
+        "def ulong_val() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x4242_4242_4242_4242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 29\n"
+        "def size_t_val() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return 0x42424242;\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 30\n"
+        "def ubyte_to_ushort() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ubyte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 31\n"
+        "def ubyte_to_uint() -> uint\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ubyte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 32\n"
+        "def ubyte_to_ulong() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ubyte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 33\n"
+        "def ubyte_to_size_t() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ubyte_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 34\n"
+        "def ushort_to_ubyte() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ushort_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 35\n"
+        "def ushort_to_uint() -> uint\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ushort_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 36\n"
+        "def ushort_to_ulong() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ushort_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 37\n"
+        "def ushort_to_size_t() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ushort_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 38\n"
+        "def uint_to_ubyte() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return uint_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 39\n"
+        "def uint_to_ushort() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return uint_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 40\n"
+        "def uint_to_ulong() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return uint_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 41\n"
+        "def uint_to_size_t() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return uint_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 42\n"
+        "def ulong_to_ubyte() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ulong_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 43\n"
+        "def ulong_to_ushort() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ulong_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 44\n"
+        "def ulong_to_uint() -> uint\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ulong_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 45\n"
+        "def ulong_to_size_t() -> size_t\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return ulong_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 46\n"
+        "def size_t_to_ubyte() -> ubyte\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return size_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 47\n"
+        "def size_t_to_ushort() -> ushort\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return size_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 48\n"
+        "def size_t_to_int() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return size_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 49\n"
+        "def size_t_to_ulong() -> ulong\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return size_t_val();\n"
+        "}\n"
+        "\n"
+        "# 50\n"
+        "def main() -> int\n"
+        "{\n"
+        "    return int_val();\n"
+        "}\n";
+    struct
+    {
+        const char * name;
+        p_token_t token;
+    } expected[] = {
+        {"byte_val", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"short_val", TOKEN_short},
+        {"int_val", TOKEN_int},
+        {"long_val", TOKEN_long},
+        {"ssize_t_val", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"byte_to_short", TOKEN_short},
+        {"byte_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"byte_to_long", TOKEN_long},
+        {"byte_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"short_to_byte", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"short_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"short_to_long", TOKEN_long},
+        {"short_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"int_to_byte", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"int_to_short", TOKEN_short},
+        {"int_to_long", TOKEN_long},
+        {"int_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"long_to_byte", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"long_to_short", TOKEN_short},
+        {"long_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"long_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t},
+        {"ssize_t_to_byte", TOKEN_byte},
+        {"ssize_t_to_short", TOKEN_short},
+        {"ssize_t_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"ssize_t_to_long", TOKEN_long},
+        {"ubyte_val", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"ushort_val", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"uint_val", TOKEN_uint},
+        {"ulong_val", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"size_t_val", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"ubyte_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"ubyte_to_uint", TOKEN_uint},
+        {"ubyte_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"ubyte_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"ushort_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"ushort_to_uint", TOKEN_uint},
+        {"ushort_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"ushort_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"uint_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"uint_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"uint_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"uint_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"ulong_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"ulong_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"ulong_to_uint", TOKEN_uint},
+        {"ulong_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t},
+        {"size_t_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte},
+        {"size_t_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort},
+        {"size_t_to_int", TOKEN_int},
+        {"size_t_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong},
+        {"main", TOKEN_int},
+    };
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new((const uint8_t *)input, strlen(input));
+    size_t result = p_parse(context);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, result);
+    PModule * pmod = p_result(context);
+    PModuleItems * pmis = pmod->pModuleItems;
+    PFunctionDefinition ** pfds;
+    size_t n_pfds = 0u;
+    while (pmis != NULL)
+    {
+        PModuleItem * pmi = pmis->pModuleItem;
+        if (pmi->pFunctionDefinition != NULL)
+        {
+            n_pfds++;
+        }
+        pmis = pmis->pModuleItems;
+    }
+    pfds = (PFunctionDefinition **)malloc(n_pfds * sizeof(PModuleItems *));
+    pmis = pmod->pModuleItems;
+    size_t pfd_i = n_pfds;
+    while (pmis != NULL)
+    {
+        PModuleItem * pmi = pmis->pModuleItem;
+        PFunctionDefinition * pfd = pmi->pFunctionDefinition;
+        if (pfd != NULL)
+        {
+            pfd_i--;
+            assert(pfd_i < n_pfds);
+            pfds[pfd_i] = pfd;
+        }
+        pmis = pmis->pModuleItems;
+    }
+    assert_eq(51, n_pfds);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_pfds; i++)
+    {
+        if (strncmp(expected[i].name, (const char *)pfds[i]->name->pvalue.s, strlen(expected[i].name)) != 0 ||
+            (expected[i].token != pfds[i]->returntype->pType->pTypeBase->pToken1->token))
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Index %lu: expected %s/%u, got %u\n", i, expected[i].name, expected[i].token, pfds[i]->returntype->pType->pTypeBase->pToken1->token);
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(pfds);
+    p_tree_delete(pmod);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
+    return 0;
+}

spec/test_tree_node_memory_remains.d

@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+import testparser;
+import std.stdio;
+import testutils;
+
+int main()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unittest
+{
+    string input = "
+# 0
+def byte_val() -> byte
+{
+    return 0x42;
+}
+
+# 1
+def short_val() -> short
+{
+    return 0x4242;
+}
+
+# 2
+def int_val() -> int
+{
+    return 0x42424242;
+}
+
+# 3
+def long_val() -> long
+{
+    return 0x4242_4242_4242_4242;
+}
+
+# 4
+def ssize_t_val() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return 0x42424242;
+}
+
+# 5
+def byte_to_short() -> short
+{
+    return byte_val();
+}
+
+# 6
+def byte_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return byte_val();
+}
+
+# 7
+def byte_to_long() -> long
+{
+    return byte_val();
+}
+
+# 8
+def byte_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return byte_val();
+}
+
+# 9
+def short_to_byte() -> byte
+{
+    return short_val();
+}
+
+# 10
+def short_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return short_val();
+}
+
+# 11
+def short_to_long() -> long
+{
+    return short_val();
+}
+
+# 12
+def short_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return short_val();
+}
+
+# 13
+def int_to_byte() -> byte
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+
+# 14
+def int_to_short() -> short
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+
+# 15
+def int_to_long() -> long
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+
+# 16
+def int_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+
+# 17
+def long_to_byte() -> byte
+{
+    return long_val();
+}
+
+# 18
+def long_to_short() -> short
+{
+    return long_val();
+}
+
+# 19
+def long_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return long_val();
+}
+
+# 20
+def long_to_ssize_t() -> ssize_t
+{
+    return long_val();
+}
+
+# 21
+def ssize_t_to_byte() -> byte
+{
+    return ssize_t_val();
+}
+
+# 22
+def ssize_t_to_short() -> short
+{
+    return ssize_t_val();
+}
+
+# 23
+def ssize_t_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return ssize_t_val();
+}
+
+# 24
+def ssize_t_to_long() -> long
+{
+    return ssize_t_val();
+}
+
+# 25
+def ubyte_val() -> ubyte
+{
+    return 0x42;
+}
+
+# 26
+def ushort_val() -> ushort
+{
+    return 0x4242;
+}
+
+# 27
+def uint_val() -> uint
+{
+    return 0x42424242;
+}
+
+# 28
+def ulong_val() -> ulong
+{
+    return 0x4242_4242_4242_4242;
+}
+
+# 29
+def size_t_val() -> size_t
+{
+    return 0x42424242;
+}
+
+# 30
+def ubyte_to_ushort() -> ushort
+{
+    return ubyte_val();
+}
+
+# 31
+def ubyte_to_uint() -> uint
+{
+    return ubyte_val();
+}
+
+# 32
+def ubyte_to_ulong() -> ulong
+{
+    return ubyte_val();
+}
+
+# 33
+def ubyte_to_size_t() -> size_t
+{
+    return ubyte_val();
+}
+
+# 34
+def ushort_to_ubyte() -> ubyte
+{
+    return ushort_val();
+}
+
+# 35
+def ushort_to_uint() -> uint
+{
+    return ushort_val();
+}
+
+# 36
+def ushort_to_ulong() -> ulong
+{
+    return ushort_val();
+}
+
+# 37
+def ushort_to_size_t() -> size_t
+{
+    return ushort_val();
+}
+
+# 38
+def uint_to_ubyte() -> ubyte
+{
+    return uint_val();
+}
+
+# 39
+def uint_to_ushort() -> ushort
+{
+    return uint_val();
+}
+
+# 40
+def uint_to_ulong() -> ulong
+{
+    return uint_val();
+}
+
+# 41
+def uint_to_size_t() -> size_t
+{
+    return uint_val();
+}
+
+# 42
+def ulong_to_ubyte() -> ubyte
+{
+    return ulong_val();
+}
+
+# 43
+def ulong_to_ushort() -> ushort
+{
+    return ulong_val();
+}
+
+# 44
+def ulong_to_uint() -> uint
+{
+    return ulong_val();
+}
+
+# 45
+def ulong_to_size_t() -> size_t
+{
+    return ulong_val();
+}
+
+# 46
+def size_t_to_ubyte() -> ubyte
+{
+    return size_t_val();
+}
+
+# 47
+def size_t_to_ushort() -> ushort
+{
+    return size_t_val();
+}
+
+# 48
+def size_t_to_int() -> int
+{
+    return size_t_val();
+}
+
+# 49
+def size_t_to_ulong() -> ulong
+{
+    return size_t_val();
+}
+
+# 50
+def main() -> int
+{
+    return int_val();
+}
+";
+    struct Expected
+    {
+        string name;
+        p_token_t token;
+    }
+    Expected[] expected = [
+        Expected("byte_val", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("short_val", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("int_val", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("long_val", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("ssize_t_val", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("byte_to_short", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("byte_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("byte_to_long", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("byte_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("short_to_byte", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("short_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("short_to_long", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("short_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("int_to_byte", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("int_to_short", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("int_to_long", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("int_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("long_to_byte", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("long_to_short", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("long_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("long_to_ssize_t", TOKEN_ssize_t),
+        Expected("ssize_t_to_byte", TOKEN_byte),
+        Expected("ssize_t_to_short", TOKEN_short),
+        Expected("ssize_t_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("ssize_t_to_long", TOKEN_long),
+        Expected("ubyte_val", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("ushort_val", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("uint_val", TOKEN_uint),
+        Expected("ulong_val", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("size_t_val", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("ubyte_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("ubyte_to_uint", TOKEN_uint),
+        Expected("ubyte_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("ubyte_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("ushort_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("ushort_to_uint", TOKEN_uint),
+        Expected("ushort_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("ushort_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("uint_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("uint_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("uint_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("uint_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("ulong_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("ulong_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("ulong_to_uint", TOKEN_uint),
+        Expected("ulong_to_size_t", TOKEN_size_t),
+        Expected("size_t_to_ubyte", TOKEN_ubyte),
+        Expected("size_t_to_ushort", TOKEN_ushort),
+        Expected("size_t_to_int", TOKEN_int),
+        Expected("size_t_to_ulong", TOKEN_ulong),
+        Expected("main", TOKEN_int),
+    ];
+    p_context_t * context;
+    context = p_context_new(input);
+    size_t result = p_parse(context);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, result);
+    PModule * pmod = p_result(context);
+    PModuleItems * pmis = pmod.pModuleItems;
+    PFunctionDefinition *[] pfds;
+    while (pmis !is null)
+    {
+        PModuleItem * pmi = pmis.pModuleItem;
+        if (pmi is null)
+        {
+            stderr.writeln("pmi is null!!!?");
+            assert(0);
+        }
+        PFunctionDefinition * pfd = pmi.pFunctionDefinition;
+        if (pfd !is null)
+        {
+            pfds = [pfd] ~ pfds;
+        }
+        pmis = pmis.pModuleItems;
+    }
+    assert_eq(51, pfds.length);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < pfds.length; i++)
+    {
+        if ((expected[i].name != pfds[i].name.pvalue.s) ||
+            (expected[i].token != pfds[i].returntype.pType.pTypeBase.pToken1.token))
+        {
+            stderr.writeln("Index ", i, ": expected ", expected[i].name, "/", expected[i].token, ", got ", pfds[i].name.pvalue.s, "/", pfds[i].returntype.pType.pTypeBase.pToken1.token);
+        }
+    }
+    p_tree_delete(pmod);
+}

spec/test_tree_ps.c

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "a, ((b)), b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    PStartS * start = p_result(&context);
+    PStartS * start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pItems1 != NULL);
     assert(start->pItems != NULL);
     PItemsS * items = start->pItems;
@@ -33,16 +33,22 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(22, itemsmore->pItem->pToken1->pvalue);
     assert(itemsmore->pItemsMore == NULL);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pItems == NULL);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "2 1";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start->pItems != NULL);
     assert(start->pItems->pItem != NULL);
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual != NULL);
@@ -51,5 +57,8 @@ int main()
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pTwo2 == NULL);
     assert(start->pItems->pItem->pDual->pOne1 == NULL);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree_ps.d

@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "a, ((b)), b";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    PStartS * start = p_result(context);
-    PStartS * start = p_result(&context);
     assert(start.pItems1 !is null);
     assert(start.pItems !is null);
     PItemsS * items = start.pItems;
@@ -37,16 +36,20 @@ unittest
     assert_eq(22, itemsmore.pItem.pToken1.pvalue);
     assert(itemsmore.pItemsMore is null);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start.pItems is null);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "2 1";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(&context));
+    assert_eq(P_SUCCESS, p_parse(context));
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
     assert(start.pItems !is null);
     assert(start.pItems.pItem !is null);
     assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual !is null);
@@ -54,4 +57,6 @@ unittest
     assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pOne2 !is null);
     assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pTwo2 is null);
     assert(start.pItems.pItem.pDual.pOne1 is null);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
 }

spec/test_tree_token_positions.c

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 int main()
 {
     char const * input = "abbccc";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context;
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
@@ -43,10 +43,13 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(1, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(6, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     input = "\n\n  bb\nc\ncc\n\n     a";
-    p_context_init(&context, (uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
+    context = p_context_new((uint8_t const *)input, strlen(input));
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(3, start->pT1->pToken->position.row);
     assert_eq(3, start->pT1->pToken->position.col);
@@ -80,5 +83,8 @@ int main()
     assert_eq(7, start->end_position.row);
     assert_eq(6, start->end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+    p_context_delete(context);
+
     return 0;
 }

spec/test_tree_token_positions.d

@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ int main()
 unittest
 {
     string input = "abbccc";
-    p_context_t context;
+    p_context_t * context = p_context_new(input);
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    Start * start = p_result(context);
-    Start * start = p_result(&context);
 
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
     assert_eq(1, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
@@ -47,10 +46,12 @@ unittest
     assert_eq(1, start.end_position.row);
     assert_eq(6, start.end_position.col);
 
+    p_tree_delete(start);
+
     input = "\n\n  bb\nc\ncc\n\n     a";
-    p_context_init(&context, input);
+    context = p_context_new(input);
-    assert(p_parse(&context) == P_SUCCESS);
+    assert(p_parse(context) == P_SUCCESS);
-    start = p_result(&context);
+    start = p_result(context);
 
     assert_eq(3, start.pT1.pToken.position.row);
     assert_eq(3, start.pT1.pToken.position.col);
@@ -83,4 +84,6 @@ unittest
     assert_eq(3, start.position.col);
     assert_eq(7, start.end_position.row);
     assert_eq(6, start.end_position.col);
+
+    p_tree_delete(start);
 }